Ernst Kohlrausch

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Ernst Kohlrausch, "Backward somersault from the one-meter board" (1890)

Ernst Kohlrausch (born November 26, 1850 in Lüneburg , † May 16, 1923 in Hanover ) was a German sports scientist and film pioneer. In order to depict human movement, he developed a device that allowed rows of photos to be recorded. He was probably the first to publicly show moving pictures in Germany in 1893. His son Wolfgang Kohlrausch (1888–1980) was an important sports doctor.

Life

Kohlrausch's grandfather Friedrich Kohlrausch was a highly respected general school director in Hanover, his father was the principal of the Johanneum in Lüneburg . After attending school in Lüneburg, he studied natural sciences and mathematics in Göttingen and Berlin from 1871 and passed an examination to become a gym teacher in 1874 . In Göttingen he had also become a member of the Georgia-Augusta student choir . From October 1875 he worked at the Kaiser-Wilhelms-Gymnasium in Hanover as a teacher of physics, mathematics and gymnastics. As a member of the gymnastics club in Hanover , he was a representative of the Turngau Leine-Weser in 1877 and was involved in the founding of the Northwest German gymnastics teachers' association.

On August 13, 1878 Kohlrausch received his doctorate at the University of Marburg with the thesis Mechanics of Gymnastics , which was published in the same year as Physics of Gymnastics . In September 1882 he married Dorothea Wilhelmine Friederike Kühnemann (1864–1922) from Frankfurt / Oder , one of his students.

In addition to his work as a teacher, he was active in various gymnastics clubs. In order to study the mechanics of body movements, he developed an interest in photography in the late 1880s . Presumably he was inspired by the work of Ottomar Anschütz (1846-1907). His aim was to make visible the fast movements of the gymnastics exercises that cannot be seen with the naked eye.

In October 1890 he received the patent for his first chronophotographic apparatus. This consists of a wheel to which 24 cameras are attached. The photographer sets the wheel in motion until it has reached the desired speed and then opens the shutter to expose the individual film plates. Kohlrausch built the device mainly out of wood and cardboard in order to keep the costs as low as possible and to make it affordable for educational purposes.

"According to the expert opinion of the physicist Hermann von Helmholtz and the physiologist Emil du Bois-Reymond , Kohlrausch was granted the money to build a second apparatus - but the inventor was not given the necessary vacation of about a year at the same time, so that he could carry out the expansion unchecked and had been able to prepare a corresponding publication. ... But there was hardly any understanding of the importance of these series recordings for kinetics. ... The acquisition of the apparatus seemed too expensive at that time, although it could even have been used to "demonstrate pathological gait in spinal cord and nervous patients" "(A. Uhlmann: Sport is the general practitioner at the sick camp of the German people. Wolfgang Kohlrausch (1888-1980) and the history of German sports medicine , Diss. University of Freiburg, 2005, p. 21)

In 1894 he developed an improved device with which he mainly photographed gymnastics exercises and their movement sequences in order to be able to study them.

From 1915 Kohlrausch published the magazine Body and Spirit . In 1916 he retired.

As a representative of the game movement , Kohlrausch campaigned for popular and youth games. In his memory, the Turn-Klubb in Hanover annually awards the Kohlrausch plaque. For his services to sport in Lower Saxony , he was included in the Lower Saxony Sports Honor Gallery of the Lower Saxony Institute for Sports History.

Works

Four examples of the chronograph developed by Ernst Kohlrausch are now in the Deutsches Museum in Munich .

  • Physics of gymnastics . 1887.
  • Military game book edit based on d. new gymnastics regulations .. fd Inf. . Edited by Ernst Kohlrausch. - Leipzig, Berlin: Teubner 1919, 2nd A.
  • Exercise Physiology . Geneva: League of Nations, 1927.
  • Movement games . Berlin: W. de Gruyter & Co., 1914, 1927.
  • Gymnastics games, along with instructions. for competitions etc. Gym rides . Hanover: C. Meyer, 1919, 1924, 12th heavily presumed edition with d. latest betting rules. / (Escort: Wolfgang Kohlrausch ).

literature

  • Eerke U. Hamer: Ernst Kohlrausch, the first sports scientist in Lower Saxony. In: Wolfgang Buss & Arnd Krüger (eds.): Sports history: maintaining tradition and changing values. Festschrift for the 75th birthday of Prof. Dr. Wilhelm Henze . (⇐ Series of publications by the Lower Saxony Institute for Sports History, Vol. 2). Duderstadt: Mecke 1985, pp. 107–111
  • Dirk Böttcher : Kohlrausch, (1) Ernst. In: Hannoversches Biographisches Lexikon , p. 206
  • Deac Rossel: "Living Pictures". The chronophotographers Ottomar Anschütz and Ernst Kohlrausch , in Susanne Höbermann, Pamela Müller (editor), Cornelia Groterjahn, Anne Pohl, Christine Schwarz (collaborator): Wir Wunderkinder. 100 years of film production in Lower Saxony , catalog for the exhibition of the same name in the Historical Museum Hanover from October 15, 1995 to January 14, 1996, ed. by the Society for Film Studies in cooperation with the Historisches Museum Hannover, Hannover: [1995?], pp. 13–34
  • Cornelia Kemp: The chronophotographer Ernst Kohlrausch and the physics of gymnastics. In: Bernard Finn (Ed.): Artefacts - Presenting Pictures . 2004, ISBN 1900747545
  • Dirk Böttcher: Kohlrausch, (1) Ernst. In: Klaus Mlynek, Waldemar R. Röhrbein (eds.) U. a .: City Lexicon Hanover . From the beginning to the present. Schlütersche, Hannover 2009, ISBN 978-3-89993-662-9 , p. 361.

Web links

Commons : Ernst Kohlrausch  - Collection of images, videos and audio files
personal data
SURNAME Kohlrausch, Ernst
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Sports scientist and film pioneer
DATE OF BIRTH November 26, 1850
PLACE OF BIRTH Luneburg
DATE OF DEATH May 16, 1923
Place of death Hanover