Field wreath

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Field wreath
Field wreath (Gentianella campestris)

Field wreath ( Gentianella campestris )

Systematics
Asterids
Euasterids I
Order : Enzianartige (Gentianales)
Family : Gentian Family (Gentianaceae)
Genre : Wreath anian ( Gentianella )
Type : Field wreath
Scientific name
Gentianella campestris
( L. ) Borner

The field wreath ( Gentianella campestris ), also called field-fringed gentian or simply field-gentian, is a species of the genus of wreaths ( Gentianella ) within the gentian family (Gentianaceae).

description

Illustration from Flora Batava , Volume 14
Four-fold bloom in detail
White flowered form
Herbarium evidence

Vegetative characteristics

The Feld-Kranzian grows, depending on the subspecies, as an annual or biennial herbaceous plant that usually reaches heights of 10 to 20 (5 to 30) centimeters. It usually has branched stems in the upper area.

The bald leaf blades are 1 to 3.5 inches wide. The stem leaves are tongue-shaped to eilanzettlich with a blunt to slightly pointed upper end. The shape of the basal leaves is different for the subspecies (see below for the subspecies).

Generative characteristics

The flowering period extends from May to October, depending on the location. The flowers are in a racemose or almost umbelliferous inflorescence .

The flowers are usually four-fold with a double flower envelope . The calyx is composed of two larger, wider and two smaller sepals . The calyx teeth are widest below their center and their flat edge is papilose or ciliate. The 1 to 3 centimeter long corolla tube is about twice as long as the calyx. The purple to bluish-purple or white corolla has a diameter of 12 to 15, rarely up to 30 millimeters. The four corolla lobes are 6 to 10 millimeters long. Typical of the genus Gentianella is the bearded crown throat (it is fringed, hence the former common name "fringed gentian"), in this species this beard is relatively long at the mouth.

The capsule fruit is sessile or stalked.

Chromosome set

The basic chromosome number is x = 9; Both subspecies have tetraploidy with a chromosome number of 2n = 36.

Similar species

The field wreath is similar to the German fringed gentian , but has five-fold flowers.

ecology

The pollination is done by butterflies and bumblebees , but seeking self-pollination takes place. The reward is nectar. Self-fertilization successfully leads to seed set, so the field wreath is self-compatible.

The light seeds are spread by the wind.

Occurrence

The Feld-Kranzian is widespread in Central Europe and also in Northern Europe, for example on Iceland . In Central Europe it occurs sporadically in the lowlands northeast of the Elbe , as well as in the low mountain ranges with limestone-poor rock and in the Swabian Jura ; in the foothills of the Alps , in the Swiss Jura . It is rarely found in the Swiss Plateau , in the Central Alps and on the decalcified soils of the Limestone Alps . In Austria , the Feld-Kranzian is widespread in Styria , Tyrol and Vorarlberg and occurs quite frequently in certain areas.

It occurs at altitudes above 600 meters and rises in the Alps to around 2700 meters. The field gentian thrives best on low-lime or lime-free , loose loam soils . It inhabits grasslands , poor pastures, forest clearings and roadsides. In Central Europe it is a character species of the order Nardetalia and occurs particularly in societies of the Violion Association.

Systematics

The first publication took place in 1753 under the name ( Basionym ) Gentiana campestris by Carl von Linné . The new combination to Gentianella campestris (L.) Börner was published in 1912 by Carl Julius Bernhard Börner . The specific epithet campestris means "growing in fields" or "growing on dry grassland". Another synonym for Gentianella campestris (L.) Börner is Gentiana insubrica Kunz .

