Purple-black blubber

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Purple-black blubber
Purpurschwarzer Täubling (Russula atropurpurea)

Purpurschwarzer Täubling ( Russula atropurpurea )

Systematics
Class : Agaricomycetes
Subclass : insecure position (incertae sedis)
Order : Russulales (Russulales)
Family : Deaf relatives (Russulaceae)
Genre : Russulas ( Russula )
Type : Purple-black blubber
Scientific name
Russula atropurpurea
( Krombh. ) Britzelm.

The inedible purple-black deafblings ( Russula atropurpurea , syn .: Russula krombholzii ; Russula undulata ) is a species of fungus from the family of the deafblings relatives (Russulaceae). The quite common Täubling usually has a wine-red to purple colored hat with an almost black center, as well as white spore powder and whitish lamellae. It is one of the largest and mildest pigeons from the Atropurpurinae subsection . It can be found under oak trees in mixed oak and beech forests on more or less acidic soils. The fruiting bodies appear from July to October.

features

Macroscopic features

The hat is 5–12 (rarely up to 15) cm wide. The hat of the young mushroom is convex, but soon flattens out. In old age, the middle of the hat is often depressed. The hat skin is colored blood-red, wine-red or dark purple-red, with the middle being darker than the edge. Often it is almost black. The hat can also fade with age and become pink or yellowish in color. The hat skin is sticky in damp weather, silky glossy in dry weather and can be peeled off about 1/3 from the edge. The edge of the hat is smooth and curved in young mushrooms, but later it is typically wavy and not grooved.

The lamellae are cloudy white or pale cream in color and become rusty with age. They are rounded on the stem or almost free. The stem is 3–6 cm long and 1–2 cm wide. In young fruiting bodies the stalk is white, later the base often becomes rusty. When soaked, the stem also appears gray.

The flesh is dirty whitish and smells fruity of apples. It only tastes moderately hot to almost mild. The sharpness disappears with longer chewing. The spore powder is white.

If you put potassium hydroxide (KOH) on the hat, the skin of the hat changes color from light brownish red to light reddish brown. With iron sulfate, the stalk turns reddish-gray and the lamellas with aniline turn brown-orange. The guaiac reaction is positive.

Microscopic features

The spores are ovate to elliptical, 8-10 µm long and 7-9 µm wide, and are covered with small, mostly blunt, rounded warts. The warts are up to 0.75 µm long and wide and partly connected by fine lines like a network. The basidia are 30–52 long and (minimum 7.7) mostly 9.5–11.5 μm wide. The four sterigms measure about 6.5–7.5 μm in diameter.

The cap skin contains 6–10 μm wide, cylindrical to clubbed elongated pleurocystidia . Their tip is variably shaped, mostly they are blunt at the top, but can also end in an approx. 2 μm long tip (appendicule). In sulfovanillin they are usually completely blue in color, but can also appear almost black, red, purple or brown.

Species delimitation

Most similar is the black and red Spei-Täubling ( Russula atrorubens ). Its meat, however, tastes much hotter, is softer and smells of amyl acetate . In addition, it prefers humid locations in acidic spruce forests or occurs under willows, while the purple-black Täubling can be found mainly under oaks and beeches. The carmine blubber ( R. taeniospora ) hardly reaches a hat diameter of more than five centimeters.

ecology

As a mycorrhizal fungus , the purple-black deaf fungus is able to enter into symbiosis with red beech , oak and hornbeam . The fungus colonizes beech and mixed beech forests, oak-hornbeam forests and both warmth-loving and acidic mixed oak forests. It occurs preferentially on acidic sand, silicate and brown earth soils. In Central Europe, the fruiting bodies appear from July to October.

distribution

European countries with evidence of finding of the purple-black blubber.
Legend:
  • Countries with found reports
  • Countries without evidence
  • no data
  • non-European countries

    • The deafbling is widespread in Europe and is also found in North Africa (Morocco), North America (USA) and Asia (Japan, South and North Korea). In the United States, the deafbling is widespread in the northeast. In the west, its occurrence extends to Michigan.

