Principality of Montenegro
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Principality of Montenegro Митрополија Црна Гора Mitropolija Crna Gora 1516–1852 |
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| Official language | Serbian | ||||
| Capital | Cetinje | ||||
| Form of government |
Theocracy (1516–1767, 1773–1852) Autocracy (1767–1773) |
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Deputy Head of State |
Prince-Bishop Guvernadur (≈1690–1832) |
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State foundation in 1516 1852 |
Establishment of conversion to a principality |
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The Orthodox Principality of Montenegro was a spiritual territory that existed from 1516 to 1851 on the territory of present-day Montenegro . It was ruled by the Archbishop of Cetinje and was a de facto Russian protectorate from the 18th century .
Surname
The country is also referred to in historical studies as the "Archdiocese of Cetinje" or "Metropolie Cetinje", which was the canonical name of the area. Metropolitan Danilo I (1696–1735) called himself “Danil, Metropolitan of Cetinje, Njegoš, Prince of the Serbian Land” (“Данил, владика цетињски, Његош, војеводич српскљој земм”).
When, under Petar I, the Bjelopavlićko plain and the rest of the highlands ("The Seven Mountains") came to the state territory, the state was renamed Crna Gora i Brda ("Montenegro and the Hills"). In the Danilo II./I. from 1855 he expressly states that he is the " Knjaz and Gospodar of free Montenegro and the hills".
State structure
The country was de facto identical to the ecclesiastical archdiocese of Cetinje . The head of state was the prince-bishop (Vladika), who as Metropolitan of Cetinje was also head of the church. This office was inherited from 1697 within the Petrović-Njegoš family; from this emerged in the 19th century the Montenegrin princely dynasty of the Petrovići.
This particular form of theocracy could only function with the consent of the leading clans of Montenegro. The actual power that the Vladika had depended on the incumbent and his relationship to the clans.
history
Fall of Zeta
In 1360 an independent principality called Zeta was formed, which was ruled by the Crnojević dynasty from 1427 . Their defensive struggle against the Ottomans had less and less success and after the plains of the country had been conquered in 1498, they were incorporated into the Sanjak Shkodra . In 1514 they were transferred to their own sanjak, ruled by Skanderbeg Crnojević - a member of the former ruling dynasty who had converted to Islam. While the south of Zeta came under Ottoman rule, the free Montenegrins were able to hold out in the north and were only nominally under Ottoman rule. In 1498, however, Skanderbeg's older brother Oberurađ withdrew from Ober-Zeta to Venice .
Non-hereditary principality
There are no clear sources for the foundation of the principality. According to the national history of Petar I , Vavila is said to have been the first prince-bishop from 1516. Allegedly Đurađ Crnojević formally handed over power in Upper Zeta to him. The amalgamation of church and state brought stability to the latter, as there was an institutionalized form of succession and hereditary battles between the clan chiefs were avoided. It was also a clear sign against the Muslim Ottomans.
During this period, the prince-bishops came from different families and were elected by popular assemblies. Petar I. later wrote: “The Vladika (prince-bishop) is an exemplary Montenegrin, just like the first Vladikans were, and he cannot be anyone other than a born Montenegrin from one of the best families.” A romanticized historiography says: “The Vladikas were real spiritual and popular leaders of the Montenegrins. The Vladika was the protector of the spiritual power and self-confidence of the people, based on belief and the tradition of heroism and glorious ancestors ... the Vladikas ruled not through brute force, but through pure moral influence, persuasions and prayers. And they recognized the supreme authority of the faith and the Church in which the Vladikas and the people were one. It was a special kind of spiritual brotherhood. ”In fact, the community was only loosely shaped, shaped by rival clan structures, and held together mainly because of the threat from outside. In order to have real worldly power, the Vladika was dependent on the cooperation of the clan chiefs.
