Spotted-throated shadow hummingbird

Spotted-throated shadow hummingbird
	Spotted-throated hummingbird ( Phaethornis anthophilus ) ; (lithograph by Henry Constantine Richter after a drawing by John Gould , 1854)
Systematics
Order :	Sailor birds (Apodiformes)
Family :	Hummingbirds (Trochilidae)
Subfamily :	Hermits (Phaethornithinae)
Genre :	Shadow hummingbirds ( Phaethornis )
Type :	Spotted-throated shadow hummingbird
Scientific name
	Phaethornis anthophilus
	( Bourcier , 1843)

The spotted-throated shadow hummingbird ( Phaethornis anthophilus ), sometimes also called pale-bellied hermit , is a species of bird from the hummingbird family (Trochilidae). The species has a large range that includes Panama , Colombia, and Venezuela . The IUCN classifies the population as “not at risk” ( least concern ).

features

The spotted-throated shadow hummingbird reaches a body length of about 12.2 cm with a body weight of only about 4.6 g, with the slightly curved beak being 3.6 cm long. The orange-red lower bill has black spots. The top is brownish with a green tint and is delimited by a blurry dark rump . Matt yellowish-brown lines behind the eyes and cheeks are embedded in the striking black face mask. The throat is darkly mottled with no line in the middle. The rest of the underside is grayish and turns yellowish-brown white on the belly. The dull green tail has a darker subterminal band with white spots. The two longer central control springs are also spotted white.

behavior

You can see them in the forest, where they move relatively far down in the strata . Very often they fly to the flowers of heliconias to take in nectar . In Venezuela you can see them in dry to damp forests, plantations, mangroves and gallery forests in the Llanos . No other shadow hummingbird occurs in Venezuela in such a dry habitat . In Panama they seem to look for their food in open clearings and at the edges of the forest, which sets them apart from the behavior of other shadow hummingbird species in Panama. The subspecies P. a. hyalinus likes to move in the undergrowth and the adjacent bushes of forest clearings.

Reproduction

Melbourne Armstrong Carriker observed three breeding female spotted-throated hummingbirds near Petrólea in the Departamento de Norte de Santander in June.

Distribution area

Their distribution area extends in Venezuela at altitudes up to 1200 meters. Here they are found near Maracaibo Bay over the foot of the northern Andes to the Venezuelan state of Trujillo . Furthermore, they occur from the eastern part of Falcón over the northern cordillera of Yaracuy and Carabobo to the east of Monaco . They can also be found at the foot of the Andes from Apure , Barinas and Portuguesa . Furthermore there are few reports from the south of Cojedes and Guárico . In Colombia they occur at heights of up to 900 meters. There was one observation from Santandercito , where the species was observed even up to 1500 meters. In the Caribbean areas it occurs from the Río Sinú and east over the area of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta and the western part of the Departamento de La Guajira to the northern part of the valley of the Río Magdalena in the southwest of the Departamento del Huila . They are also found in the east of the Andes in the Departamento de Norte de Santander . In Panama, the nominate form is only common in central Panama.

Subspecies

Distribution area (green) of the spotted-throated shadow hummingbird

There are two known subspecies:

Phaethornis anthophilus hyalinus Bangs , 1901 - The subspecies occurs on the Pearl Islands . They differ in the bottle-green coloring of the upper side, the bronze-green tint is missing.
Phaethornis anthophilus anthophilus ( Bourcier , 1843) - The nominate form is widespread from central Panama through northern Colombia and northern Venezuela.

Etymology and history of research

Jules Bourcier described the spotted-throated shadow hummingbird under the name Trochilus anthophilus . The type specimen came from the Río Magdalena valley in what was then the viceroyalty of New Granada . In 1827 William Swainson introduced the new generic name Phaethornis for the Eastern long-tailed shadow hummingbird ( Phaethornis superciliosus ) (Syn .: Trochilus superciliosus ). The spotted-throated shadow hummingbird was only later classified in this genus. This name is derived from the Greek words "phaethōn φαεθων " for "the shining one, the shining one" and "ornis, ορνις " for "bird". The specific epithet "anthophilus" is a Greek word formation from "anthos ανθος " for "flower, blossom" and "philos, phileō φιλος, φιλεω " for "loving, loving" together. "Hyalinus" is the Latin word for "glassy green" and is derived from "hyalus" from "hyalos ὑαλος " for "glass".