    The fungus is widespread in Germany and occurs from the North Sea coast and the North German lowlands to the Alps.

    Systematics

    Inquiry systematics

    The Purple Black Täubling is within the section Russula in the subsection Atropurpurinae asked. The species of this group all have different colored purple, violet or reddish hats, but never pure red hats. They all taste hot and have white spore powder. This group includes, among others, the very similar looking black and red Spei-Täubling ( Russula atrorubens ) and the alternating colored Täubling ( Russula fragilis ). Whether this subsection is really a monophyletic group appears to be rather doubtful based on r-DNA investigations, but on the other hand it cannot be ruled out on the basis of morphological findings.

    Subspecies and varieties

    A whole series of forms and varieties have been described of the very variable purple-black Täubling.

    variety author description
    Russula atropurpurea f. dissidens Zvára The light to honey yellow hat is 7 cm wide and has more or less strong olive tones. Towards the edge it is sometimes colored lavender-violet. The hat skin is shiny, finely wrinkled and up to 1/3 of the radius can be peeled off. The lamellas are more distant and taste hot. The short, thick, white stem turns ash gray in damp weather. The meat is firm, odorless and has a sharp taste. As with the type, the spore spore powder is white ( Ia according to Romagnesi ). The form is often found in mossy locations under various deciduous trees.
    Russula atropurpurea var. Depallens ( Pers. ) Rea The hat is 4–9 cm wide and pale grayish-purple, more or less pink, olive-ocher or dull gray-purple. The shiny hat skin can be peeled off up to 1/4 of the radius. The tightly packed and sharp-tasting lamellas quickly become dirty or ash gray. The soft, fragile handle, up to 3 (5) cm long, also turns ash gray when wet. It is usually very wrinkled. The brittle, soft and odorless meat is almost mild and tastes only slightly piquant. The spore powder and microscopic properties are the same as the type, sometimes the spores are slightly larger at 10 (11) × 8 (8.5) µm. The variety is found in more or less humid locations. The shape can easily be confused with the Fading Täubling , smaller specimens also with the Alder Täubling .
    Russula atropurpurea var. Bresadolae ( Schulzer ) Singer The 3–11 cm wide and robust hat is dull rose-red or light wine-red in color, the center is yellow-spotted. In old age, the mostly lobed edge is knotty and furrowed. The hat skin is greasy. The almost crowded, 10–12 mm wide, unbifurcated lamellae are first white, then pale yellow spotted. The cutting edges are briefly reddish from the edge. The spore powder and spores are like the type. The white, up to 6 cm long and 2.5 cm wide stalk is slightly wrinkled and tans from the base. The meat is white and almost odorless. At first it is firm, then almost brittle and tastes almost completely mild.
    Russula atropurpurea f. alutaceomaculata ( Britz. ) Singer The shape is similar to the previous variety, but the hat is spotted brown and yellow. The stem, meat and lamellas are white or whitish. The stem shows yellow-brownish tones. The taste is sharp.