The institution of the theocratic head of state and his incumbents are seen by Montenegrin historiography as the key to centuries of independence, national identity and unity. Enclosed by the Ottoman Empire, nestled in the highlands around the Lovćen massif, Montenegro retained its sovereignty. Only in the Venetian port city of Cattaro was there a connection that did not lead through Ottoman territory, via the "steps of Cattaro".
After a century had passed and the Montenegrins had behaved very passively, the prince-bishopric under Metropolitan Ruvim II Boljević-Njeguš became militarily active and was able to achieve successes against the Ottomans in two battles near Ljeskopolje (1603 and 1613).
In the 17th century, the small landlocked state was de facto in a permanent state of war with the Ottoman Empire. Although the Ottoman forces suffered some defeats, they were able to take Cetinje itself in 1623, 1687, and 1712.
Three factors can explain the Ottomans' failure to completely subjugate Montenegro:
- the stubborn resistance of the population,
- the inhospitable terrain that the Ottoman soldiers could not cope with,
- the diplomatic ties of Montenegro with Venice.
1696 Danilo I. Petrović-Njegoš was elected Vladika with the new power of attorney that he could determine his successor himself. As this Danilo appointed his nephew Sava, which created a hereditary monarchy. Although the prince-bishops were not allowed to marry due to the regulations of the Orthodox Church and had to live celibate , it became customary to pass the post from uncle to nephew.
During the reign of Danilo I, two important changes occurred in the European political landscape: the expansion of the Ottomans was stopped and partially reversed, and the burgeoning Russian Empire became an important power. So Russia soon replaced the dwindling Venice as the patron of Montenegro. After Danilo visited Peter the Great in Russia in 1715 , Montenegro received financial help from the Russians, was subsequently able to conquer territory and was finally recognized as an independent state under Petar I of the Sublime Porte in 1789 .
Reign of Stefan the Little
As a curious episode the rule of the adventurer went Šćepan Mali in the history books. He arrived in Montenegro at Christmas 1766. Targeted rumors said that he was the hiding Tsar Peter III. who, however, had died four years earlier. The Montenegrins affinity for Russia believed the adventurous story and made Mali their ruler in 1768 under the name "Stefan the Little". Prince-Bishop Sava II, who had made inquiries, finally accused Mali of fraud, but was placed under house arrest by Mali.
Because of his brutal methods, Stefan the Little was respected and feared by his subjects. The diplomat Georgi Dolkoruki, who had been sent by the Russian court to overthrow Stefan and take control of Montenegro, saw this and realized that all of Montenegro was behind the ruler. Dolkoruki then made an alliance with Stefan and even supported him financially. In 1771, Stephan founded the first permanent court in Montenegro. It consisted of the most respected clan leaders and was the first attempt to establish a legal system.
The vizier of Shkodra , Kara Mahmud Bushati, ordered an assassination attempt on Stephan in an attempt to conquer the northern neighboring country. On September 22nd, 1773, Stephan Mali was murdered in his sleep by his barber. Bushati's army then attacked the Kuči tribe (northeast of Podgorica) with 30,000 men. However, the new sense of community ensured that the highland tribes of the Piperi and Bjelopavlići supported the Kuči against the Ottomans and were finally able to beat them.
Prince diocese under the Petrović-Njegoš family
Jovan Radonjić, who already held the post of Guvernadur (governor), wanted to fill the power vacuum after Stephen's death . This office was founded in the 1690s as the diplomatic representation of Venice in Montenegro. Since 1756 it was inherited within the Radonjić family and had accumulated a number of powers comparable to those of a prime minister .
Radonjić had the support of Venice and Austria, but could not prevail against the clans. On paper, Vladika Sava II was still the head of state of Montenegro, but the weak ruler is unlikely to have had any real power in his final years. After his death in 1781, Arsenije Plamenac, chosen by Sava, became the new prince-bishop, but he was not accepted by the clans and also had no secular power. After Plamenac's unexpected death in 1784, the clan chiefs, Petar I. Petrović-Njegoš , themselves elected a prince-bishop for the first time in a hundred years, and he again came from the Petrović dynasty.
