Etty Hillesum

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Etty Hillesum (1930s)

Etty Hillesum (born on January 15, 1914 as Esther Hillesum in Middelburg ; died on November 30, 1943 in Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp ) was a Dutch - Jewish intellectual. During the German occupation of the Netherlands from 1941 to 1943, she kept a diary and left letters that reflected her human and spiritual development under the conditions of war and persecution. A first selection from the diary was published in 1981 and met with great international interest. A complete edition of her writings appeared in 1983.

Life

The sculpture Het verstoorde leven in Deventer
Etty Hillesum Centrum in Deventer

Etty Hillesum came from an assimilated Jewish family. Your father, Dr. Louis Hillesum, was a grammar school teacher for ancient languages, later director of a grammar school in Deventer . Her mother Riva Hillesum, née Rebecca Bernstein, came from Russia and was the first of her family to flee pogroms in the Netherlands. Hillesum had two younger brothers: Jaap (Jacob) (* 1916), who became a doctor and Mischa (Michael) (* 1920), who became a pianist.

From 1932 on she studied law in Amsterdam and graduated in 1939 with a master’s degree. She then studied Slavic Studies as long as it was possible under the German occupation. In 1937 she had moved into the house of the retired accountant Hendrik (Han) Wegerif, with whom she had a love affair. Several other people, mostly young people, lived in the house and formed a house community and a kind of second family for Hillesum.

In May 1940 the Netherlands and Belgium were invaded by the German Wehrmacht . In October 1940 the disenfranchisement and persecution of the Dutch Jews by the German occupiers began. Under these conditions, Hillesum met the German émigré Julius Spier in February 1941 , a Jungian psychoanalyst who also incorporated other methods into his work, such as palmistry and the then nascent body psychotherapy . In March 1941 she began psychotherapy with him. It was probably Spier who advised her to keep a diary. Over the next year and a half, the relationship with Spier took the form of a friendship, a spiritual teacher-student relationship, and finally a love affair.

In July 1942, when Etty Hillesum was awaiting the call for the so-called transit camp Westerbork , from where the transports of Dutch Jews to Auschwitz went, she applied for an office position at the Amsterdam Jewish Council , which she received. However, she found the work there to be “hell”, whereupon she volunteered after 14 days to work in the “Social Welfare Service for the Resettlers” in the Westerbork camp. There she devoted herself particularly to the weakest in the camp, the elderly, the sick, mothers with small children, and young girls. Because of her position as an employee of the Jewish Council, she was able to commute between Westerbork and Amsterdam on various occasions in the following months. She was able to attend the funeral of her therapist and friend Julius Spier, who died on September 15, 1942. From December 5, 1942 to June 5, 1943 she was in Amsterdam due to illness. An immersion , which was offered to her from friends, she leaned strongly on the grounds that she wanted "the fate of their people share." From June 6, 1943 she was finally in Westerbork. Survivors of the camp later described her as a "shining personality" to the end. In June 1943, her parents and her brother Mischa also arrived in Westerbork. On September 7, 1943, she and her parents and brother Mischa von Westerbork were deported on the 75th mass transport to the Auschwitz-Birkenau extermination camp . Shortly after leaving, she threw a postcard from the train, which farmers found and sent off.

On the postcard she wrote: ... I open the Bible at any random place and find: The Lord is my strong castle. I'm sitting on my backpack in the middle of an overcrowded freight car. Father, mother and Misha are sitting a few wagons away. The departure came quite unexpectedly. A sudden order for us from The Hague. We left this camp singing, father and mother are brave and calm. Misha too. We'll be on the trip for three days ... goodbye to the four of us. Etty.

The parents either died on the transport or were murdered immediately upon arrival in Auschwitz. The Red Cross gave 30 November 1943 as the date of death of Etty Hillesum and 31 March 1944 as that of her brother Mischa. Brother Jaap did not come to Westerbork until the end of September 1943 and was deported from there to Bergen-Belsen in February 1944 . He did not survive the liquidation of the camp and another transport. He died in April 1945.

Hillesum had given her diaries to her friend Maria Tuinzing before her final departure for Westerbork, with the request that she pass them on to the writer Klaas Smelik if she did not return. She wished the diaries would be published.