    Russula atropurpurea f. pantherina Zvára Almost similar to the type species, but with an ocher-brown spotted and purple-red striped hat.
    Russula atropurpurea var. Rubripes Singer The smooth hat is 5–7 cm wide, initially arched, later spread out flat. It is colored black-red towards the edge, dark to pale purple. The edge is blunt and smooth. The skin of the hat is slightly greasy when wet and still slightly shiny even when dry. It is difficult to remove. The lamellas are white to creamy white and turn yellow-green when drying. They have just grown on the stem or run down easily. The spore powder is whitish. The stem is white, but often tinged with pink. It is faintly wrinkled and fragile with a rigid, firm bark. The firm flesh is white and finally pliable and soft. The taste is sharp and the smell is fruity. The spores are decorated in a particularly reticulate manner, rarely also coarsely prickly. Under forest pine trees.
    Russula atropurpurea var. Atropurpuroides Singer The hat is 5–12 cm wide and initially convex, then flat, finally depressed. It usually remains convex for a long time. It has a wrinkled, pitted disc and, like the type, is blood-red, carmine-pink to purple and in the middle black-lilac to (red) black. The dry, lusterless hat skin can be peeled off up to 2/3 when moist. The edge is smooth and furrowed only in exceptional cases. The white lamellae can tan a little when touched, and with age they darken to a pale yellowish color. The spores are prickly isolated. The pure white stem is 4–7 cm and is up to 3 cm thick. It can sometimes have brown spots at the base. It is slightly to coarsely wrinkled and at first full, then spongy and, with age, hollow. The flesh is white, often reddish under the cap skin in the middle and later often more or less dirty. The taste in the lamellas is clearly sharp, in the meat only moderately sharp after a few seconds. It smells faintly fruity. In the deciduous forest only under oaks. August– November.
    Russula atropurpurea var. Fuscovinacea ( JE Lange ) Reumaux The variety was originally described by JE Lange as a separate species before Reumaux downgraded it to a variety in 1996. It is a medium to small blubber with a hat about 6 cm wide that is dull purple to wine red in color. The middle of the hat is either darker and slightly brownish in color or pale brownish. The brim of the hat is smooth. The whitish lamellae are narrow and quite close together. The stem is initially white and firm, but soon it has reticulate veins and is distinctly gray inside and out, especially in damp weather. The meat is odorless and tastes almost mild. The spore powder is white. The spores (8 × 6.5 μm) are almost spherical to oval and finely prickly. The approximately 6 μm wide Pileocystiden are numerous and elongated club-shaped. The cap skin hyphae are 2–3 μm wide. The Täubling can be found in open, grassy places in deciduous forests.
    • Russula atropurpurea var. Sapida ( Cooke ) Reumaux , which was described by Cooke in 1889 as Russula rubra var. Sapida , is now Russula melliolens Quél. , assigned to the honey deaf .