Some authors have two subspecies of Gentianella campestris :

  • Gentianella campestris (L.) Borner subsp. campestris (Syn .: Gentiana campestris var. suecica Froel. , Gentiana campestris subsp. islandica (Murb.) Vollm. , Gentiana campestris subsp. suecica (Froel.) Murb. , Gentiana islandica (Murb.) Dörfl. , Gentiana islandica (Murb .) .) Wettst. , Gentianella campestris subsp. Islandica (Murb.) Löve & Löve , Gentiana campestris var. Suecica Froel. ): It is two years old. The basal sheets are spatulate. In 1996 it was classified in category 3 = “endangered” in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in Germany. According to the Federal Species Protection Ordinance, it is “not particularly protected”. It occurs in societies of the association Nardion, Polygono-Trisetion or the order Seslerietalia. In the Allgäu Alps in Bavaria, it rises at the summit of the Linkerkopf to an altitude of 2455 meters.
  • Baltic fringed gentian ( Gentianella campestris subsp. Baltica (Murb.) Á.Löve & D.Löve , Syn .: Gentiana baltica Murb. , Gentianella baltica (Murb.) Börner , Gentiana campestris subsp. Baltica (Murb.) Vollm. , Gentianella campestris subsp. baltica (Murb.) NMPritch. , Gentianella campestris subsp. baltica (Murb.) Tutin ): It occurs in Northern, Central and Eastern Europe: it is annual. The cotyledons are often still present at the time of flowering. The basal sheets are ovate or lanceolate. In 1996 it was classified in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in Germany in Category 2 = "highly endangered". According to the Federal Species Protection Ordinance, it is “not particularly protected”.

literature

  • Xaver Finkenzeller, Jürke Grau: Alpine flowers. Recognize and determine (=  Steinbach's natural guide ). Mosaik, Munich 2002, ISBN 3-576-11482-3 .
  • Wolfgang Adler, Karl Oswald, Raimund Fischer: Excursion flora of Austria . Ed .: Manfred A. Fischer. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart / Vienna 1994, ISBN 3-8001-3461-6 .
  • Dietmar Aichele, Heinz-Werner Schwegler: The flowering plants of Central Europe . 2nd Edition. tape 3 : Evening primrose plants to reddish plants . Franckh-Kosmos, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-440-08048-X .
  • Thomas Gaskell Tutin : Gentianella. In: TG Tutin, VH Heywood, NA Burges, DM Moore, DH Valentine, SM Walters, DA Webb (eds.): Flora Europaea . Volume 3: Diapensiaceae to Myoporaceae . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1972, ISBN 0-521-08489-X , pp. 64–65 (English, limited preview in Google Book Search).

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e Gentianella campestris (L.) Börner s. st., field wreath an. In: FloraWeb.de.
  2. ↑ a b c d e f g h i Thomas Gaskell Tutin : Gentianella. In: TG Tutin, VH Heywood, NA Burges, DM Moore, DH Valentine, SM Walters, DA Webb (eds.): Flora Europaea . Volume 3: Diapensiaceae to Myoporaceae . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1972, ISBN 0-521-08489-X , pp.  64–65 (English, limited preview in Google Book Search).
  3. ↑ a b c Feld-Kranzian . In: BiolFlor, the database of biological-ecological characteristics of the flora of Germany.
  4. ↑ a b Gentiana campestris L. s. st. In: Info Flora , the national data and information center for Swiss flora . Retrieved August 22, 2017.
  5. ↑ a b c Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . With the collaboration of Angelika Schwabe and Theo Müller. 8th, heavily revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 , pp.  758 .
  6. ^ Gentianella campestris at Tropicos.org. In: IPCN Chromosome Reports . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
  7. ↑ Dietmar Aichele, Heinz-Werner Schwegler: The flowering plants of Central Europe . 2nd Edition. tape 3 : Evening primrose plants to reddish plants . Franckh-Kosmos, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-440-08048-X .
  8. ↑ a b c d e Karol Marhold: Gentianaceae. : Data sheet Gentianella campestris. In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. Berlin 2011.
  9. ↑ Günther Blaich: data sheet with photos.
  10. ↑ Erhard Dörr, Wolfgang Lippert : Flora of the Allgäu and its surroundings. Volume 2, IHW, Eching 2004, ISBN 3-930167-61-1 , p. 348.

Web links

Commons : Feld-Kranzenzian ( Gentianella campestris )  - album with pictures, videos and audio files