Money transport
CIT (English cash-in-transit , also called CIT) is the transport of cash , which is normally out of specialized security companies or public service is performed places. For this purpose, converted commercial vehicles are used that are geared to the special safety requirements.
Private sector
The money transport is z. B. worried between retailers and bank branches . This includes both the operators and service providers involved in handling cash transfers. Security services that carry out cash transfers usually also deal with cash deposits at credit institutions. Almost all German providers are members of the Federal Association of German Money and Value Services (BDGW) . The BDGW has issued safety regulations and service instructions for cash and valuables transport services, which are binding for the member companies.
Armament in the private sector
Field workers may be armed with firearms . The operators and employees of cash transports have to observe the provisions of the gun law and also the accident prevention regulations of the security industry (DGUV regulation 23).
Sections 18 to 23 of DGUV regulation 23 stipulate that gun carriers must be sufficiently competent, guns may only be carried if explicitly instructed by the employer , and that arming is to be limited to what is necessary. Weapons are generally to be handed over unloaded; a cartridge may only be in the barrel if danger is imminent . The weapons must be carried in safe carrying devices or transport containers. Arming with alarm weapons or gas pistols is not permitted.
Public law money transport
In Germany, it describes the transport between the banknote printing plants or mints ("State Coins") and the branches of the Deutsche Bundesbank (until 2002: Landeszentralbanken ) as well as the transport of cash between the individual Bundesbank offices. The transport between the Bundesbank branches and other locations such as banks or official cash registers (e.g. finance ministries ) is usually carried out by private value service providers. As a rule, these are not accompanied by police vehicles . In addition, transport by private companies is not a matter of public law, but of private transport. Only the Bundesbank's own transports (usually with armored trucks that are also equipped with blue lights) are accompanied by the police. There are also transports that are not accompanied, especially coin transports.
History of the Money Transportation Industry
The beginning of the transport of money and valuables with special, secured vehicles is dated to the year 1966. The company Security Service Werttransport GmbH , founded by Karlheinz Schies in Mannheim , made its first trips with an armored VW bus .
Euro changeover
One of the greatest challenges in the money transport industry was the introduction of the euro at the turn of the year 2001/2002. In the Federal Republic of Germany alone, 2.3 billion euro banknotes with a value of 132 billion euros and 15.5 billion euro coins with a value of 4.3 billion euros were required with a total weight of 71,500 tons to the state central banks and from there to banks and from these to dealers and other companies. In return, 2.6 billion DM banknotes and 46.7 billion DM coins had to be transported.
The coin transports alone required a transport volume of 82,100 cash transporters. To cope with the problems, 1,000 temporary workers were hired and trained for the time of the currency changeover, the insurance premiums tripled due to a feared increase in robberies on cash transports, at the same time there was an increase in the turnover of the transport companies of around 50 million euros.
Younger problems
Shortly after the boom, however, the overcapacities built up specifically with a view to the currency conversion in the money transport industry led to price wars, which caused the industry's turnover to collapse. This crisis was exacerbated by additional services offered by the Deutsche Bundesbank and the increase in the filling of ATMs with cash from bank branches instead of banknotes from central banks as before. The main winner of the development was the Heros company .
The private-sector operation of money transports came into discussion at the beginning of 2006 , especially in connection with embezzlement of around 300 million euros in the last few years before the discovery at the Heros group of companies, which alone served around half of the German money transport market. Customer funds entrusted to the transport were initially invested in the company, which enabled prices to be lower than those of the competition, and the resulting shortfalls were then offset by funds from other customers in a pyramid scheme. Heros had to file for bankruptcy as a result of the news .
The procedure had already started in the mid-1980s, and irregularities were noticed for the first time in 1990, when a retail chain noticed shortages of several hundred thousand D-Marks. The insurance came in because it regarded these amounts as insignificant relative to the business volume from the insurance contract with Heros. Later, the customers' cash was not immediately transported to banks, but initially withheld. Withdrawals were made from the money that had accumulated in this way, partly also by employees for their own purposes.
Trade law
The activity in the transport of money is not subject to the Guarding Ordinance and does not require a certificate of competence according to § 34a Paragraph 1 Clause 5 Industrial Code (GewO) , but merely a certificate of instruction as "general guarding activity " according to § 34a Paragraph 1 Sentence 3 No. 3 GewO.
vehicles
The money transport vehicles are usually armored for safety and often have an air label. Furthermore, GPS monitoring is very often carried out by the service provider. The transport vehicles are standard truck chassis , which are provided with an armored body. The safety devices often consist of an alarm system , a loading space that can only be opened from the inside, radio, etc. The vehicles in public transport, in which heavy trucks are predominantly used, are often like police vehicles in green and white and since recently also painted in blue and white. When driving in convoy, the police vehicles report to the respective control center , but not via radio, as this can be eavesdropped without any problems if it is still available in analog form. The vans are often equipped with a radio reporting system. These state transports have not been attacked in Germany since the end of the Second World War .
