History of the Jewish family Berthold Marx from Heilbronn

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The relief shows rolls of paper and refers to the Berthold and Ludwig Marx paper shop in the house.

The story of the Jewish Berthold Marx family from Heilbronn describes the life, expropriation, persecution and murder of the Jewish Berthold Marx family.

The family ran a paper wholesaler in Heilbronn at Wilhelmstrasse 54. The house, which was sold at a lower value as part of the Aryanization process and returned to the heirs in 1950, is a listed building .

history

Berthold Marx family

The listed building Wilhelmstr. 54 in Heilbronn belonged to Berthold Marx and Ludwig Marx, paper wholesaler.

family tree

  1. Berthold Marx (born June 1, 1866 in Oberdorf, then Neresheim district; died January 15, 1943 in the Theresienstadt ghetto) Paper wholesaler, Wilhelmstrasse 54 ∞ Emma Jaraczewsky (born March 24, 1870; died February 25, 1926 in Heilbronn)
    1. Berta Eskeles born Marx (born March 18, 1895 in Heilbronn; died November 25/29, 1941 in Fort IX) ∞ Hugo Eskeles (born February 6, 1888 in Offenbach; died November 25/29, 1941 in Fort IX)
      1. Senta Lore Eskeles (born October 4, 1925 in Zweibrücken; died November 25/29, 1941 in Fort IX)
    2. Ludwig Marx (born February 8, 1897 in Heilbronn; died March 4, 1943 in Majdanek) paper wholesaler, Wilhelmstrasse 54 ∞ Johanna Isaac (born April 29, 1900 Fremersdorf; deported to Auschwitz on November 7, 1943)
      1. Walter Herbert Marx (born February 27, 1926 in Heilbronn; died August 13, 2013 in New York City) ∞ 1950 Ellen Appel daughter of Josef Appel (born 1888) and Helene Koopmann (born July 13, 1898)
        1. David Marx
        2. Ronald Marx
        3. Gary Marx
    3. Hanna Isaac b. Marx (born February 16, 1899 in Heilbronn; in New York) ∞ Max Isaac (died 1926 in Merzig).
      1. Werner Isaac (born June 30, 1926 in Fremersdorf; in New York)

Live and act

The Berthold Marx family and his son Ludwig Marx owned a Jewish paper wholesaler located at Wilhelmstrasse 54 (Heilbronn) . In History and Fate of the Jews in Heilbronn, Hans Franke names Curt Flamm, a teacher, Berthold Marx's daughter Hansi, who married Max Isaac, who died in Merzig in 1926 , as well as Hansi Isaac's son Werner and Ludwig Marx's son Walter, as residents of the house .

Escape and murder

Deportations in Heilbronn
Berthold Marx was interned in Oberstotzingen Castle (lu) and from there brought to Theresienstadt concentration camp.
Louis Marx was imprisoned in Lamalou-les-Bains and deported from there via Drancy to the Majdanek concentration camp.
Walter Marx, Johanna Marx and Werner Isaac fled to the Italian occupied Alpes-Maritimes Saint-Martin-Vésubie (here the town hall).

On July 26, 1939, Berthold Marx was deported from Heilbronn to Herrlingen , where he came to the Jewish old people's home founded by the Essinger siblings . The persecuted Jews came from Herrlingen to Oberstotzingen . There he was housed in Oberstotzingen Castle. From there he was deported to the Theresienstadt concentration camp on August 22, 1942 , where he died on January 15, 1943. His wife Emma Marx b. Jaraczewsky had already died on February 25, 1926 in Heilbronn.

Deportations in Lamalou-les-Bains

Part of the family stayed in Luxembourg from 1939 , but had to flee to France on November 7, 1940 . After escaping arrest in August 1942, they fled to Montpellier and then to Lamalou-les-Bains (Hérault), where Ludwig Marx was arrested by the French police in February 1943, taken to the Drancy assembly camp near Paris and a month later the Majdanek concentration camp was deported and murdered two days after his arrival. The survivors of Berthold Marx's family now consisted of Walter Marx, Johanna Marx b. Isaac and Werner Isaac.

Escape to Saint-Martin-Vésubie

The Jews fled to the Italian zone of occupation in France because they saw “a protective power in the Italians, who treated them well”. Walter Marx, Johanna Marx and Werner Isaac were now able to flee to the Italian-occupied alpine town of Saint-Martin-Vésubie in southern France, where almost 1,000 Jews were staying. Marx and Isaac received papers and had to report to the Italian military police every day.