Work / Inner Path

Etty Hillesum's work consists of the diaries and letters she wrote from 1941 to 1943 during the time of the German occupation of the Netherlands. While she mainly dealt with her mental and spiritual development in her diaries, she increasingly devoted herself to observing the concrete situation and especially the persecution of the Jews in the occupied Netherlands in her letters. For example, in two long letters from December 1942 and August 1943, she reported on the conditions in the Westerbork camp, in the second of which she reported in particular on the circumstances during the evening and the night before the usually weekly departure of a train to Auschwitz with around 1,000 each Camp inmates. The two letters were published illegally and anonymously during the German occupation in autumn 1943.

When she started therapy with Julius Spier at the beginning of March 1941 and made the first entries in her diary, despite all her talents and being part of a large circle of friends, she felt an insecure, emotionally disturbed and often depressed young woman. Under Spier's guidance, she began to work on bringing inner order and clarity into her life. In addition to therapy, he suggested physical exercises, keeping a diary and something that she later referred to using the German terms “sinking in” or “listening to oneself”. With keen observation and great honesty, she reported on the therapy sessions in the diary and analyzed her thoughts, feelings and actions. She discovered her talent for writing and hoped to become a writer later. Spier encouraged her to be more self-disciplined and taught her how to deal with her depression. He also made suggestions for her to read. Hillesum was well read literary and philosophical from his youth. On the one hand she was particularly familiar with Russian literature, above all with Dostoyevsky , and on the other hand with Rilke , whom she felt as a soulmate. Spier suggested that she read the Bible , Augustine , Thomas a Kempis , Meister Eckart , but also CG Jung .

Just a few months after starting therapy, she felt that her struggle for clarity and balance was showing success, that she felt more powerful and that an inner growth process had begun. Now a “deeper dimension” of life gradually opened up to her. For her, the assimilated Jew, the new direction she took was based on a non-denominational, rather philosophical interest in religious topics. Your worldview up to that point can be described as humanistic in the general sense. Now she was beginning to take offense at what she perceived to be the limits of rationalism . The mind was no longer enough for her to answer the questions about the world and life that she faced. It turned out that - almost unconsciously - she got access to her contemplative abilities. She let herself be touched emotionally and spiritually by what she had previously tried to analyze rationally. In the phases of listening to herself that she jokingly called “Buddhist quarter of an hour”, she tried every morning to free her head of everything superfluous and distracting and to create “wide empty spaces” inside her so that she could establish contact with the transcendent .

Based on her pictures of inner “soul landscapes”, she turned to what she called the “deepest and most abundant” in herself, and to which she finally named “God”. It expressed itself in her connection with Spier, with her fellow human beings, with all human beings, with the whole world. With the very deepest within, with God, she entered into an “inner dialogue”. She began to address God directly in her diaries. She spoke of her love for life despite the increasing persecution. As her faith developed, she began to pray. It seemed to her as if she were pulling the walls of a monastery cell around her with prayer and as if this gave her composure and strength. Finally she discovered kneeling for herself. At first she wrote a bit ironically about this, too, that she wanted to write a novella entitled “The girl who couldn't kneel”, but not long afterwards she learned to kneel, even if she was initially barely able to talk about it out of shame . She called this gesture, which was not originally a Jewish gesture, “the most intimate of the intimate”.

Turning to God became particularly important for them when, in the summer of 1942, living conditions for Dutch Jews deteriorated rapidly and radically under German occupation. She continued her dialogue with the inner God, but gradually came to the conviction that God could not help her and the oppressed and persecuted in general; instead, she had to, people had to help him. In any case, she wanted to remain loyal to him and defend his apartment inside. She did not accuse God in the face of what had happened, but rather accepted that she was faced with his final riddles. She was ready to accept that there would be no answers to it. At the same time she experienced herself as resting in God and trusting him.

Increasingly, even in the desperate and chaotic situation in the Westerbork camp, she sought inner retreat and quiet. This meant for her to be in the moment, which seemed sacred to her and in which the space was created again and again for her deep gratitude for life and for her conviction that despite everything, life was beautiful and meaningful. At the same time, she strived for ever greater simplicity. She was convinced that she would eventually leave even words behind and concentrate only on being.