Petar's reign was marked by the struggle against the Ottomans and their vassals, where the vizier Bushati continued to play a major role. In 1796 there was a major battle near Martinići on the Bjelopavlićko plain , in which 3,000 Montenegrins are said to have defeated around 18,000 Ottoman soldiers under Bushati. The guerrilla tactics perfected by the Montenegrins helped them to keep their losses to a minimum. In the same year Bushati wanted to fight back and marched with his army via Podgorica towards Cetinje. After the Ottoman army had crossed the Sitnica River, they came across the waiting Montenegrin troops near Kruse. Bushati was killed in the battle and the Ottomans were decisively defeated. By this victory strengthened Petar consolidated his control over the territories of Bjelopavlićko level and the highlands of Brda were previously daie occasion of the fighting against the Ottomans been.
The conquests of Napoleon meanwhile also had an impact on Montenegro. They hoped for sea access across the Bay of Kotor and watched the coalition wars with interest . In 1805 Austria had to cede the bay, which had only been taken over from Venice eight years earlier, to the Napoleonic kingdom of Italy . In 1806, Montenegro entered the Fourth Coalition War on the side of Russia and, with the help of Russian Admiral Dmitri Senjawin, occupied the Bay of Kotor. In the Peace of Tilsit , however, it fell back to France. In 1813, Montenegro again entered the Sixth Coalition War and reoccupied the bay (supported by arms deliveries from Russia and Great Britain). A popular assembly in Kotor decided to unite with Montenegro. However, in the Congress of Vienna , control of the bay was again granted to Austria with Russian approval.
After Petar's death in 1830, his nephew Rade Petrović became Prince-Bishop of Petar II . He built a modern state with administrative and enforcement authorities and opened the first school in Montenegro in 1843. In 1833 he introduced state taxes against the opposition of many clans who insisted on their autonomy. In a power struggle against the Guvernadur and his family, Petar II banished many members of the Radonjić clan, while the incumbent Guvernadur Vukolaj Radonjić was sentenced by a court on January 16, 1832 and was imprisoned in the dungeon of the Cetinje monastery. The post was subsequently abolished.
In 1851 Petar II died unexpectedly of a lung disease. Although he had appointed his nephew Danilo as his successor, the Senate declared Danilo's older brother Pero Prince of Montenegro. Thus, the parliament initiated a separation of state and church, since Pero did not claim the traditional post of Vladika. However, Danilo returned from his training country Russia in 1852 and brought with him a letter in which Tsar Nicholas advocated Danilo's coronation as prince. Pero withdrew his claims and became president of the Senate, while Danilo proclaimed the secular principality of Montenegro .
List of heads of state
Metropolitan by choice
- Vavila (metropolitan since 1493) (1516–1520)
- German II. (1520-1530)
- Pavle (1530-1532)
- Vasilije I (1532-1540)
- Nikodim (1540)
- Romil (1540–1559)
- Makarije (1560–1561)
- Ruvim I. (1561-1569)
- Pahomije II Comanin (1569–1579)
- Gerasim (1575–1582)
- Venijamin (1582–1591)
- Nikanor (1591–1593) and Stefan (1591–1593)
- Ruvim II. Boljević-Njegoš (1593–1636)
- Mardarije I. Kornečanin (1639–1649)
- Visarion I. (1649-1659)
- Mardarije II Kornečanin (1659–1673)
- Ruvim III. Boljević (1673–1685)
- Vasilije II. Velikrasić (1685)
- Visarion II. Bajica (1685–1692)
- Sava I. Kaluđerović (1694–1696)
Metropolitans from the Petrović-Njegoš family (see also list in Petrović (dynasty in Montenegro) )
- Danilo I (1696-1735)
- Sava II. (1735-1782)
- Vasilije III. (1750–1766)
- Arsenije Plamenac (1781–1784)
- Petar I (1782-1830)
- Petar II (1830-1851)
- Pero (1851, controversial)
- Danilo II. (1851-1852)
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ Victoria Clark: Why angels fall: a journey through Orthodox Europe from Byzantium to Kosovo , p. 93.
