Fritillaria

Fritillaria
Chess flower ( Fritillaria meleagris )
Systematics
Class : Bedecktsamer (Magnoliopsida) Monocots Order : Lily-like (Liliales) Family : Lily family (Liliaceae) Subfamily : Lilioideae Genre : Fritillaria
Scientific name
Fritillaria
L.

Fritillaria is a genus within the family of the lily family (Liliaceae). The 100 to 140 species arewidespreadin the temperate areas of the northern hemisphere . The common German name for some species is chess flower . Varieties of many types of Fritillaria are used as ornamental plants , the best known is probably the imperial crown .

description

Illustration of the chess flower ( Fritillaria meleagris )

Flower of Fritillaria atropurpurea

Appearance and leaves

Fritillaria species are perennial herbaceous plants . The onion of these geophytes usually consists of two to three tightly packed, fleshy, starchy onion scales, which are initially protected by a thin, translucent outer skin, but which disappears with increasing age. Occasionally they also make small daughter onions.

The only stem per bulb is unbranched, upright and leafy. The leaves on the stem base , arranged in whorls , opposite or alternating , are petiolate and those on the stem are seated. The simple leaf blades are linear to more or less ovate.

Capsule fruits of Fritillaria atropurpurea		Pale flowered fritillary seeds ( Fritillaria pallidiflora )

Inflorescences and flowers

The mostly nodding flowers are, depending on the species, either individually or in several or many together in doldy or loosely racemose inflorescences . The bracts are similar to foliage.

The hermaphrodite flowers are threefold. There are two circles, each with three free, identical bracts and they stand together in the shape of a bell or a cup. The bracts are often patterned like a checkerboard with alternating light and dark squares and often have a green vertical stripe in the middle. At the base of the bracts there are conspicuous nectaries , they are better developed on the inner circle. There are two circles with three stamens each, which do not protrude over the bracts. The anthers are fused about halfway up the stamens . Three fruit leaves are a more or less sedentary, Upper permanent, dreikammerigen ovary grown. The one-piece or three-column and frail stylus ends in linealischen or very short scars .

Fruits and seeds

The upright, thin-walled capsule fruits are triple with six sometimes winged longitudinal edges, flattened at the top and open loculicidally lengthways. The many flat, yellowish to brownish seeds are arranged in two rows per fruit compartment.

Sets of chromosomes

The basic chromosome number is x = 12 or x = 13; chromosome fragments are often found.

Systematics and distribution

Distribution map of ten Fritillaria species in Europe as well as West and Central Asia. (Attempt to present a representation according to the natural distribution specified on the respective Wikipedia pages (en, de, ru, fr))

The genus Fritillaria was first published in 1753 by Carl von Linné in Species Plantarum . Their type species is Fritillaria meleagris L. The scientific genus name Fritillaria goes back to the Latin word fritillus for "dice cup" and alludes to the shape of the flowers and the square pattern. Synonyms for Fritillaria L. are: Amblirion Raf. , Baimo Raf. , Corona fish. ex Graham , Eucrinum (Nutt.) Lindl. , Imperialis Adans. , Korolkowia rule , Liliorhiza Kellogg , Lyperia Salisb. , Melorima Raf. , Monocodon Salisb. , Ochrocodon Rydb. , Petilium Ludw. , Rhinopetalum fish. ex D.Don , Theresia K. Koch , Tozzettia Parl. , Sarana Fisch. ex Baker .

The genus Fritillaria is closely related to the lilies ( Lilium ) and Nomocharis . They belong to the tribe Lilieae in the subfamily Lilioideae within the family Liliaceae .

The 100 to 140 species of Fritillaria are all common in the temperate areas of the northern hemisphere . The centers of diversity are Central Asia and the Mediterranean . There are around 30 species in Turkey. There are about 24 species in China, 15 of them only there. About 20 species are found in North America. Only the chess flower ( Fritillaria meleagris ), which is endangered in Germany and Austria, is found in the wild in Central Europe .

There are 100 to 140 types of fritillaria :