Doubt and dark hours were not lacking in Hillesum's faith. But, encouraged by Spier, she turned to the view that suffering must be accepted and heaviness borne. She endeavored to research the “negative” in her own life, such as her depressive phases, her initial hatred of the German occupiers, and to neither deny nor combat it, but to process and integrate it. It seemed to her that this was the appropriate preparation for even heavier burdens in the future and for the death that she reckoned with as the end of the persecution of the Jews.

reception

After the war, Maria Tuinzing, following Hillesum's request, gave the diaries to the writer Klaas Smelik, but his attempts to find a publisher for them in the 1950s and 1960s failed. It was not until his son, Klaas Smelik jr. succeeded in 1980 to interest the publisher JG Gaarlandt in the diaries. Gaarlandt published a selection from the diaries in 1981 (title: “ Het verstoorde Leven ”), which immediately met with great interest in the Netherlands. The book had 14 editions within a year and a half. In 1983 the book was published simultaneously in Germany (title: The thinking heart of the barracks ), France, Norway, Finland, Denmark, Sweden, Canada, Italy, the USA and Great Britain. In total it has been translated into 17 languages.

A complete edition of Hillesum's diaries and all letters found up to that point was published in 1986. In 2012, the research center EHOC published a revised and completed 6th edition of the complete work in Dutch under the title "Het Werk". The first English edition of the complete works appeared in 2002. The complete works are also available in French, Spanish and Italian. A German translation of the complete edition is in preparation. The Smelik family donated the originals of the diaries to the Joods Historisch Museum in Amsterdam in 1986 .

In 1995, an Etty Hillesum Center (memorial center) was set up in the former synagogue in Deventer .

In 2006, the Etty Hillesum Research Center, Etty Hillesum Onderzoekscentrum (EHOC), was established at Ghent University , where Etty Hillesum research is coordinated and funded. In 2015 it was relocated to her hometown Middelburg.

The first International Etty Hillesum Congress took place in November 2008 under the title: "Spirituality in the Writings of Etty Hillesum" at Ghent University. Also in Ghent from January 13th to 15th, 2014, the second, again international Etty Hillesum Congress took place under the title: "The ethics and religious philosophy of Etty Hillesum". The third international conference "Etty Hillesum: Her Diaries and Letters" took place in Middelburg from September 10 to 12, 2018.

André Bossuroy published a film in 2009 in which the diaries provide impetus and inspiration for a journey through Europe.

Hildegard Elisabeth Keller integrated Etty Hillesum as one of five main female characters in the trilogy of the timeless (2011). The third volume, The Ocean in the Thimble, contains a radio play with selected passages from Etty Hillesum's diaries and letters.