- ^ Robert Bideleux, Ian Jeffries: A history of eastern Europe: crisis and change , p. 86.
- ^ Anthony Trollope: Saint Pauls. Volume 5, p. 430.
- ↑ Milija Stanišić: Dubinski slojevi trinaestojulskog ustanka u Crnoj Gori . Istorijski institute Crne Gore, 2005, p 114: "Као што смо претходно казали, стицајем историјских и друштвених околности Цетињска митрополија је постала не само духовни него и политички центар Црне Горе , Брда и негдашњег Зетског приморја. Заједно са главарским… "
- ↑ Matica srpska, Lingvistička sekcija: Zbornik za filologiju i lingvistiku, Volume 17, Issues 1-2 . Matica srpska, Novi Sad 1974, p. 84: "Данил, митрополит Скендерије u Приморја (1715. г.), 28 Данил, владика цетинска цетинска цетинска цетинска цетинска зевински Његош.з. 17.
- ↑ Velibor V. Džomić: Pravoslavlje u Crnoj Gori . Svetigora, 2006: "То се види не само по његовом познатом потпису " Данил Владика Цетињски Његош, војеводич Српској земљи "(Запис 1732 г.) него и из цјелокупког његовог дјелања као митрополита и господара . Занимљиво је у том контексту да ... "
- ↑ Etnografski institut (Srpska akademija nauka i umetnosti): Posebna izdanja, Volumes 4-8 . Naučno delo, 1952, p. 101: “Када, за владе Петра I, црногорсксу држави приступе Б ^ елопавлиЬи, па" панар, па "поар Гана Банар Г", па владе Банар Гана Бостар Г ", па" после ача Босар Гана Банар Гана Банар Гана Банар Гна "
- ↑ Stvaranje, 7-12 . Obod, 1984, S. 1422: "Црне Горе и Брда историјска стварност коЈа се не може занема- рити , што се види из назива Законика Данила I донесеног 1855. године који гласи" ЗАКОНИК ДАНИЛА I КЊАЗА И ГОСПОДАРА СЛОБОДНЕ ЦРНЕ ГОРЕ И БРДА "."
- ↑ Vladimir Ćorović: Историја Југославије [Istorija Jugoslavije] Narodno Delo, Beograd (Serbian). “Год. 1499. припојена је била Црна Гора скадарском санџакату. Али, год. 1514. одвојио је султан поново и поставио јој за управника, као санџак-бега, потурченог потурчеког Стани -Цећ.
- ^ Pavel A. Rovinski: Crna Gora u proslosti i sadasnjosti. Cetinje 1989, pp. 352-353.
- ^ John Alexander Hammerton: Lands and Peoples of the World . 1985, p. 2166 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
- ^ D. Zivkovic: Istorija Crnogorskog Naroda. Cetinje 1989.
- ↑ Montenet - History of Montenegro: Prince Bishops Rule (Vladiktat). In: montenet.org. Retrieved January 17, 2015 .
- ↑ a b Jagos Jovanovic: Stvaranje Crnogorske drzave i razvoj Crnogorske nacionalnosti. Obod-Cetinje 1947.
- ↑ Momir M. Markovic: Crnogorski rat. Podgorica 1993, p. 122.
- ^ Petar I (St. Peter of Cetinje) from the Petrovic dynasty. (No longer available online.) In: montenegro.org. June 17, 1996, archived from the original on February 4, 2012 ; accessed on January 17, 2015 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Jago Jovanovic: Stvaranje Crnogorske države i razvoj Crnogorske nacionalnosti. Obod-Cetinje 1947, p. 233.
