Gau Nudzici

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Nudzici in the Sorbian tribes.

The Gau Nudzici , also Gau Nudzizi , was named after its homonymous capital Neutz near Wettin and extended on the east bank of the Saale from Bernburg at the mouth of the Fuhne to the mouth of the Götsche near Halle an der Saale .

scope

description

The Gau Nudzici is outlined for the first time by a certificate issued by Otto I from 961 in Ohrdruf , whereby six castle districts are mentioned: Vitin (Wettin), Liubuhun ( Löbejün ), Sputinesburg ( Rothenburg ), Loponoh ( Laublingen ), Trebonici ( Trebnitz ) and Brandanburg (Bernburg).

Limits

Its borders were formed in the west by the Saale, in the north by the Fuhne to Plötz and in the east and south by the Götsche. The north-western border of the Gau ran at an arm of the Saale, which has now developed into the oxbow lakes of the Kuhfurt and the Strengebach, so that Kustrena , Beesedau , Poplitz and Mukrena were on the left-hand side of the Saal and were included in the North Swabian region . The eastern border of the Gau formed a line from Plötz on the Fuhne to the Petersberg and at its eastern foot along the Götsche to its confluence with the Saale.

history

The East Franconian district division known to us today in this region east of the Saale was made possible by the conquest of the originally Slavic land by King Heinrich I from 927 and is first documented in 961 by his son and successor Otto I.

Margraviate

From 937 the area belonged to the Geromark, which was established only one year after Otto took office . After the death of Margrave Gero in 965, this was divided into five brands. The area of ​​the Gau Nudzici came to the Mark Lausitz (Mark Lusici), with which from then on its history was closely linked until the end of the Gau period. The margraves of this time were:

Dupzk (Salfurt)

In early history, the Saale meandered in the lower reaches because of the slight gradient, so that at that time it ran through today's oxbow lake at the foot of the Waldauer mountain, which has been known to be Franconian settled since 782. As a result, the area of ​​today's Bernburg mountain and valley town was east of the Saale in what was then Slavic territory. The settlement and the castle were named Dupzk because of the large number of oaks in the area. The Slavic castle with the Frankish name Salfurt probably consisted of oak trunks. After the collapse of the Late Carolingian Empire in 888, the Sorbian area, which also included the later Gau Nudzici with Dupzk, became part of the Moravian Empire from 890 to at least 897 and at the latest in 907 . During this time there was a Sorbian Orthodox monastery under the protection of the castle, which was created by the mass expulsion of Orthodox priests and monks from the Moravian core area in 885. The first abbot was Kliment von Dupzk (837–909). Under his successor Ioannis von Dupzk, the castle and monastery of Dupzk were destroyed on May 10, 927 by troops of the count and military leader Thietmar and all adult residents were killed.

Burgward main towns 961

Brandanburg (Bernburg)

The place where the castle burned down in 927 was subsequently named "Brandanburg" after the Germanic branda ("fire"). In contrast to Brandenburg an der Havel , Bernburg's origin is again secured by the Low German bernen ("to burn"). The Low German Elbe-East Westphalian was widespread as far as the Bernburg area. In other important castle towns in the area, such as Spiutni (Rothenburg) or Budizko ( Grimschleben ), the Franconian conquest was accompanied by a quick change of name to a Franconian toponym. The destroyed castle must have been rebuilt relatively quickly because it was already known as " Civitas Brandanburg" in 961 .

Loponoh (Laublingen)

Laublingen (today's Beesenlaublingen ) was also mentioned for the first time on July 29, 961 as a castle district ("civitas Loponoh") in Gau Nudzici by King Otto I. In 964, a document from the von Beesen men listed the towns of Beesen, Poplitz and Mukrena. After 1100 this region belonged to the county of Alsleben . According to the Sachsenspiegel , the county went to the Burgrave Crouzke ( von Krosigk ) in the 12th century .

Tribunice / Trebonizi (Trebnitz)

Trebnitz is already mentioned as a village mark ("villae Tribunice") in Untergau Zitice ("in pago lingua Sclavorum Zitice") in a deed of donation from Otto I of May 4, 945 to the margrave Gero. Zitici comes from the Slavic word zitci ("granary"). An Untergau corresponded to at least one Franconian hundred with a hundred men capable of arms. Thanks to Gero, the place was evidently quickly expanded to become a Burgward, because the certificate of July 29, 961 already contains a "civitas Trebonizi". At that time, Nudzici was mentioned as a Gau affiliation. The region came to the County of Alsleben after 1100.