Species of the genus Fritillaria

Flora of asia Pointed-crown fritillary ( Fritillaria acmopetala Boiss. ) There are two subspecies: Fritillaria acmopetala Boiss. subsp. acmopetala (Syn .: Fritillaria lycia Boiss. & Heldr. , Fritillaria reygassii Boiss. & Blanche , Fritillaria sororum Jim.Persson & K.Persson ): It is widespread from southwest and southern Turkey via Cyprus to Lebanon and Israel . Fritillaria acmopetala subsp. Wendelboi Rix : It only occurs in southern Turkey. Erzurum chess flower ( Fritillaria alburyana Rix ): The home is eastern Turkey . Fritillaria alfredae Post : There are three subspecies: Fritillaria alfredae Post subsp. alfredae : It only occurs in Lebanon. Fritillaria alfredae subsp. glaucoviridis (Turrill) Rix ( Fritillaria glaucoviridis Turrill , Fritillaria haradjianii Briq. ): It occurs only in south-central Turkey. Fritillaria alfredae subsp. platyptera (Sam. ex Rech. f.) Rix (Syn .: Fritillaria platyptera Sam. ex Rech. f. ): It occurs from Hatay in southern Turkey to Syria . Fritillaria amabilis Koidz. : It is common in south-central and southern Japan . Fritillaria amana (Rix) R.Wallis & RBWallis : It occurs in south-central Turkey. Fritillaria anhuiensis S.C.Chen & SFYin : It thrives at altitudes of 600 to 900 meters in the Chinese provinces of Anhui and Henan . Fritillaria ariana (Losinsk. & Vved.) Rix : It is distributed from eastern Iran to Afghanistan . Syrian fritillaria ( Fritillaria assyriaca Baker ): There are two subspecies: Fritillaria assyriaca subsp. assyriaca (Syn .: Fritillaria canaliculata Baker , Fritillaria viridis Besant ): It is distributed from eastern Turkey to western Iran . Fritillaria assyriaca subsp. melananthera Rix : It occurs only in southern Turkey. Fritillaria asumaniae R.Wallis, RBWallis & Özhatay : The species first described in 2015 occurs in Turkey. Fritillaria atrolineata Bakhshi Khan. : The home is Iran. Gold egg fritillary or gold chess flower ( Fritillaria aurea Schott ): The home is Turkey. Fritillaria avromanica Advay & Teksen : The species first described in 2015 occurs in Iran. Fritillaria ayakoana Maruy. & Naruh. : This endemic occurs only in the southwestern part of the Japanese island of Honshu . Fritillaria baskilensis Behcet : The home is eastern Turkey. Fritillaria biflora var. Ineziana Jeps. (Syn .: Fritillaria grayana Rchb. F. & Baker ): This endemic species, which is described as rare and endangered, thrives at altitudes of 0 to 200 meters only in California's Hillsborough area in San Mateo County . Bithynian fritillaria ( Fritillaria bithynica Baker ): It occurs on islands in the eastern Aegean and in Turkey. Bukhara fritillary ( Fritillaria bucharica rule ): It spreads to Central Asia and Afghanistan . Fritillaria byfieldii Özhatay & Rix : This endemic wasfirst describedin 2001 from Denizli, Turkey. Shadow chess flower or black fritillary ( Fritillaria camschatcensis (L.) Ker Gawl. ) There are two subspecies: Fritillaria camschatcensis subsp. alpina H. Matsuura & Toyok. : It occurs only in northern Japan. Fritillaria camschatcensis (L.) Ker Gawl. subsp. camschatcensis (Syn .: Fritillaria Saranna Stejneger nom inval.. Fritillaria camschatcensis var. flavescens Makino ): She's from Japan through Kamchatka , Sakhalin , Amur , Alaska spreads, the Canadian province of British Columbia to the north-western US states, Oregon and Washington . Carian fritillary ( Fritillaria carica Rix , Syn .: Fritillaria chia Boiss. Ex Nyman nom. Inval., Fritillaria tulipifolia var. Dasyphylla Baker ): It occurs in southwestern Turkey and on islands in the eastern Aegean . Purple Brown Fritillarie ( Fritillaria caucasica Adam , Syn .: Fritillaria racemosa Mill. Nom. Utique rej., Fritillaria tulipifolia M.Bieb. , Fritillaria parviflora Mart. , Fritillaria armena var. Lucida Hausskn. & Bornm. , Fritillaria lucida (Hausskn. & Bornm .) Bornm. ): It is spread from northeastern Turkey across the Caucasus to northwestern Iran. Fritillaria chitralensis (auct.) B.Mathew , Syn: Fritillaria imperialis var. Chitralensis auct .: It is distributed from northeastern Afghanistan to northwestern Pakistan . Fritillaria chlorantha Hausskn. & Bornm. : The homeland is western Iran. Fritillaria chlororhabdota Bakhshi Khan. : The home is Iran. Fritillaria cirrhosa D.Don (Syn .: Fritillaria polyphylla Fortune nom. Nud., Fritillaria roylei Hook. , Fritillaria gulielmi-waldemarii Klotzsch , Fritillaria cirrhosa var. Brachyantha C.Marquand & Airy Shaw , Fritillaria cirrhosa var. Bonatii (H.Lév. ) SCChen , Fritillaria cirrhosa var. viridiflava S.C.Chen , Fritillaria cirrhosa var. dingriensis Y.K.Yang & JZZhang , Fritillaria duilongdeqingensis Y.K.Yang & Gesan , Fritillaria zhufenensis Y.K.Yang & JZZhang , Fritillaria lhiinzeensis Y.K.Yang & al. , Fritillaria cirrhosa subsp. roylei (Hook .) Ali ): It iswidespreadfrom India , Pakistan , Bhutan , Nepal , Sikkim , Myanmar and Tibet to the Chinese provinces of Gansu , Qinghai , Sichuan and Yunnan . Sulfur yellow chess flower ( Fritillaria collina Adam , Syn .: Fritillaria lutea M.Bieb. Nom. Illeg., Fritillaria biebersteiniana Kharkev. ): It is widespread from eastern Turkey to the Caucasus . Fritillaria conica Boiss. : It occurs only in southwest Greece. Fritillaria crassicaulis S.C.Chen (Syn .: Fritillaria omeiensis S.C.Chen ): It thrives at altitudes of 2500 to 3400 meters in the Chinese provinces of southwestern Sichuan and northwestern Yunnan. Thick-leaved chess flower ( Fritillaria crassifolia Boiss. & A.Huet ): It is distributed with three subspecies from the Caucasus region via Turkey and Iraq to Iran: Fritillaria crassifolia Boiss. & A.Huet subsp. crassifolia Fritillaria crassifolia subsp. hakkarensis Rix : It is distributed from southeastern Turkey to northern Iraq. Fritillaria crassifolia subsp. poluninii Rix (Syn .: Fritillaria poluninii (Rix) Bakhshi Khan. & KMPerss. ) It occurs only in northern Iraq. Fritillaria dagana Turcz. : It iswidespreadfrom southern Siberia to northern Mongolia . Fritillaria dajinensis S.C.Chen : It thrives at altitudes of 3600 to 4400 meters only in northwestern Sichuan. Fritillaria davidii Franch. : It only thrives in western Sichuan at altitudes of 1600 to 2600 meters. Fritillaria delavayi Franch. (Syn .: Fritillaria bhutanica Turrill , Fritillaria delavayi var. Banmaensis Y.K.Yang & JKWu , Fritillaria xizangensis Y.K.Yang & Gesan ): It is widespread in Bhutan , Sikkim and in the Chinese provinces of Qinghai , Sichuan , Yunnan and Tibet . Fritillaria dzhabavae A.P. Khokhr . : The homeland is the Caucasus . Eduard's imperial crown ( Fritillaria eduardii A.Regel ex Regel , Syn .: Fritillaria imperialis var. Eduardii (Regel) Regel ): It is distributed in two varieties in Central Asia: Fritillaria eduardii A.Regel ex Regel var. Eduardii (Syn: Fritillaria imperialis var. Inodora-purpurea Regel ): It is widespread in Central Asia. Fritillaria eduardii var. Inodora (rule) Wietsma (Syn .: Fritillaria imperialis var. Inodora rule , Fritillaria inodora (rule) Tubergen ): It is widespread in Central Asia. Fritillaria ehrhartii Boiss. & Orph. : It occurs in the Aegean Sea . Green fritillary fritillaries ( Fritillaria elwesii Boiss. ): It occurs in south-western and southern Turkey. Fritillaria enginiana (Byfield & Özhatay) Teksen (Syn .: Fritillaria sibthorpiana subsp. Enginiana Byfield & Özhatay ): It occurs in southwestern Turkey. Fritillaria falcata (Jeps.) DEBeetle : This rare Californian endemic thrives at altitudes of 300 to 1200 meters only in the San Francisco Bay Region and a little north of it. Fritillaria ferganensis Losinsk. : It is common in Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan. Fritillaria fleischeriana Steud. & Hochst. ex Schult. & School f. : The home is central and western Turkey. Fritillaria forbesii Baker : The homeland is southwestern Turkey. Fritillaria frankiorum R. Wallis & RBWallis : It occurs from Turkey to Syria. Fritillaria fusca Turrill : It thrives at altitudes of 5000 to 5100 meters only in southern Tibet . Fritillaria gibbosa Boiss. : It occurs from the Transcaucasus to Pakistan . Fritillaria grandiflora Grossh. : It occurs only in the southeastern Transcaucasus . Fritillaria hermonis Fenzl ex Klatt : It is distributed from Lebanon to Syria . Imperial crown ( Fritillaria imperialis L. ): It is distributed from Turkey via Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan to Pakistan and Kashmir. Fritillaria japonica Miq. : It only occurs on the Japanese island of Honshu. Fritillaria kaiensis Naruh. : It only occurs on the Japanese island of Honshu. Fritillaria karelinii (Fisch. Ex D.Don) Baker : It is distributed from Iran via Tajikistan , Turkmenistan , Uzbekistan , Kazakhstan , Afghanistan and Pakistan to the northwestern part of the autonomous region of Xinjiang . Fritillaria kittaniae Sorger : This endemic occurs in the Turkish province of Antalya . Fritillaria kiusiana L. Hill : The species first described in 2016 occurs on Kyushu . Fritillaria koidzumiana Ohwi : This endemic occurs only in the northwestern part of the Japanese island of Honshu. Fritillaria kotschyana Herb. : It occurs in northern Iran . Fritillaria kurdica Boiss. & Noë (Syn .: Fritillaria karadagensis Turrill ): It occurs from southeastern Turkey to western Iran. Fritillaria lagodechiana Kharkev. : The homeland is the Caucasus . Fritillaria latakiensis Rix : It is distributed from southern Turkey to Syria. Broad-bellied chess flower ( Fritillaria latifolia Willd. ): It occurs from northeastern Turkey to the Caucasus . Fritillaria maximowiczii Freyn : It is common in Russia's Far East , Eastern Siberia and in the Chinese provinces of Hebei , Heilongjiang , Jilin and Liaoning . Fritillaria melananthera (Rix) Teksen & Advay (Syn .: Fritillaria assyriaca subsp. Melananthera Rix ): It occurs in southern Turkey. Chess flower or chess board flower ( Fritillaria meleagris L. ): It is widespread from Europe to Western Siberia. Fritillaria meleagroides Patrin ex Schult. & Schult. f. : It iswidespreadfrom Bulgaria via Russia and Kazakhstan to the northwestern part of the Xinjiang autonomous region. Michailovsky-Fritillarie ( Fritillaria michailovskyi Fomin ): The homeland is northeastern Turkey. Fritillaria milasensis Teksen & Aytaç : The home is Turkey. Fritillaria minima Rix : The home is southeastern Turkey. Small Fritillarie ( Fritillaria minuta Boiss. & Noë ): The home is southeastern Turkey and northwestern Iran. Fritillaria monantha Migo (Syn .: Fritillaria hupehensis P.K.Hsiao & KCHsia , Fritillaria monantha var. Tonglingensis S.C.Chen & SFYin , Fritillaria huangshanensis Y.K.Yang & CJWu , Fritillaria lichuanensis P.Li & CPYang , Fritillaria ningguoensis S.C.Chen & SFYin , Fritillaria puqiensis GDYu & GYChen , Fritillaria huangshanensis f. tonglingensis (SCChen & SFYin) YKYang & YHZhang , Fritillaria monantha var. ningguoica Y.K.Yang & MMFang , Fritillaria wanjiangensis Y.K.Yang, JZShao & YHZhang , Fritillaria qimenensis D.C.Zhang & JZShao , Fritillaria guizhouensis YKYang, & SZHe JKWu , Fritillaria thunbergii var. Puqiensis (GDYu & GYChen) PKHsiao & SCYu ): It is widespread in southern China. Fritillaria mughlae Teksen & Aytaç : The home is southwestern Turkey. Fritillaria muraiana Ohwi : It only occurs on the Japanese island of Shikoku . Fritillaria olgae Vved. : It is common in Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. Fritillaria olivieri Baker : The home is western Iran. Pale-flowered fritillary or pale imperial crown ( Fritillaria pallidiflora Schrenk ): It occurs in Kazakhstan and in the northwestern part of the autonomous region of Xinjiang . Persian fritillary or Persian imperial crown ( Fritillaria persica L. ), homeland: Iran, Syria, Iraq. Pinard fritillary ( Fritillaria pinardii Boiss. ): It occurs with two subspecies in Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, Armenia and Iran: Fritillaria pinardii subsp. hajastanica Gabrieljan Fritillaria pinardii subsp. pinardii Fritillaria przewalskii Maxim. ex Batalin : It thrives at altitudes of 2800 to 4400 meters in the Chinese provinces of southern Gansu , eastern Qinghai and Sichuan . Dwarf imperial crown ( Fritillaria raddeana rule ): It is distributed from northeastern Iran to Turkmenistan and Kashmir. Fritillaria Regelii Losinsk. : The homeland is Tajikistan . Fritillaria reuteri Boiss. : It is widespread from southeastern Turkey to western Iran. Ukrainian chess flower ( Fritillaria ruthenica Wikst. ): It is widespread in Russia, the Caucasus, Western Siberia and Central Asia. Fritillaria serpenticola (Rix) Teksen & Aytaç (Syn .: Fritillaria carica subsp. Serpenticola Rix ): In Turkey it occurs only in Eskisehir and Antalya. Sewerzow fritillary ( Fritillaria sewerzowii rule , Syn .: Korolkowia sewerzowii (rule) rule , Korolkowia discolor rule ): It is widespread in Central Asia. Fritillaria shikokiana Naruh. : It occurs on the Japanese islands of Shikoku and Kyushu . Sibthorp Fritillarie ( Fritillaria sibthorpiana (Sm.) Baker ): It occurs from the East Aegean island of Simi to southwest Turkey. Fritillaria sichuanica S.C.Chen : It thrives at altitudes of 2000 to 4000 meters in the Chinese provinces of southern Gansu , southern Qinghai and western Sichuan . Fritillaria sinica S.C.Chen : It thrives at altitudes of 3400 to 3600 meters only in western Sichuan. Fritillaria sonnikovae Shaulo & Erst : The home is Krasnoyarsk . Spur fritillary ( Fritillaria stenanthera (rule) rule ), homeland: Central Asia. Fritillaria straussii Bornm. : It is widespread from southeastern Turkey to western Iran. Fritillaria taipaiensis P.Y.Li : It thrives at altitudes of 2000 to 3200 meters in the Chinese provinces of Gansu, Hubei , Shaanxi and Sichuan. Thunberg chess flower ( Fritillaria thunbergii Miq. ): It thrives in the Tarbagatai Mountains in Central Asia. Fritillaria × tokushimensis Akasawa, Katayama & T.Naito (= Fritillaria muraiana × Fritillaria shikokiana ): It occurs only on the Japanese island of Shikoku . Fritillaria tortifolia X.Z.Duan & XJZheng : It thrives at altitudes of 1500 to 2100 meters only in the northwestern part of the Xinjiang autonomous region. Fritillaria unibracteata P.K.Hsiao & KCHsia : It is distributed with three varieties in the Chinese provinces of southern Gansu , southeastern Qinghai and