Shadow chess flower
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Shadow chess flower ( Fritillaria camschatcensis ) |
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| Ker Gawl. |
The Fritillaria Camschatcensis ( Fritillaria camschatcensis ) is a plant from the genus of Fritillaria in the family of Liliaceae (Liliaceae).
description
Shade chess flowers are perennial herbaceous plants that reach heights of between 20 and 60 centimeters. The bulbs of these geophytes consist of 6 to 15 large and 30 and 190 starchy onion scales.
The leaves are proximally in 1 to 3 whorls of 5 to 9 individual leaves . In addition there are alternate arranged distal leaves. All leaves are narrow to broadly lanceolate and between 4 and 10 centimeters long. But they are usually shorter than the inflorescence . Distal and proximal leaves are somewhat the same size.
The hermaphrodite flowers nod and smell unpleasant. They bloom from May to July. The six unwaxed, elongated to egg-shaped bracts are dark green-brown or brown-purple and not infrequently yellowish speckled or streaked. They are long-elliptical or, conversely, ovoid-elliptical and between 2 and 3 centimeters long. The tepals are not bent at the top. The nectaries are very unusual for chess flowers. They are linear, as long as the tepals and of the same color. The ovary is constantly above, the stylus is clearly divided on a 2/3 of its length.
The triple capsule fruits are cylindrical-egg-shaped and open lengthways.
The number of chromosomes is 2n = 24, 36.
distribution
Shadow chess flowers thrive in very humid environments from mud flats to swamps in the mountains at altitudes between 0 and 1000 meters above sea level.
The distribution area extends in western North America from Alaska in the north to northern Oregon . In Asia, the species is distributed in a comparatively large area, which extends over Kamchatka , the Kuril Islands and Sakhalin . A north-south orientation of the distribution area is also clearly recognizable here. The species is more common on islands than on the mainland.
Systematics
One can distinguish between two subspecies:
- Fritillaria camschatcensis subsp. alpina H.Matsuura & Toyok .: It occurs in northern Japan.
- Fritillaria camschatcensis subsp. camschatcensis : It occurs from the Far Eastern Asian Russia to Japan and in northwestern North America.
use
Heinrich von Kittlitz reported after his travels to Kamchatka that the onion scales give the species a tasty and apparently very nutritious vegetable. He writes that the onions are firmer and richer in flour than those of the Lilium debile, which is also common in the region . A groats made from the lily or fritillaria onions is known under the name Овсянка Ovsjanka (incorrectly Ofsjanka near Kittlitz ).
Almost all Indian tribes in the North American range (especially on the Pacific coast of British Columbia and in southeastern Alaska) used the onions as food. Usually the onions were dug up, dried and then added to the food. Purees made from onions were popular. But they were also baked in the hot ashes.
The species was cultivated early on. In 1932, Makino Tomitarō mentioned a fragrant cultivar with a pleasant smell that completely lacked the foul scent of wild plants. A yellow variant is also in cultivation.
literature
- Flora of North America , Volume 26, Page 168;Accessed December 11, 2009 online
- H. Matsura, H. Toyokuni: A karyological and taxonomical study of Fritillaria camschatcensis . In: Science Reports Tôhoku Imperial University . tape 4 , no. 29 , 1963, pp. 239-245 .
- Friedrich Heinrich von Kittlitz: Memories of a trip to Russian America, to Micronesia and through Kamchatka . tape 2 . Perthes, Gotha 1858, p. 261 f., 321 f .
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Fritillaria camschatcensis. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved September 26, 2016.
- ↑ Kittlitz 1858, pp. 261f
- ↑ HV Kunlein, NJ Turner: Traditional plant foods of Canadian indigenous peoples. Nutrition, Botany, and Use. Food and Nutrition in History and Anthropology . tape 8 . Gordon & Breach Science Publishers , 1991, pp. 239-242 .
- ^ NJ Turner, HV Kuhnlein: Camas (Camassia spp.) And riceroot (Fritillaria ssp.): Two liliaceous "root" foods of the northwest coast Indians . In: Ecology of Food and Nutrition . tape 13 , 1983, pp. 199-219 .