Spiutni / Zputinesburg (Rothenburg)

There was also a Saale crossing in today's Rothenburg (presumably at the height of the current Rothenburg ferry), which compared to the "iron ford" at Dupzk (Salfurt, today's Bernburg) was only of local importance. Since the Saale had a separating rather than a connecting function from the end of the 8th century, the Slavs built a hill fort here to secure this transition around this time or at the latest in the 9th century. Already in 922 the Zputinesburg was called a royal one. Exactly when it passed into the possession of the Liudolfinger is not documented. In comparison, the old castle of Erwin von Merseburg fell into ducal hands as early as 906 through marriage . Heinrich I was elected king in 919. This castle ward of the Nudzici Gau was also transferred to the Magdeburg Moritzkloster on July 29, 961 as civitas Sputinesburch by Otto I from Liudolfingen. The probably still purely Sorbian form Spiutni is documented from the 11th century . Around 1075 this ecclesiastical center of power was destroyed during the uprising of the Saxons against King Henry IV . The newly built castle was given the purely German name Rothenburg after the red soil of the mountain , which it has kept to this day. Around Rothenburg there were many settlements that had fallen desolate since the late Middle Ages, such as Widenheim, Hohndorf, Barnena, Katzene and Garwesel, of which no remains are left.

Vitin (Wettin)

In the Wallburg Wettin, not far from the former central town of Neutz, the former central refuge of the district is believed to have been from the 7th century. It was fortified by the Franconian activities on the west side of the Saale either from 753/54 or from 782/806 to protect the local Saale crossing and received the Sorbian name Vitin from the Sorbian Vit ("Welcome"). Here was the official entrance gate of the Nudzici district. This former Sorbian castle and its settlement were also mentioned on July 29, 961 as one of the at least six East Franconian Burgward main towns ( civitas ) of the Gau Nudzici, which Otto I assigned to the Magdeburg Moritzkloster. Both passed into the possession of Count Dedo I of Wettin in 985 .

Liubuhun (Löbejün)

In Löbejün there is also evidence of an old Sorbian castle wall, which was supposed to protect the important Petersberg region. Liubu (c) hun comes from the Old Sorbian L`ubochyni and means something like place of L`uboch, who was probably the locator of the settlement. Like all the other former Slavic ramparts of the Gau Nudzici, which were subsequently used, this one was also included in the late Franconian Burgward organization of the Liudolfinger and transferred to the Moritzkloster Magdeburg on July 29, 961.

More places

Coniri (experts)

Könnern was probably founded by the Sorbs around 700 and later expanded to secure the border and trade routes. This place was also given to the Magdeburg clergy. In 1004 or 1007 it passed through the last Liudolfinger Heinrich II. To the Archbishopric of Magdeburg, founded in 968 . In 1079 and 1102, Könnern was called Conre. Konre probably goes back to the basic form Końary (in Old Sorbian końaŕ = horse owner).

Nebili

Founded as a Sorbian fishing village in the 7th century, Nelbe was on both sides of the Saale and was first mentioned in 874 as Nebili. Around 920, the eastern part of the town was destroyed during the fighting for the Spiutni castle (later Rothenburg) and not rebuilt. One of the few Sorbian Orthodox churches to the west of the Saale existed in the western part of Nelbe. It was possibly at the site of today's small Romanesque village church, the ceiling of which symbolizes a boat lying upside down and thus indicates the origins of the place as a Sorbian fishing village.

Treibitz (Trebitz)

Trebitz, first mentioned in 1370, was laid out as a sorbent settlement in the swamp and forest area of ​​the Fuhne lowland, probably as early as the 9th century. The original Sorbian name means Rodewald.

Bobicz (Bebitz)

The area around Bebitz in the Fuhne-Saale marshland belonged to the ore monastery of Magdeburg (founded in 968) since the time of Otto the Great (died 973). The small, at that time insignificant sorbent settlement was first mentioned in 1370 and around 1400 as Bobezz and Bobicz, but probably already existed in the 8th century.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Certificate No. 231 in: Theodor Sickel (Ed.): Diplomata 12: The documents Konrad I., Heinrich I. and Otto I. (Conradi I., Heinrici I. et Ottonis I. Diplomata). Hanover 1879, pp. 316-317 ( Monumenta Germaniae Historica , digitized version )
  2. ^ "Atlas of the Saale and Middle Elbe Region" (Verlag Enzyklopädie Leipzig 1957–1960) supplement (part 2), p. 151
  3. ^ Dušan Třeštík: Počátky Přemyslovců. Vstup Čechů do dějin (530–935) [The beginnings of the Přemyslids. The Entry of the Czechs into History (530–935)]. Nakladatelství Lidové noviny, undated 2008, p. 284, ISBN 978-80-7106-138-0 .
  4. ↑ History of Bernburg in Sachsen-Anhalt-Wiki ( Memento of the original from April 2, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (accessed April 4, 2015) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.sachsen-anhalt-wiki.de
  5. ↑ Certificate No. 65 in: Theodor Sickel (Ed.): Diplomata 12: The documents Konrad I., Heinrich I. and Otto I. (Conradi I., Heinrici I. et Ottonis I. Diplomata). Hanover 1879, p. 146 ( Monumenta Germaniae Historica , digitized version )
  6. ↑ cf. Eichler, Ernst, in: Reimund Melzer (Ed.) Löbejün 1040 years. , Löbejün 2001, p. 6
  7. ^ Albert Richter: The place names of the hall circle . Berlin 1962, p. 45