Crossing the Alps

However, when Italy surrendered on September 8, 1943, the rumor spread that Germans were in Nice . Thereupon a great panic broke out among the Jews. They wanted to keep fleeing so as not to “fall into the hands of the Germans”. Therefore, the Jews fled across the Alps together with the withdrawing Italian troops. They hoped to meet Allied troops. Walter Marx reported on crossing the Alps in 2007:

“It took two to three days to cross the Alps on foot. The refugee train was reminiscent of the image of the 'biblical exodus' . Men and women, laden with suitcases and bags that were carrying babies and children [sic!]. "

"Campo di concentramento"  Borgo San Dalmazzo

On September 12, 1943, Walter Marx, Johanna Marx and Werner Isaac arrived in Borgo San Dalmazzo, where they stayed at the Cavallo Rosso inn.

After a few days, Joachim Peiper was there with a company under his command from the 2nd Battalion of Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler . On September 18, 1943, the SS distributed posters of the Comando Germanico di Borgo San Dalmazzo in the Cuneo area . In it the Jews were ordered to report to Borgo San Dalmazzo in front of the Caserma degli Alpini - an abandoned barracks of the Italian mountain troops - by 6:00 p.m. The SS had threatened that the people hiding the Jews would be shot. The order was signed by Hauptsturmführer Müller. Walter Marx described their desperate situation:

“When we heard of the appeal, we decided to leave our accommodation as we did not want to endanger our innkeepers. For a few hours we hid in a hay barn outside of Borgo and discussed our situation. We were exhausted, had neither money nor papers - and who would hide us after the death penalty. So we decided to get in touch. "

The Jews, among them members of the Marx family, were arrested by the SS and given prison numbers. According to Alberto Cavaglion , Walter Marx was given prison number 225, Johanna Marx number 226 and Werner Isaac number 227, where they were together as a family for the last time before they were torn apart.

Alberto Cavaglion published the following list in his work Nella notte straniera: gli ebrei di S. Martin Vésubie e il campo di Borgo S. Dalmazzo, 8 September-21 November 1943 , which is in the Archivio Comunale di Borgo S. Dalmazzo : List of male Jews older than 18, October 1943, in the German concentration camp in Borgo S. Dalmazzo. Walter Marx and Isaac Werner appear in it:

"Marx Walter - pat. [Ernità] Lodovico - mat. [Ernità] Isaac Gianna - n. [Ato] Heilbronn 27-2-1926 - apprendista - sfd - naz. germanica - razza ebraica Suppl. 8 Non deportato
translated into German:

Marx Walter - father [created] Lodovico - courage [terschaft] Isaac Johanna - born [oren] Heilbronn 27-2-1926 - apprendista - sfd - citizenship Germanic - race Hebrew suppl. 8 Not deported. "

"Isaac Werner - pat. [Ernità] Max - mat. [Ernità] Marx Hanzi - n. [Ato] Merzig 30-6-1926 - sfd - naz. germanica - razza ebraica Suppl. 21 - I
translated into German:

Isaac Werner - father [created] Max - courage [terschaft] Marx Hansi - born [oren] Merzig 30-6-1926 - citizenship Germanic - race Hebrew. "

They were brought to the "campo di concentramento" Borgo San Dalmazzo , newly established by the Germans , the former Caserna degli Alpini.

Walter Marx recalled the situation there and assessed the behavior of the SS towards the Jews imprisoned there as follows:

“[…] Sixteen-year-old Michel Marienberg was beaten so badly that he had to be taken to a hospital […] The SS men in the camp […] were […] armed with pistols. I can […] remember exactly one detail of their uniforms: They had the name Adolf Hitler on their sleeves […] Looking back, I believe that the SS only behaved so humanely in order to make a good impression on the Italian population submit. "

Deportations in Borgo San Dalmazzo

According to Liliana Picciotto Fargion, Jens Westemeier and Alberto Cavaglion, the mother Johanna Isaac was imprisoned in Borgo S. Dalmazzo (CN) on September 18, 1943 by the Germans (»da tedeschi«) and held in "Borgo S. Dalmazzo campo". On November 21, 1943 she was deported via the Drancy assembly camp to Auschwitz , where she died.

