Eutresis

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Greek Map of Ancient Boeotia

Eutrēsis ( ancient Greek Εὔτρησις ; ????? e-u-te-re-u in Linear B ) was an ancient city ​​in Boeotia in central Greece .

Information from ancient authors

The existence of Eutrēsis was first narrated by Homer in the Iliad , where it is named among the Boeotian cities together with Eleōn , Peteōn and Hylē in the ship's catalog of Canto 2, Eutrēsis in verse 502, the other three cities in verse 500 In the 13th century AD, Stephanos of Byzantium located ancient Eutrēsis on the road from Thespiai to Plataiai . The English archaeologist William Martin Leake , however, suspected a mistake in the text, in which, instead Thespiōn (Θεσπιῶν) Here Thisbōn (Θισβῶν) is to be read. The place would have been near the ancient city of Leuktra (Λεύκτρα). According to Stephanos, there was a well-known temple in Eutrēsis with an oracle , which the inhabitants of Eutrēsis had dedicated to Apollon (Εὐτρειτιδιεῖες Άπόλλωνι Eutreitidieies Apollōni ). In the Hellenika Oxyrhynchia , Eutresis is an independent polis at the beginning of the 4th century BC. Mentioned.

According to the ancient Greek historian and geographer Strabo , the mythical twins Amphion and Zethos are said to have lived here before they became kings of Boeotian Thebes (Θῆβαι). Eutrēsis is referred to by Strabo as a village in the Thespier region.

Certificate on Linear B boards

Between November 1993 and February 1995, they discovered during excavations in Thebes, in Mycenaean times capital in East Boeotia, pursuant to Knossos (about 2500) and Pylos (about 1200) the third largest fund in Linear B - tablets (250 tablets and fragments). They belonged to the archive of the Mycenaean palace on the Kadmeia . At least the complex of the palace in which u. a. The Linear B tablet found was likely destroyed by fire in the second half of the 13th century. In addition to Eleōn, Peteōn and Hylē, Eutrēsis is also recorded on the tablets. The writing Eutrēsis in Linear B is in line 2 of the tablet TH Ft 140 as eu-te-re-u , a locative form of Eutreus (or similar). The city is named there as the largest supplier of oil units in the Thebes area.

Archaeological exploration and settlement history

On the basis of ancient lore, the American archaeologist Hetty Goldman carried out excavations near Leuktra between 1924 and 1927. Today the place bears the modern Greek name Lefktra after the ancient city and was called Parapoungia until February 27, 1915. During the excavations east of the village, a stone was found with the inscription [ΕΥ] ΤΡΕΙΣΙΣ. Settled since the Middle Neolithic , finds from the Early Helladic Era are numerous. Stylistic correspondences between the 24th and 21st centuries BC BC with the Kastri culture , some researchers suggest a uniform culture of the Greek mainland with that of the Cyclades , a so-called Lefkandi I culture. During the Late Helladic period (from around 1700 or 1600 BC), cultural elements typical of the Middle Helladic period , especially ceramics , predominated in Eutrēsis for a long time , while the Mycenaean culture only established itself here much later than in the Peloponnese . The settlement, fortified with a defensive wall, was inhabited continuously until it was built in the second quarter of the 12th century BC. BC (within the Late Helladic III C early phase ) was abandoned for reasons that have not yet been clarified. A new settlement is archaeologically only for the time from about 600 BC. Demonstrable. Whether there was a temporary resettlement before 600 BC. BC is unclear, since in Eutresis so far only two geometric sherds from the time before the 7th century BC. Came to light.

literature

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ eu-te-re-u. minoan.deaditerranean.com, accessed February 1, 2015 .
  2. ↑ Homer: Iliad, Second Canto - Dream, Temptation, Ship Catalog. www.gottwein.de, accessed on May 30, 2011 (verse 500).
  3. ^ Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854). William Smith, LLD, Ed. (perseus.tufts.edu), accessed May 30, 2011 .
  4. ^ Mogens Herman Hansen, Thomas Heine Nielsen: An inventory of archaic and classical poleis . Oxford University Press, Oxford 2004, ISBN 0-19-814099-1 , pp. 441 ( books.google.de [accessed May 30, 2011]).
  5. ↑ Edzard Visser : Homer's catalog of ships . BG Teubner Verlag, Stuttgart / Leipzig 1997, ISBN 3-519-07442-7 , p.  269 ( books.google.de [accessed on May 29, 2011]).
  6. ↑ Strabo, Geography 9,2,28
  7. ↑ Strabon , Christoph Gottlieb Groskurd : Strabons earth description in seventeen books . tape  2 . Nicolaische Buchhandlung, Berlin / Stettin 1831, p. 169 ( books.google.de [accessed on May 29, 2011]).
  8. ↑ The exact date of the destruction of the palace complex in which u. a. the Linear B documents and also a collection of valuable seals are still unclear, also because the Mycenaean pottery found (according to older information only extends up to SH III B1) has still not been published. Newer dating suggestions u. a. Using Kassite seals, the interpretation of which as a gift from Tukulti-Ninurta I is not undisputed after his sacking of Babylon, the destruction continues a few years after 1225 BC. Chr. (I.e. in phase SH III B2). See for a summary with evidence: Konstantinos Kopasias: The Late Bronze Age Near Eastern Cylinder Seals from Thebes (Greece) and their historical implications. Announcements of the German Archaeological Institute, Athenian Department (AM) 123, 2008, p. 40 f., Esp. Notes 4 and 7 - online at Academia.edu
  9. ↑ On the other hand, Joachim Latacz claims : Troy and Homer . The way to solve an old riddle. 6th, updated and expanded edition. Koehler & Amelang, Leipzig 2010, ISBN 978-3-7338-0332-2 , pp. 306/307 . , with reference to Franz Starke , Studia Troica 1997, p. 468f., the destruction was around 1200 BC. BC "safely" datable.
  10. ↑ Joachim Latacz : Troy and Homer . The way to solve an old riddle. 6th, updated and expanded edition. Koehler & Amelang, Leipzig 2010, ISBN 978-3-7338-0332-2 , pp.  312, 315/316 .
  11. ^ John L. Caskey, Elizabeth G. Caskey, The earliest settlements at Eutresis supplementary excavations, 1958 . In: Hesperia: The Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens . tape 29 , no. 2 (April – June), 1960, pp. 126 , JSTOR : 147291 .
  12. ↑ Παραπούγγια - Λεύκτρα. pandektis.ekt.gr, accessed June 3, 2011 (Greek).
  13. ^ Notices of books . In: The Journal of Hellenic Studies . tape  52 , 1932, pp. 306 , JSTOR : 625999 .
  14. ↑ The absolute dating of the beginning of the Late Helladic depends on the dating of the "Minoan Eruption"
  15. ↑ Penelope A. Mountjoy: Regional Mycenaean Decorated Pottery. Rahden 1999, ISBN 3-89646-011-0 , Volume 2, p. 642. The SHIII C early pottery from Eutresis illustrated there Fig. 262, No. 189–191 and 193.
  16. ↑ Barbara Ann Kipfer: Encyclopedic Dictionary of Archeology . Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, New York 2000, ISBN 0-306-46158-7 , pp. 181 (English, books.google.de [accessed June 5, 2011]).
  17. ^ Wolfgang Kullmann : Reality, Imagination and Theory: Small writings on epic and tragedy in antiquity . Ed .: Antonios Rengakos . Franz Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart 2002, ISBN 3-515-08184-4 , pp.  123 ( books.google.de [accessed on May 29, 2011]).

Coordinates: 38 ° 15 ′ 0 ″  N , 23 ° 15 ′ 0 ″  E