Works

Journal and letter editions

  • Het verstoorde leven: Dagboek van Etty Hillesum 1941–1943. Edited with an introduction by Jan Geurt Gaarlandt. De Haan, Haarlem 1981.
    • The thinking heart of the barrack. Etty Hillesum's diaries 1941–1943. Edited and introduced by Jan Geurt Gaarlandt ; from the Dutch by Maria Csollány. Kerle, Freiburg / Heidelberg 1983. / The thinking heart. Etty Hillesum's diaries 1941–1943. Rowohlt, Reinbek near Hamburg 1988, ISBN 3-499-15575-3 .
    • The thinking heart of the barrack. Etty Hillesum's diaries 1941–1943. Edited and introduced by Jan Geurt Gaarlandt ; from the Dutch by Maria Csollány. With a picture of Christian Feldmann's life. Herder Verlag, Freiburg im Breisgau 2014, ISBN 978-3-451-33503-7 .
    • Translations into at least 14 languages, including English: Etty - A Diary. (1983), Danish: Et kraenket liv. (1983), Norwegian: Det tenkende hjerte. (1983), Swedish: Det förstörda livet. (1983), Finnish: Päiväkirja, 1941–1943. (1984), American: An Interrupted Life. (1984), Portuguese: Una Vida Interrompida. (1984), Italian: Diario 1941-1943. (1985), Spanish: Una Vida Interrompida. (1985), Ivrit: Chajjiem Kerotiem; Jomana sjel. (1985), Japanese (1985) and Hungarian, French: Une Vie Bouleversée. Journal 1941–1943, translated by Philippe Noble. Editions du Sieul, Paris 1985.
Dutch
  • Dagboeken (10 cahiers) van Etty Hillesum 1941-43. [ Original handwritten letters and diaries of Etty Hillesum 1941-43. ] Jewish Historical Museum, Amsterdam.
  • Twee brieven uit Westerbork van Etty. With an introduction by David Koning. Bert Bakker / Daamen NV, The Hague 1962.
  • Het thinking hard van de barak. Brieven van Etty Hillesum. Edited by Jan Geurt Gaarlandt. De Haan, Haarlem 1982.
  • In duizend zoete poor: Nieuwe dagboekaantekeningen van Etty Hillesum. Edited by Jan Geurt Gaarlandt. De Haan, Haarlem 1984.
  • Etty: De nagelaten written van Etty Hillesum 1941–1943. Edited by Klaas AD Smelik. Uitgeverij Balans, Amsterdam 1986.
  • Etty Hillesum: Het werk: 1941–1943 , Uitgiverij Balans, Amsterdam 2012, ISBN 9789460035753 .
English
  • Etty: A Diary 1941-1943. With an introduction by Jan Geurt Gaarlandt; Arnold J. Pomerans in Romanian. Jonathan Cape, London 1983.
  • An Interrupted Life: The Diaries and Letters of Etty Hillesum 1941-1943. With an introduction by Jan Geurt Gaarlandt; Arnold J. Pomerans in Romanian. Pantheon Books, New York 1984.
  • Letters from Westerbork. With an introduction by Jan Geurt Gaarlandt; Arnold J. Pomerans in Romanian. Pantheon Books, New York 1986.
  • An Interrupted Life and Letters from Westerbork. Henry Holt, New York 1996.
  • An Interrupted Life: The Diaries and Letters of Etty Hillesum. Preface by Eva Hoffman. Persephone Books, London 1999.
  • Etty: The Letters and Diaries of Etty Hillesum 1941-1943. Edited by Klaas AD Smelik, translated by Arnold J. Pomerans. Novalis Saint Paul University - William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, Ottawa, Ontario 2002.