Sichuan : Fritillaria unibracteata var. Longinectarea S.Y. Tang & SCYueh : It only thrives in north-western Sichuan at altitudes of 3200 to 4700 meters. Fritillaria unibracteata P.K.Hsiao & KCHsia var. Unibracteata : It thrives at altitudes of 3200 to 4700 meters in southern Gansu , southeastern Qinghai and northwestern Sichuan. Fritillaria unibracteata var. Wabuensis (SYTang & SCYueh) ZDLiu, Shu Wang & SCChen (Syn .: Fritillaria wabuensis S.Y. Tang & SCYueh ): It occurs only in southwestern Sichuan. Fritillaria usuriensis Maxim. : It is common in Russia's Far East , Korea, and the Chinese provinces of Heilongjiang , Jilin , Liaoning . Fox grape fritillary ( Fritillaria uva-vulpis Rix ): The home is southeastern Turkey, northern Iraq and northwestern Iran. Altai chess flower ( Fritillaria verticillata Willd. ): It is widespread in Central Asia in northwestern Xinjiang , Kazakhstan and western Siberia . Fritillaria viridea Kellogg : This species, considered rare and endangered, thrives at altitudes of 200 to 1500 meters in California. Fritillaria viridiflora Post : The home is southern Turkey. Fritillaria walujewii rule : It iswidespreadfrom Kazakhstan to the autonomous region of Xinjiang . Fritillaria whittallii Baker : The homeland is southwestern Turkey. Fritillaria yuminensis X.Z.Duan : It thrives at altitudes of 1700 to 2800 meters only in the northwestern part of the Xinjiang autonomous region. Fritillaria yuzhongensis G.D.Yu & YSZhou : It thrives on grassy slopes at altitudes of 1,800 to 3,500 meters in the Chinese provinces of Gansu, Henan, Ningxia , Shaanxi and Shanxi . Flora of Europe and North Africa Davis chess flower ( Fritillaria davisii Turrill ): It occurs only in southern Greece . Fritillaria drenovskii Epee & Stoj. : It iswidespreadfrom northeastern Greece to southwestern Bulgaria . Fritillaria epirotica Turrill ex Rix : It occurs only in northwestern Greece. Fritillaria euboeica Rix (Syn .: Fritillaria rixii Zaharof ): It is endemic to the island of Euboea . Greek chess flower ( Fritillaria graeca Boiss. & Spruner ): It occurs with two subspecies on the Balkan Peninsula : Fritillaria graeca Boiss. & Spruner subsp. graeca Thessalian chess flower ( Fritillaria graeca subsp. Thessala (Boiss.) Rix , Syn .: Fritillaria thessala (Boiss.) Kamari ): It occurs in Macedonia , southern Albania and northwestern Greece. Fritillaria gussichiae (Degen & Dörfl.) Rix : It occurs in northern Greece, Bulgaria and Macedonia. Opposite chess flower ( Fritillaria involucrata All. ): It occurs only in France and Italy. Fritillaria legionensis Llamas & J.Andrés : The home is northwestern Spain. Portuguese chess flower ( Fritillaria lusitanica Wikstr. ): There are two subspecies: Fritillaria lusitanica Wikstr. subsp. lusitanica : It occurs on the Iberian Peninsula. Fritillaria lusitanica subsp. stenophylla (Boiss. & Reut.) K. Richt. (Syn .: Fritillaria stenophylla Boiss. & Reut. , Fritillaria lusitanica var. Stenophylla (Boiss. & Reut.) Baker ): It occurs from western-central and southern Portugal to southwestern Spain. Fritillaria macedonica Bornm. : It iswidespreadfrom Albania to Macedonia . Fritillaria macrocarpa Coss. ex batt. : The homeland is Morocco. Chess flower or chess board flower ( Fritillaria meleagris L. ): It is widespread from Europe to Western Siberia. Fritillaria meleagroides Patrin ex Schult. & Schult. f. : It iswidespreadfrom Bulgaria via Russia and Kazakhstan to the northwestern part of the Xinjiang autonomous region. Messina chess flower ( Fritillaria messanensis Raf. ): There are four subspecies: Delicate checkerboard flower ( Fritillaria messanensis subsp. Gracilis (Ebel) Rix ): It occurs in Montenegro, Albania, Kosovo , and the Ionian Islands. Fritillaria messanensis subsp. messanensis : It occurs in Sicily as well as in Calabria and in Greece (only Peloponnese , Olympus ). Fritillaria messanensis subsp. neglecta (Parl.) Nyman : It occurs in Croatia only in Istria and Dalmatia . Fritillaria messanensis subsp. sphaciotica (Gand.) Kamari & Phitos : It is endemic to Crete . Fritillaria montana Hoppe ex WDJKoch : It iswidespreadfrom France to the Ukraine . Fritillaria mutabilis Kamari , origin: Greece Fritillaria obliqua Ker Gawl. : It occurs with two subspecies in southern Greece: Fritillaria obliqua subsp. obliqua Fritillaria obliqua subsp. tuntasia (Heldr. ex Halácsy) Kamari (Syn .: Fritillaria tuntasia Heldr. ex Halácsy ), homeland: Greece. Fritillaria oranensis Pomel : It is common in Morocco, Algeria , Tunisia and Libya . Oriental chess flower ( Fritillaria orientalis Adam ): It is widespread from France as well as Italy and the Balkan Peninsula , Romania to western Russia and the Caucasus. Fritillaria pelinaea Kamari , home: Chios in the East Aegean . Pontus fritillaria ( Fritillaria pontica Wahlenb. ): It is common on the Balkan Peninsula and in Turkey. Pyrenean chess flower ( Fritillaria pyrenaica L .; Syn .: Fritillaria nigra Mill. ): The two to three subspecies thrive in the mountains: Northern Spain , Southern France and Portugal: Fritillaria pyrenaica subsp. boissieri (Costa) Vigo & Valdés . Some authors consider it a synonym for Fritillaria lusitanica subsp. lusitanica and occurs on the Iberian Peninsula. Fritillaria pyrenaica subsp. falcata (E.Rico) R.Alonso, Paz & MEGarcía : It occurs in western and northwestern Spain and in northeastern Portugal. Fritillaria pyrenaica subsp. pyrenaica : It occurs in France and Spain. Fritillaria rhodia A.Hansen : This endemic occurs only on Rhodes . Fritillaria rhodocanakis Orph. ex Baker : The home is southern Greece. Ukrainian chess flower ( Fritillaria ruthenica Wikst. ): It is widespread in Russia, in the Caucasus region, in Western Siberia and in Central Asia. Fritillaria skorpili Velen. : The home is southern Bulgaria . Fritillaria spetsiotica Kamari : The home is Greece. Fritillaria sporadum Kamari : The home is Greece. Fritillaria stribrnyi Velen. , occurs only in Bulgaria and Turkey. Fritillaria theophrasti Kamari & Phitos : It is common on the East Aegean island of Lesbos . Western Alpine chess flower ( Fritillaria tubiformis Gren. & Godr. ): It thrives in the southwestern Alps in France and Italy, with the subspecies or varieties: Fritillaria tubiformis subsp. moggridgei (Boiss. & Reut. ex Planch.) Rix Fritillaria tubiformis Gren. & Godr. subsp. tubiformis Fritillaria tubiformis var. Burnatii (Planch.) Rouy (Syn .: Fritillaria meleagris subsp. Burnatii (Planchon) Rix ) Flora of North America Speckled chess flower ( Fritillaria affinis (Schult. & Schult. F.) Sealy ): It thrives at altitudes of 0 to 1800 meters and is in North America in the Canadian province of British Columbia and in the US states of California , Idaho , Montana , Oregon as well as Washington spread. Smelly fritillary ( Fritillaria agrestis Greene ): It thrives at altitudes of 0 to 500 meters in California. Fritillaria atropurpurea Nutt. : It iswidespreadin the western United States and thrives at altitudes of 1,000 to 3,200 meters. Two-flowered fritillary or mission bell ( Fritillaria biflora Lindl. ): There are two varieties: Fritillaria biflora Lindl. var. biflora : It thrives at altitudes of 0 to 1200 meters in western California and in Baja California, Mexico . Fritillaria brandegeei Eastw. : It thrives at altitudes of 1,500 to 2,100 meters in California. This rare species is endangered by grazing. Fritillaria camschatcensis (L.) Ker Gawl. subsp. camschatcensis (Syn .: Fritillaria Saranna Stejneger nom inval.. Fritillaria camschatcensis var. flavescens Makino ): She's from Japan through Kamchatka , Sakhalin , Amur , Alaska spreads, the Canadian province of British Columbia to the north-western US states, Oregon and Washington . Fritillaria eastwoodiae R.M. Macfarl. : It thrives at altitudes between 500 and 1500 in the western US state of Oregon and northern California. Fritillaria gentneri Gilkey : It thrives at altitudes of 300 to 1500 meters only in southern Oregon. Fritillaria glauca Greene : It thrives at altitudes of 600 to 2100 meters from southern Oregon to northern California. White Fritillaria ( Fritillaria liliacea Lindl. ): This species, considered rare and endangered, thrives at altitudes of 0 to 200 meters in western California. Fritillaria micrantha A.Heller : It thrives at altitudes of 300 to 1800 meters in central California. Fritillaria ojaiensis Davidson : This species is considered rare and endangered and thrives at altitudes of 300 to 500 meters in southwestern California. Fritillaria pinetorum Davidson : It thrives at altitudes of 1,800 to 3,200 meters in California. Clay lily or multi-flowered fritillaria ( Fritillaria pluriflora Torr. Ex Benth. ): It thrives at altitudes of 0 to 500 meters in California. Shameful Fritillarie ( Fritillaria pudica (Pursh) Spreng. ): It is found in the Canadian provinces of southwestern Alberta and southwestern British Columbia and in the western US states of northwestern Colorado , Idaho , Montana , Oregon, Washington, western Wyoming , northern California, northern Nevada as well as northwestern Utah spreads and thrives at altitudes of 0 to 100 meters. Fritillaria purdyi Eastw. : It thrives at altitudes of 400 to 2,100 meters in Oregon as well as northern California. Scarlet Fritillary ( Fritillaria recurva Benth. ): It thrives at altitudes of 300 to 2200 meters in southern Oregon, California and Nevada. Fritillaria striata Eastw. : It thrives at altitudes from 0 to 1000 meters in California. This rare species is mainly endangered by grazing.

Pointed-crown fritillary ( Fritillaria acmopetala ) Inflorescence with flowers in the detail of the stinking fritillary ( Fritillaria agrestis ), the three stigmas are clearly visible Gold egg fritillary ( Fritillaria aurea ) in the Taurus Mountains Bukhara fritillary ( Fritillaria bucharica ) Shadow chess flower ( Fritillaria camschatcensis ) Flowers of Fritillaria dagana Fritillaria eastwoodiae Fritillaria gentneri Imperial crown ( Fritillaria imperialis ) Delicate checkered lily ( Fritillaria messanensis subsp. Gracilis ) Michailovsky fritillarie ( Fritillaria michailovskyi ) Pale flowered frittillaria ( Fritillaria pallidiflora ) Persian fritillary ( Fritillaria persica ) Pubic fritillary ( Fritillaria pudica ) Pyrenean chess flower ( Fritillaria pyrenaica ) Scarlet fritillary ( Fritillaria recurva ) Fritillaria rhodia Ukrainian chess flower ( Fritillaria ruthenica ) Habit, leaves and flower of Fritillaria serpenticola Fritillaria sewerzowii Flowers of the fox grape fritillary ( Fritillaria uva-vulpis )

Medical use

Because of the toxicity of the Fritillaria species, medical use is obsolete in Western Europe. These plants are also undesirable in the feed of grazing animals.

proof

• Nina Rønsted, Steve Law, Hannah Thornton, Michael F. Fay, Mark W. Chase: Molecular phylogenetic evidence for the monophyly of Fritillaria and Lilium (Liliaceae; Liliales) and the infrageneric classification of Fritillaria. In: Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. Volume 35, No. 3, 2005, pp. 509-527, doi: 10.1016 / j.ympev.2004.12.023 .
• Edward Martin Rix: Fritillaria L. In: Peter Hadland Davis (Ed.): Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands. Vol. 8 (Butomaceae to Typhaceae) . Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh 1984, ISBN 0-85224-494-0 , pp. 284 .
• Chen Xinqi (陈心启), Helen V. Mordak: Fritillaria. In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven (Ed.): Flora of China . Volume 24: Flagellariaceae through Marantaceae . Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 2000, ISBN 0-915279-83-5 , pp. 127 (English, online ).
• Bryan Ness: Fritillaria. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico . Volume 26: Magnoliophyta: Liliidae: Liliales and Orchidales . Oxford University Press, New York / Oxford a. a. 2002, ISBN 0-19-515208-5 , pp. 164 (English, online ).
• Edward Martin Rix: Fritillaria L. In: TG Tutin, VH Heywood, NA Burges, DM Moore, DH Valentine, SM Walters, DA Webb (eds.): Flora Europaea . Volume 5: Alismataceae to Orchidaceae (Monocotyledones) . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1980, ISBN 0-521-20108-X , pp. 31–34 (English, limited preview in Google Book Search).
• Eckehart J. Jäger, Friedrich Ebel, Peter Hanelt, Gerd K. Müller (eds.): Excursion flora from Germany . Founded by Werner Rothmaler. tape 5 : Herbaceous ornamental and useful plants . Springer, Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Berlin / Heidelberg 2008, ISBN 978-3-8274-0918-8 , pp. 682-688 .

Individual evidence

1. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af} Bryan Ness: Fritillaria. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico . Volume 26: Magnoliophyta: Liliidae: Liliales and Orchidales . Oxford University Press, New York / Oxford a. a. 2002, ISBN 0-19-515208-5 , pp. 164 (English, online ).
2. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x} Chen Xinqi (陈心启), Helen V. Mordak: Fritillaria. In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven (Ed.): Flora of China . Volume 24: Flagellariaceae through Marantaceae . Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 2000, ISBN 0-915279-83-5 , pp. 127 (English, online ).
3. ↑ Carl von Linné: Species Plantarum. Volume 1, Lars Salvius, Stockholm 1753, p. 303 ( digitized versionhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fopenurl%3Fpid%3Dtitle%3A669%26volume%3D1%26issue%3D%26spage%3D303%26date%3D1753~GB%3D~ IA% 3D ~ MDZ% 3D% 0A ~ SZ% 3D ~ double-sided% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D ).
4. ↑ Fritillaria at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed October 7, 2014.
5. ↑ Charlie Jarvis: Order out of Chaos: Linnaean Plant Names and their Types. Linnean Society, Natural History Museum, London 2007, ISBN 978-0-9506207-7-0 , p. 522.
6. ↑ Helmut Genaust: Etymological dictionary of botanical plant names. 3rd, completely revised and expanded edition. Nikol, Hamburg 2005, ISBN 3-937872-16-7 , p. 256 (reprint from 1996).
7. ^ Fritillaria in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved October 7, 2014.
8. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz} Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Fritillaria. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved April 24, 2020.
9. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as} Eckehart J. Jäger , Friedrich Ebel, Peter Hanelt, Gerd K. Müller (Hrsg.): Excursion flora from Germany . Founded by Werner Rothmaler. tape 5 : Herbaceous ornamental and useful plants . Springer, Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Berlin / Heidelberg 2008, ISBN 978-3-8274-0918-8 , pp. 682-688 .
10. ↑ ^{a b c d e} Walter Erhardt , Erich Götz, Nils Bödeker, Siegmund Seybold: The great pikeperch. Encyclopedia of Plant Names. Volume 2. Types and varieties. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2008, ISBN 978-3-8001-5406-7 , pp. 1422-1423.
11. ^ ^{A b c} E. de Paz Canuria, R. Alonso Redondo, A. Ruiz de Gopegui, ME García González: El género Fritillaria L. (Liliaceae) en la Corillera Cantábrica (España). In: Candollea 66, 2011, pp. 383-395.
12. ↑ Gordana Tomović, Snežana Vukojičić, Marjan Niketić, Bojan Zlatković, Vladimir Stevanović: Fritillaria (Liliaceae) in Serbia: distribution, habitats and some taxonomic notes. In: Phytologia Balcanica. Volume 13, No. 3, 2007, pp. 359-370 ( PDF file ).
13. ↑ ^{a b c} Georgia Kamari, Dimitrios Phitos: Karyosystematic study of Fritillaria messanensis s. l. (Liliaceae). In: Willdenowia. Volume 36, No. 1, 2006, pp. 217-234, doi: 10.3372 / wi.36.36118 .
14. ↑ Lorenzo Peruzzi, Katia Francesca Caparelli, Fabrizio Bartolucci: Fritillaria messanensis subsp. neglecta (Parl.) Nyman, a fourth subspecies within Fritillaria messanensis Raf. (Liliaceae) from NW Balkans. In: Candollea. Volume 64, No. 2, 2009, pp. 237-244 ( PDF file ).
15. ^ Georgia Kamari, Dimitrios Phitos: Fritillaria theophrasti, a new species from Lesvos, East Aegean Islands, Greece. In: Biologia Gallo-Hellenica. Volume 26, Supplementum, 2000, pp. 69-76.

Web links

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