Liliana Picciotto Fargion writes:

" ISAAC JOHANNA , nata a Fremersdorf in Germania on April 29, 1900, figlia di Isidoro e Reiss Rosa, coniugata con Marx Lodovico. Ultima residenza nota: Francia meridionale. Arrestata a Borgo S. Dalmazzo (CN) on September 18, 1943 da tedeschi. Detenuta a Borgo S. Dalmazzo campo deportata da Borgo S. Dalmazzo il November 21, 1943 ad Auschwitz via Drancy. Immatricolazione dubbia. Dededuta in luogo ignoto in data ingnota.
Translation from Italian into German:

ISAAC JOHANNA, born in Fremersdorf in Germany on April 29, 1900, daughter of Isidor and Rosa Reiss, married to Louis Marx. Last known place of residence: southern France. Arrested by the Germans in Borgo S. Dalmazzo (CN) on September 18, 1943. Held in Borgo S. Dalmazzo Campo. Deported from Borgo S. Dalmazzo to Auschwitz via Drancy on November 21, 1943. Registration dubious. Different in an unknown place on an unknown date. "

In his work Nella notte straniera: gli ebrei di S. Martin Vésubie e il campo di Borgo S. Dalmazzo, 8 September-21 November 1943, Alberto Cavaglion published the list of the deportees from Borgo S. Dalmazzo, which is in the Archivio Comunale di Borgo S. Dalmazzo is located. Johanna Marx also appears in it:

"Marx Giovanna - pat. [Ernità] Isidoro - mat. [Ernità] Reiss Rosa - n. [Ato] Merzig 29-4-1900 - sfd - naz. germanica - razza ebraica N [ice-] D [rancy Convoi du] 25, 42 - D [rancy-] A [uschwitz], [Convoi n.] 64
translated into German:

Marx Johanna - father [created] Isidor - courage [terschaft] Reiss Rosa - born [oren] Merzig 29-4-1900 - citizenship Germanic - race Hebrew N [izza-] D [rancy convoy from date] 25, 42 - D [rancy-] A [uschwitz], [convoy number] 64. "

"Memoriale della Deportazione" Borgo San Dalmazzo
Concentration camp memorial Borgo San Dalmazzo
Cuneo - Borgo San Dalmazzo - Mémorial

Johanna Marx was commemorated with an inscription on the tracks at Borgo San Dalmazzo station. Her name was entered in the memorial for the people arrested in the Borgo area and murdered in Auschwitz.

Juliane Wetzel describes the Memoriale della Deportazione , this memorial and memorial for the people arrested in the Borgo area and murdered in Auschwitz:

“On April 30, 2006, a memorial (Memoriale della Deportazione) was erected at the train station of the small town, which consists of a platform - on which all the names, nationality and age of the deportees are set - and two open cattle wagons. Twelve of the deportees survived, their names are engraved on vertical steles. "

Escape and Survival by Walter Marx

Alberto Cavaglio describes the escape and survival of Walter Marx as "truly curious " ("veramente curioso"). On the evening of October 16, 1943, he suffered an accident at work, after which he was admitted to the hospital in Cuneo, which is why he could not be deported to Auschwitz.

“'Analogo salvataggio fu quello, veramente curioso, di Marx Walter (n. 225 dell'elenco internati). So infatti si legge in un certificato del Sindaco di Borgo, rilasciato, su richiesta dell'interessato, dopo la Liberazione: Il Sindaco sulla scorta degli atti di ufficio certifica: 1) che il signor Marx Walter, proveniente dalla residenza forzata di St.- Martin-Vésubie (Francia) è stato internato in questo campo di concentramento in data 18 September 1942 per ordine del Comandante Germanico delle SS Capitano Müller. 2) che lo stesso Marx Walter, mentre la sera del 16 ottobre 1943, verso le ore 19, tornava con altri compagni su un autocarro del lavoro effettuato per conto delle SS germaniche, sotto il cavalcavia ferroviario rimase schiacciato, causa l 'oscurità, tra l 'autocarro e un carro armato tedesco di guardia, riportando la frattura parcellare della prima vertebra sacrale D. 3) che la stessa sera del 16 ottobre 1943 il Marx Walter venne ricoverato nell'Ospedale Civile di questo Comune, e il giorno successivo, 17 ottobre 1943, trasportato all 'Ospedale di Cuneo.'
Translation from Italian into German:

A similar rescue was - really strange and astonishing - that of Marx Walter (No. 225 imprisonment list). On the basis of files from the office, the incumbent mayor certifies: 1) that Mr. Walter Marx, coming from house arrest in St. Martin-Vésubie (France), was in this camp on September 18, 1942 on behalf of the commanders of the German SS Captain Müller was arrested. 2) that the same Walter Marx, on the evening of October 16, 1943, was driving on a truck at 7 p.m. for work on behalf of the German SS. When crossing a railway bridge, there was an accident between the truck and a German tank in the dark The guard. As a result, he lay broken under the railway bridge and suffered a broken first sacral vertebra D. 3), on the same evening of October 16, 1943, Walter Marx was transported to the local hospital, and the next day, October 17, 1943 to the hospital in Cuneo. "

According to Susan Zuccotti, he hid in the mountains of the province of Cuneo until the end of the war, where he was active in the resistance.