literature

German
  • Gideon Greif : A life cut off, Etty Hillesum's diary 1914–1943. Lecture given on January 31, 2003 in Cologne at the invitation of the Psychotherapeutic Working Group for Victims of the Holocaust and the Melanchton Academy Cologne. ( Digitized version )
  • Hildegard Elisabeth Keller : The ocean in a thimble. Hildegard von Bingen , Mechthild von Magdeburg , Hadewijch and Etty Hillesum in conversation. With contributions by Daniel Hell and Jeffrey F. Hamburger. Zurich 2011, ISBN 978-3-7281-3437-0 . (= Trilogy of the timeless, 3).
  • Pierre Ferrière, Isabelle Meeûs-Michiels: Yes, there is another reality. Meditate with Etty Hillesum. From the Frz. v. Stefan Liesenfeld. Verlag Neue Stadt, Munich 2014, ISBN 978-3-7346-1003-5 .
  • Beatrice Eichmann-Leutenegger : A thinking heart in Amsterdam. For the 100th birthday of Etty Hillesum (1914–1943). In: Voices of the time , issue 1/2014. ( online )
  • Pierre Bühler : Physical prayer at Etty Hillesum. In: Hermeneutische Blätter. 2014, issue 2, pp. 91–99.
  • M. Johanna Lauterbach: The well-digger of God. Etty Hillesum on his 100th birthday on January 15, 2014 . In: inta. Interreligious Forum. Volume 1, issue December 2014, pp. 33–35.
  • Paul Lebeau: The searching heart. The inner way of Etty Hillesum. Patmos Verlag, Ostfildern 2016, ISBN 978-3-8436-0780-3 .
  • Katja Happe: Lots of false hopes. Persecution of Jews in the Netherlands 1940-1945. Schöningh Verlag, Paderborn 2017, ISBN 978-3-506-78424-7 .
Dutch
  • Ria van den Brandt, Klaas AD Smelik: Etty Hillesum in facets. Uitgeverij Damon, Nijmegen 2003.
  • Ria van den Brandt, Klaas AD Smelik: Etty Hillesum Studies: Etty Hillesum in context. Gorcum, Assen 2008, ISBN 978-0-8262-1797-4 .
  • Mine GS Coetsier: God? … Light in het duister: Twee thinkers in barre tijden: de Duitse filosoof Eric Voegelin en de Nederlands-Joodse schrijfster Etty Hillesum. In: Ria van den Brandt, Klaas AD Smelik (Red.): Etty Hillesum Studies: Etty Hillesum in context. Gorcum, Assen 2008, ISBN 978-0-8262-1797-4 .
  • J. Geurt Gaarland (ed.): Men zou een pleister op vele wonden willen zijn: Reacties op de dagboeken en brieven van Etty Hillesum. Balans, Amsterdam 1989.
English
  • Rachel Feldhay Brenner: Writing as Resistance: Four Women Confronting the Holocaus't: Edith Stein, Simone Weil, Anne Frank, Etty Hillesum. Pennsylvania State University Press, Pennsylvania 1997, ISBN 978-0-271-02285-7
  • Meins GS Coetsier: Etty Hillesum and the Flow of Presence: A Voegelinian Analysis. University of Missouri Press, Columbia (Missouri) 2008, ISBN 978-0-8262-1797-4 .
  • Denise de Costa: Anne Frank and Etty Hillesum: Inscribing spirituality and sexuality. Translation by Mischa FC Hoyinck and Robert E. Chesal. Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick / New Jersey / London 1998, ISBN 978-0-8135-2549-5 .
  • Spirituality in the Writings of Etty Hillesum: Proceedings of the Etty Hillesum Conference at Ghent University, November 2008, Supplements to the Journal of Jewish Thought and Philosophy, eds. Klaas AD Smelik, Ria van den Brandt and Meins GS Coetsier Boston, MA: Brill, 2010 ISBN 978-90-04-18859-4
  • Patrick Woodhouse: Etty Hillesum. A life transformed. Bloomsbury Academic, London, New Delhi, New York, Sydney 2013, ISBN 978-1-84706-426-4 .
  • Meins GS Coetsier: The Existential Philosophy of Etty Hillesum. An Analysis of Her Diaries and Letters . Brill, Leiden, Boston 2014, ISBN 978-90-04-26610-0
  • The ethics and religious philosophy of Etty Hillesum. Proceedings of the Etty Hillesum Conference at Ghent University, January 2014, Supplements to The Journal of Jewish Thought and Philosophy, Volume 28, edited by Klaas AD Smelik, Meins GS Coetsier and Jurjen Wiersma. Boston, MA: Brill 2017, ISBN 978-90-04-34134-0
  • The Lasting Significance of Etty Hillesum's Writings. Proceedings of the Third International Etty Hillesum Conference. Edited by Klaas AD Smelik. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press 2019, ISBN 978-9463722025
Italian, French
  • Gerrit van Oord (ed.): L'esperienza dell'Altro: Studi su Etty Hillesum. Sant'Oreste, Rome 1990.
  • Sylvie Germain : Etty Hillesum. Pygmalion Watelet, Paris 1999, ISBN 2-85704-586-7 (series: Chemins d'éternité ). (French)
  • Antonella Fimiani, Donna della Parola. Etty Hillesum e la scrittura che dà origine al mondo , Apeiron Editori, Sant'Oreste 2017.

