Escalloniaceae

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Escalloniaceae
Escallonia macrantha

Escallonia macrantha

Systematics
Eudicotyledons
Nuclear eudicotyledons
Asterids
Euasterids II
Order : Escalloniales
Family : Escalloniaceae
Scientific name of the  order
Escalloniales
R.Br.
Scientific name of the  family
Escalloniaceae
R.Br. ex Dumort.

The Escalloniaceae , seldom called the Eskallonia family , are the only plant family of the order Escalloniales within the flowering plants . The species of this family occur on Réunion , in the eastern Himalayas , from southern China to northeastern Australia and New Zealand , in Central and South America . The family comprises seven to nine genera with about 130 species . Escallonia species and their varieties are used as ornamental plants in parks and gardens; they are not hardy in Central Europe.

description

Vegetative characteristics

It's a very diverse family. Most species grow as trees or independently upright shrubs , or rarely as annual herbaceous plants ( Eremosyne ). All parts of the plant are hairless. They are mostly evergreen . The alternate and spiral, opposite or whorled ( Tribeles australis ) arranged leaves are stalked, simple, herbaceous to leathery or fleshy. They have pinnate veins . The leaf margins are notched, serrate or serrate to more or less lobed. Stipules are missing.

Generative characteristics

The flowers are arranged in lateral or terminal, zymose or racemose inflorescences . In Tribeles australis the small flowers are terminal and solitary. There are bracts available.

The hermaphroditic, radial symmetry flowers are (four to nine) usually five-fold with a double perianth . The (four to nine) mostly five durable sepals cover each other like roof tiles or just touch and can be free or overgrown. The (four to nine) mostly five petals are mostly free; or röhrig fused with only a short corolla tube and significantly longer corolla lobes. The sometimes nailed petals cover each other like roof tiles or just touch. There is a discus. There are one or two circles with each (four to six) usually five free stamens . Only one circle (it is the inner one) contains fertile stamens; if there is a second, it consists of staminodes . There are an upright to six, above and under constant carpels present. They are free or one ovary grown. One to many bitegmic ovules are present in each carpel . There are one to six long styluses that end in a small scar.

There are cap fruits or berries formed, which often contain many seeds. Anopterus has winged seeds. The embryo is long.

Forgesia racemosa inflorescence

Systematics

The Escalloniales are placed in the group of Euasterids II within the asterids , but their exact position is not yet known. Possibly it is the sister group of the Asterales or all Euasterids II with the exception of the Asterales and Aquifoliales .

The family name Escalloniaceae was published in 1829 by Robert Brown in Barthélemy Charles Joseph Dumortier : Analyze des familles des plantes,… : 35, 37. Type genus is Escallonia Mutis ex L. f.

According to the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group III, the families Eremosynaceae, Polyosmaceae and Tribelaceae are included in the Escalloniaceae.

The Escalloniaceae family comprises six to nine genera with about (if Polyosma is not one of them, 70 to) 130 species :

  • Anopterus Labill. : With two types:
  • Eremosyne Endl. : It contains only one type:
  • Escallonia Mutis ex L. f. : The 40 or so species thrive mainly in the South American Andes .
  • Forgesia Comm. ex Juss. : It contains only one type:
  • Polyosma flower : The approximately 60 species are distributed in the eastern Himalayas, southern China to northeastern Australia and New Caledonia . With some authors it forms a separate family Polyosmaceae.
  • Tribeles Phil . : It contains only one kind.
  • Valdivia Gay ex J. Rémy : It contains only one species:

swell

Individual evidence

  1. a b c d e Escalloniaceae on the AP website - Angiosperm Phylogeny website.
  2. a b c Escalloniaceae at DELTA by L. Watson & MJ Dallwitz.
  3. a b Angiosperm Phylogeny Group : An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III. In: Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. Volume 161, No. 2, 2009, pp. 105-121, doi: 10.1111 / j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x .
  4. Escalloniaceae in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.

further reading

  • Johannes Lundberg: Phylogenetic Studies in the Euasterids II: with Particular Reference to Asterales and Escalloniaceae. Dissertation, Uppsala University, Biology, Department of Evolutionary Biology, Department of Systematic Botany, 2001, ISBN 91-554-5191-8 , PDF file; 0.9 MB.

Web links

Commons : Escalloniaceae  - collection of images, videos and audio files