    use

    The purple-black Täubling is not an edible mushroom, even if some forms taste almost mild.

    swell

    Individual evidence

    1. ↑ Russula atropurpurea. In: Species Fungorum / speciesfungorum.org. Retrieved August 17, 2011 .
    2. ↑ a b Marcel Bon (ed.): Parey's book of mushrooms . Franckh-Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-440-09970-9 , pp. 72 .
    3. ↑ a b Hans E. Laux (Ed.): The Cosmos PilzAtlas . Franckh-Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart 2002, ISBN 3-440-10622-5 , p. 178 .
    4. ↑ a b c d e Russula atropurpurea. (DOC) in: Russulas. Micologia.biz Web de micología Europea, p. 103 , accessed on March 21, 2011 (Spanish).
    5. ↑ Russula atropurpurea. CBS Fungual Biodiversity Center, accessed May 10, 2011 .
    6. ↑ a b c d e f R. Singer: Russula atropurpurea. (PDF) Monograph of the genus Russula. In: Supplements to the Botanisches Centralblatt (1932). A. Pascher, p. 298ff , accessed on May 10, 2011 .
    7. ^ German Josef Krieglsteiner (Ed.), Andreas Gminder , Wulfard Winterhoff: Die Großpilze Baden-Württemberg . Volume 2: Stand mushrooms: inguinal, club, coral and stubble mushrooms, belly mushrooms, boletus and deaf mushrooms. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-8001-3531-0 , p. 546.
    8. ↑ a b c Russula atropurpurea. Pilzoek database, accessed May 10, 2011 .
    9. ^ Basidiomycota Checklist-Online - Russula atropurpurea. In: basidiochecklist.info. Retrieved September 4, 2012 .
    10. ↑ Belgian Species List 2012 - Russula undulata. In: species.be. Retrieved June 7, 2012 .
    11. ↑ Cvetomir M. Denchev & Boris Assyov: Checklist of the larger basidiomycetes in Bulgaria . In: Mycotaxon . tape 111 , 2010, ISSN  0093-4666 , p. 279–282 ( mycotaxon.com [PDF; 592 kB ; accessed on August 31, 2011]).
    12. ↑ Z. Tkalcec & A. Mesic: Preliminary checklist of Agaricales from Croatia V: . Families Crepidotaceae, Russulaceae and Strophariaceae. In: Mycotaxon . tape 88 , 2003, ISSN  0093-4666 , p. 293 ( cybertruffle.org.uk ). cybertruffle.org.uk ( Memento of the original from September 24, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.cybertruffle.org.uk
    13. ^ Estonian eBiodiversity Species description Russula atropurpurea. In: elurikkus.ut.ee. Retrieved June 13, 2012 .
    14. ↑ Russula atropurpurea. (No longer available online.) In: GBIF Portal / data.gbif.org. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016 ; accessed on April 14, 2018 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / data.gbif.org
    15. ^ Z. Athanassiou & I. Theochari: Compléments à l'inventaire des Basidiomycètes de Grèce . In: Mycotaxon . Vol: 79, 2001, pp. 401-415 ( online ). online ( Memento of the original from September 24, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.cybertruffle.org.uk
    16. ↑ Gordana Kasom & Mitko Karadelev: Survey of the family Russulaceae (Agaricomycetes, Fungi) in Montenegro . In: Warsaw Versita (ed.): Acta Botanica Croatica . tape 71 , no. (2) , 2012, ISSN  0365-0588 , p. 1–14 ( versita.metapress.com [PDF]). versita.metapress.com ( Memento of the original from April 27, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / versita.metapress.com
    17. ^ Petkovski S .: National Catalog (Check List) of Species of the Republic of Macedonia . Skopje 2009 (English).
    18. ^ TV Andrianova et al .: Russula undulata. Fungi of Ukraine. (No longer available online.) In: www.cybertruffle.org.uk/ukrafung/eng. 2006, archived from the original on November 27, 2015 ; accessed on May 3, 2012 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.cybertruffle.org.uk
    19. ↑ Distribution atlas of mushrooms in Switzerland. (No longer available online.) In: wsl.ch. Federal Research Institute for Forests, Snow and Landscape WSL, archived from the original on October 15, 2012 ; Retrieved September 4, 2012 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.wsl.ch
    20. ^ Roger Phillips: Russula atropurpurea. (No longer available online.) In: Rogers Mushrooms / rogersmushrooms.com. Archived from the original on January 23, 2015 ; accessed on August 17, 2011 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.rogersmushrooms.com
    21. ^ Beenken, Ludwig: The genus Russula: Investigations into their systematics based on ectomycorrhizae . Dissertation, LMU Munich: Faculty of Biology (2004). P. 374 and 405ff PDF for download .
    22. ^ Forms and varieties of Russula atropurpurea . In: mtsn.tn.it . Retrieved on May 8, 2012.  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.mtsn.tn.it  
    23. ↑ a b c d Monographic Key to European Russulas (1988) (PDF, 1.4 MB): English translation by M. Bons Russula key: . The Russulales website. P. 27. Archived from the original on July 28, 2010. Retrieved May 10, 2011.
    24. ↑ a b J. Schäffer: Russula . Russula monograph. In: Annales Mycologici . tape 31 , 1933, pp. 450 ff . ( cybertruffle.org.uk [accessed August 17, 2011]).
    25. ↑ Russula atropurpurea var. Fuscovinacea. (No longer available online.) In: Russulales News / mtsn.tn.it. Formerly in the original ; Retrieved August 17, 2011 .  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.mtsn.tn.it  

    Web links

    Commons : Purpurschwarzer Täubling ( Russula atropurpurea )  - album with pictures, videos and audio files