Web links

Commons : Etty Hillesum  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Patrick Woodhouse: Etty Hillesum. A life transformed. Bloomsbury Academic, London, New Delhi, New York, Sydney 2013, ISBN 978-1-84706-426-4 , p. 17
  2. ↑ The thinking heart. Etty Hillesum's diaries 1941–1943. Rowohlt, Reinbek bei Hamburg 1988, ISBN 3-499-15575-3 , p. 155
  3. ^ Klaas AD Smelik, Introduction. In: Etty: De nagelaten written van Etty Hillesum 1941–1943. Edited by Klaas AD Smelik. Uitgeverij Balans, Amsterdam 1986 p. XIV
  4. ^ Klaas AD Smelik, Introduction. In: Etty S. XIV
  5. ↑ JG Gaarlandt: Etty Hillesum. In: The thinking heart. P. 8
  6. ^ A b Transport from Westerbork, camp, Netherlands to Auschwitz Birkenau, extermination camp, Poland on 07/09/1943 . Yad Vashem. Retrieved March 29, 2019.
  7. ↑ Uit de trein Gegooide briefkaart van Etty Hillesum aan Christine van Nooten, dd 7 September 1943 ( Dutch ) Joods Historisch Museum. Retrieved March 29, 2019.
  8. ^ Klaas AD Smelik, Introduction. In: Etty: De nagelaten written van Etty Hillesum 1941–1943. Edited by Klaas AD Smelik. Uitgeverij Balans, Amsterdam 1986 p. XIV
  9. ↑ Patrick Woodhouse: Etty Hillesum. A life transformed. Bloomsbury Academic, London, New Delhi, New York, Sydney 2013, p. 5
  10. ^ Patrick Woodhouse: Etty Hillesum , p. 89
  11. ↑ Paul Lebeau: The Seeking Heart. The inner way of Etty Hillesum. Patmos Verlag, Ostfildern 2016, ISBN 978-3-8436-0780-3 , p. 27
  12. ↑ Meins GS Coetsier: The Existential Philosophy of Etty Hillesum. An Analysis of Her Diaries and Letters . Brill, Leiden, Boston 2014, ISBN 978-90-04-26610-0 , p. 46
  13. ^ Paul Lebeau; The Seeking Heart, p. 103
  14. ↑ Patrick Woodhouse: Etty Hillesum , pp. 21 to 34
  15. ↑ Patrick Woodhouse: Etty Hillesum , p. 38 f.
  16. ↑ cit. after Paul Lebeau; The Seeking Heart, p. 159
  17. ^ Paul Lebeau; The Seeking Heart, p. 158
  18. ↑ Patrick Woodhouse: Etty Hillesum , p. 80
  19. ↑ Meins GS Coetsier: The Existential Philosophy of Etty Hillesum , p 91
  20. ↑ Pierre Bühler : physical prayer with Etty Hillesum. In: Hermeneutische Blätter. 2014, issue 2, pp. 91-99, p. 92
  21. ↑ Katja Happe: Many false hopes. Persecution of Jews in the Netherlands 1940-1945. Schöningh Verlag, Paderborn 2017, ISBN 978-3-506-78424-7 , p. 96 ff.
  22. ↑ Paul Lebeau: Das Suchende Herz, pp. 164 f., 171 f.
  23. ^ Paul Lebeau: Das Suchende Herz, p. 178
  24. ^ Patrick Woodhouse: Etty Hillesum , p. 47
  25. ↑ The Thinking Heart, p. 120
  26. ↑ Etty: De nage laten Geschriften van Etty Hillesum 1941-1943. Edited by Klaas AD Smelik. Uitgeverij Balans, Amsterdam 1986
  27. ↑ Etty Hillesum: Het werk: 1941 - 1943, Uitgeverij Balans, Amsterdam 2012, ISBN 9789460035753
  28. ↑ Etty: The Letters and Diaries of Etty Hillesum 1941-1943. Edited by Klaas AD Smelik. William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, Grand Rapids, Michigan / Cambridge, UK 2002, ISBN 2-89507-343-0
  29. ↑ The German translation is expected to appear in 2020–2021 by Beck-Verlag, Munich. Oral information from Prof. Pierre Bühler, Zurich
  30. ^ Spirituality in the Writings of Etty Hillesum: Proceedings of the Etty Hillesum Conference at Ghent University, November 2008, Supplements to the Journal of Jewish Thought and Philosophy, eds. Klaas AD Smelik, Ria van den Brandt and Meins GS Coetsier Boston, MA: Brill, 2010 ISBN 978-90-04-18859-4
  31. ^ The ethics and religious philosophy of Etty Hillesum. Proceedings of the Etty Hillesum Conference at Ghent University, January 2014, Supplements to The Journal of Jewish Thought and Philosophy, Volume 28, edited by Klaas AD Smelik, Meins GS Coetsier and Jurjen Wiersma. Boston, MA: Brill 2017, ISBN 978-90-04-34134-0
  32. ^ The Lasting Significance of Etty Hillesum's Writings. Proceedings of the Third International Etty Hillesum Conference. Edited by Klaas AD Smelik. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press 2019, ISBN 978-9463722025
  33. ↑ With me in Europe: The convoy. ( Memento from November 20, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) December 13, 2019.
  34. ↑ The ocean in a thimble. Trilogy of the Timeless Volume 3. Hildegard Elisabeth Keller, 2011, archived from the original on March 9, 2013 ; accessed on November 30, 2018 .
personal data
SURNAME Hillesum, Etty
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Hillesum, Esther
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Dutch-Jewish teacher and diary author
DATE OF BIRTH January 15, 1914
PLACE OF BIRTH Middelburg
DATE OF DEATH November 30, 1943
Place of death Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp