Galme vegetation
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| Class: | Violetea calaminariae |
| Order: | Violetalia calaminariae |
| Association: | Thlaspion calaminariae |
| Association : | Calamine vegetation Violetum calaminariae |
Calamine vegetation is the name of two plant communities of metallophytes on soil containing heavy metals, whose respective main species and namesake are the two endemic calamine violet species ( yellow and blue calamine ). It belongs to the heavy metal turf . Specific occurrences are called Galmeirasen or Galmeiflur, the entirety of the participating specialized species Galmeiflora. The calamine vegetation partly consists of specially adapted, so-called calamine plants , as well as other plant species, mostly heavy metal- tolerant ecotypes of widespread types of poor soils. Their location forms a special pedobiom . In Phytosociological system Galmeivegetation forms the border triangle at Aachen the association calaminariae Violetum , named for the characteristic species Yellow calamine violet ( Viola calaminaria ). Mathias Schwickerath (1892–1974) was the first botanist to describe it as the “zinc plant society”. In addition, another plant community, with the character species Violet calamine pansy and Haller's cress ( Arabidopsis halleri ), is understood as an association Violetum guestphalicae . This is more similar to the grass carnation corridor ( Armerietum halleri ) on copper-containing sites in the Harz and Siegerland.
distribution
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In the triangle near Aachen there are actual galmeifluren in the eastern Aachen districts of Brand , Verlautenheide , Eilendorf and its district Nirm as well as in the area of the Altenberg near Kelmis in eastern Belgium and in Stolberg near Breinig and Werth . There are Galmeiflora nature reserves on the training area of the Bundeswehr " Brander Wald " in the immediate vicinity of the Münsterbusch nature reserve east of the Inde in the border area between Aachen and Stolberg, in the Brockenberg nature reserve , in the Bärenstein nature reserve and in the Schlangenberg nature reserve . A smaller Galmeiflur is also located in the northwestern Propsteier forest near the Eschweiler district of Röhe near the former Glücksburg mine . Galmei corridors are also widespread in the mining and metallurgical areas of the Harz Mountains.
composition
The characteristics of the calamine vegetation include, in addition to their namesake, the calamine milk, the white-flowering calamine pale herb ( Thlaspi calaminare ), the pink - flowering calamine carnation ( Armeria maritima subsp. Calaminaria ), the calamine fescue ( Festuca aquisgranensis ), a blue-green bristly grass, which forms a loose lawn, and the white flowering calamine spring chickweed ( Minuartia verna subsp. hercynica ). The Galmeiflora also includes a heavy metal-resistant subspecies of pigeon goiter or puffed-up catchfly ( Silene vulgaris var. Humilis ), although its status as a character species is uncertain. The companion species include the common crucifer ( Polygala vulgaris subsp. Vulgaris ), the common sun rose ( Helianthemum nummularium ), lichen species and the sand thyme .
Ecology and (tribal) history
These types of plants opened up ecological niches by adapting to soils containing galley , which are poisonous for other plants. Heavy metals take the place of the vital ions calcium , sodium and potassium during physiological processes . Many plants regulate their calcium balance by producing the organic acids oxalate and malate . The calamine flora probably uses this mechanism to control the uptake and deposition of heavy metal ions in certain parts of plants.
The yellow calamine violet , calamine hellerkraut and the calamine chickweed are part of a glacial alpine relict flora. In contrast, the ancestor of the calamine pigeon goiter ( Silene vulgaris var. Humilis ) can be found on the local dry grassland. The origin of the pink calamine carnation , whose relatives predominantly bloom in coastal dunes , could be found in the copper imports from historical times. Galmeifluren used to serve as indicator plants to locate ore deposits and were sometimes destroyed in the course of mining. However, the pre-industrial mining in Pingen also created anthropogenic habitats for the calamine vegetation, but the high anthropogenic heavy metal pollution of modern dumps cannot even tolerate them. As industrial wastelands or wastelands, they were long destroyed for commercial or building sites. Today they are therefore very rare and many of them are under nature protection .
literature
- W. Ernst: Ecological-sociological investigations in the heavy metal plant communities of Central Europe including the Alps. In: Treatises from the State Museum for Natural History in Münster in Westphalia. 27 (1), 1965, pp. 1-54, ISSN 0023-7906 .
- W. Ernst: Heavy metal vegetation of the earth. Stuttgart 1974, ISBN 3-437-30187-X .
- W. Ernst, F. Knolle, S. Kratz, E. Schnug: Aspects of the ecotoxicology of heavy metals in the Harz region - a guided excursion. In: Journal for Cultivated Plants. 61 (7), 2009, pp. 225-246.
- F. Holtz, B. Engelen: Galmeiveilchen, a piece of home tender and adapted. Meyer & Meyer Verlag, Aachen 2000, ISBN 3-89124-684-6 .
- M. Schwickerath: The Violetum calaminariae of the zinc soils in the area of Aachen. In: Contributions to the preservation of natural monuments. 14, Berlin 1931, pp. 463-503.