Others
The money is packed in metal boxes ( P-containers ), which are sealed with a seal and, under certain circumstances, locked. These containers can be equipped with paint bombs or smoke grenades . These activate when the containers are opened forcibly. The money is colored and thus unusable.
Some money is transported in sections or entirely on foot, with the money being transported in suitcases. For this purpose, the handle is secured by special security devices in such a way that if it is removed by unauthorized persons, either a visual alarm device is triggered or / and the money becomes unusable due to the effect of paint. Fastening the messenger with handcuffs , as can be seen in some films, contradicts § 25 of DGUV regulation 23.
Criminal cases
In 1972 in Offenbach am Main , the allegedly "biggest money robbery in German criminal history" to date was captured by a money transport of 1.8 million DM.
The Heros company had to file for bankruptcy after it became known that employees had embezzled a total of 300 million euros.
On August 24, 2017, it became known that the driver of a money transporter drove away in Munich when his co-driver got out .
In the 2010s, the number of attacks on money transporters increased in Switzerland - especially in the canton of Vaud . As the night driving ban in Switzerland generally only allows vans up to 3.5 tons to be on the road at night , the Vaudois government decided in December 2019 that cash transport in the canton of Vaud can now only be carried out outside the night driving ban, in heavily armored trucks weighing at least 20 tons Weight and with a maximum amount of 10 million francs. In addition, the transport must be accompanied by a second person and the cargo must have a self-destruct mechanism .
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ DGUV: Accident Prevention Regulation Guard and Security Services Regulation 23 of October 1, 1990 in the version of January 1, 1997.
- ^ Deutsche Bundesbank: Cash .
- ↑ www.youtube.com (Bundesbank + Police valuables transporter) Heavy-duty money transporter with police escort including armored sniper vehicle. Accessed August 24, 2013.
- ↑ BDGW: 50 years of money and valuables transport in Germany (1966-2016) , special publication by the magazine for the entire credit system (2016).
- ^ For the introduction of the euro, armored cars are rolling , Die Welt from August 8, 2000, accessed on December 24, 2015.
- ↑ Top business for money carriers , Die Welt, August 24, 2001, accessed on December 24, 2015.
- ↑ Introduction of the euro: More robberies on money transports , Tagesspiegel of August 23, 2001, accessed on December 24, 2015.
- ^ Fear of brutal attacks , Süddeutsche Zeitung, August 23, 2001, accessed on December 24, 2015.
- ^ Statement by the chairman of the Federal Association of German Money and Valuable Services. April 2005 (PDF; 105 kB).
- ↑ White-collar crime: Money transport company insolvent after fraud , FAZ from February 20, 2006, accessed on December 24, 2015.
- ↑ Money transport "Heros": With fraud to the industry leader ( Memento of the original from November 13, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , Star on February 21, 2006, accessed December 24, 2015.
- ↑ Heros Geldtransporte: The Pyramid Player of the Industry ( Memento of the original from November 13, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , Star on February 21, 2006, accessed December 24, 2015.
- ↑ Background: Heros, the number one in money transport , Handelsblatt of February 21, 2006, accessed on December 24, 2015
- ^ Fraud: Gauner im Panzerwagen , Die Zeit dated February 23, 2006, accessed on December 24, 2015.
- ^ Fraud case: Heros - the incredible story , Handelsblatt from August 1, 2006, accessed on December 24, 2015.
- ↑ Processes: Money in the Shack . In: Der Spiegel . No. 48 , 1974 ( online ).
- ↑ Heros bankruptcy: The mysterious bankruptcy of a money transport company. In: Spiegel Online . February 21, 2006, accessed June 20, 2018 .
- ↑ German money transport driver on the run orf.at, August 24, 2017, accessed August 24, 2017.
- ↑ Sven Hoti: What is behind the many attacks on money transporters. In: derbund.ch. December 4, 2019, accessed December 9, 2019 .
- ↑ 4.5 million Swiss francs stolen from money transporter in Thunstetten - Solothurn is conducting investigations. In: aargauerzeitung.ch. December 6, 2019, accessed December 9, 2019 .
- ↑ Manuel Frick: After the recent attack on a money transporter, people from western Switzerland have to reckon with bottlenecks at Postomats. In: nzz.ch. December 9, 2019, accessed December 9, 2019 .
- ↑ Money transport in Vaud should become safer. In: bielertagblatt.ch. December 11, 2019, archived from the original on December 13, 2019 .