literature

Steven Leon Hilty, John A. Gwynne, Guy Tudor : Birds of Venezuela . Princeton University Press, Princeton 2002, ISBN 0-691-09250-8 ( limited preview in Google Book Search).
Steven Leon Hilty, William Leroy Brown: A guide to the birds of Colombia . Princeton University Press, Princeton 1986, ISBN 0-691-08372-X ( limited preview in Google Book Search).
Robert Sterling Ridgely, John A. Gwynne: A Guide to the Birds of Panama: With Costa Rica, Nicaragua, and Honduras . Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey 1989, ISBN 0-691-02512-6 ( limited preview in Google Book Search).
James A. Jobling: Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names . Christopher Helm, London 2010, ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4 .
Jules Bourcier: Oiseaux-mouches nouveaux ou mal connus . In: Revue Zoologique par La Société Cuvierienne . tape 6 , 1843, pp. 70-73 ( online [accessed January 13, 2015]).
Outram Bangs: Birds of San Miguel Island, Panama . In: The Auk . tape 18 , no. 1 , 1901, p. 24–32 ( online [PDF; 360 kB ; accessed on January 13, 2015]).
William Swainson: A Synopsis of the Birds discovered in Mexico by W. Bullock, FLS and Hs, and Mr. William Bullock, jun. In: The Philosophical magazine: or Annals of chemistry, mathematics, astronomy, natural history and general science . tape 1 , no. 6 , 1827, pp. 433-442 ( online [accessed January 13, 2015]).

Web links

Commons : Phaethornis anthophilus - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Phaethornis anthophilus inthe IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2014.3. Listed by: BirdLife International, 2012. Retrieved January 11, 2015.
BirdLife International: Species Factsheet - Pale-bellied Hermit ( Phaethornis anthophilus ) . Retrieved January 11, 2015.
Videos, photos and sound recordings of Pale-bellied Hermit (Phaethornis anthophilus) in the Internet Bird Collection
Spotted-throated hummingbird ( Phaethornis anthophilus ) at Avibase; accessed on September 15, 2015.
Phaethornis anthophilus in the Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)
xeno-canto: Sound recordings - Pale-bellied Hermit ( Phaethornis anthophilus )

Individual evidence

↑ ^a ^b Steven Leon Hilty u. a. (2002), p. 394.
↑ Steven Leon Hilty et al. a. (2002), p. 395.
↑ ^a ^b Robert Sterling Ridgely et al. a., p. 206.
↑ Steven Leon Hilty et al. a. (1986), p. 254.
↑ Robert Sterling Ridgely et al. a., p. 207.
↑ Steven Leon Hilty et al. a. (1986), p. 255.
^ IOC World Bird List Hummingbirds
↑ ^a ^b Outram Bangs, p. 27.
↑ ^a ^b Jules Bourcier, p. 71.
↑ Jules Bourcier et al. a., p. 72.
^ William Swainson, p. 441.
↑ James A. Jobling, p. 301.
↑ James A. Jobling, p. 49
↑ James A. Jobling, p. 196.

[hilty394-1] Steven Leon Hilty u. a. (2002), p. 394.

[hilty395-2] Steven Leon Hilty et al. a. (2002), p. 395.

[ridgely206-3] Robert Sterling Ridgely et al. a., p. 206.

[hilty254-4] Steven Leon Hilty et al. a. (1986), p. 254.

[ridgely207-5] Robert Sterling Ridgely et al. a., p. 207.

[hilty255-6] Steven Leon Hilty et al. a. (1986), p. 255.

[7] IOC World Bird List Hummingbirds

[bangs27-8] Outram Bangs, p. 27.

[bourcier71-9] Jules Bourcier, p. 71.

[bourcier72-10] Jules Bourcier et al. a., p. 72.

[swainson441-11] William Swainson, p. 441.

[jobling301-12] James A. Jobling, p. 301.

[jobling49-13] James A. Jobling, p. 49

[jobling196-14] James A. Jobling, p. 196.