Deportations in Munich

Berthold Marx's daughter Berta Eskeles, who lived with her husband and daughter Lore in Zweibrücken and later in Munich , was deported from Munich to Fort IX on November 20, 1941 , where she was murdered on November 25, 1941. Her husband Hugo Eskeles and their only child, Lore Eskeles, suffered the same fate. Her younger sister Hanna Isaak emigrated to the USA via England in July 1939, from where she and her nephew Walter Herbert Marx applied for the transfer of her father's house back.

Refund procedure in Heilbronn

The company Aryanized in the Third Reich and Berthold Marx's house at Wilhelmstrasse 54 were the subject of a reimbursement procedure in the post-war period, which was carried out by Berthold Marx's daughter - the widow Hannchen Isaac née. Marx - and was run by Berthold Marx's grandson Walter Herbert Marx - all living in New York .

Stumbling block for Johanna Isaac in Rehlingen-Siersburg

Johanna Isaac belonged to the Jewish community Rehlingen-Siersburg , which was made up of Rehlingen with Büren, Fremersdorf, Itzbach and Siersdorf. She received a stumbling block in Rehlingen-Siersburg.

"Since May 2010, ' stumbling blocks ' have been laid in Rehlingen-Siersburg to commemorate those who perished during the Nazi era [...] In Rehlingen-Siersburg, ten more 'stumbling blocks' are set into the sidewalks today."

The information for those murdered during the Nazi era comes from the memorial book - Victims of the Persecution of Jews under National Socialist Tyranny in Germany 1933–1945 .

reception

Hans Franke , Susan Zuccotti and Alberto Cavaglion dedicated themselves to the life and death of members of the Berthold Marx family from Heilbronn . Liliana Picciotto Fargion is dedicated to the fate of Johanna Isaac. Jens Westemeier describes the entire family, whose life and death are "exemplary for the fate of innumerable people".

literature

  • Alberto Cavaglion: Nella notte straniera: gli ebrei di S. Martin Vésubie e il campo di Borgo S. Dalmazzo, 8 September-21 November 1943 , L'arciere, Cuneo 1981, OCLC 9098012 , pp. 132-158.
  • Liliana Picciotto Fargion: Il libro della memoria: gli ebrei deportati dall'Italia (1943–1945) , Mursia, Milano 1991, OCLC 27897479 , p. 351.
  • Hans Franke: History and Fate of the Jews in Heilbronn. From the Middle Ages to the time of the National Socialist persecution (1050–1945). Heilbronn 1963 (= publications of the Heilbronn Archives. Issue 11), OCLC 600889368 , pp. 137, 286, 308, 347, 348, 358, 363.
  • Jens Westemeier : Himmler's warriors: Joachim Peiper and the Waffen SS in war and post-war times. (= Dissertation, University of Potsdam 2009) Ferdinand Schöningh, Paderborn 2014, ISBN 978-3-506-77241-1 , p. 268f.
  • Susan Zuccotti: Holocaust Odysseys: The Jews of Saint-Martin-Vésubie and Their Flight through France and Italy. Yale University Press, New York 2007, ISBN 978-0-300-12294-7 , pp. 229f.
  • Juliane Wetzel: Region Italy: Borgo San Dalmazzo . In: Wolfgang Benz , Barbara Distel (eds.): The place of terror . History of the National Socialist Concentration Camps. Volume 9: Labor education camps, ghettos, youth protection camps, police detention camps, special camps, gypsy camps, forced labor camps. CH Beck, Munich 2009, ISBN 978-3-406-57238-8 , p. 307f.

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Data from Berthold and Emma Marx geb. Jaraczewsky on steinheim-Institut.de
  2. ↑ Data from Berthold Marx ( Memento from April 2, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) on stadtgeschichte-Heilbronn.de
  3. ↑ Data from Berthold Marx on Bundesarchiv.de
  4. ↑ Data on Berta Eskelses geb. Marx on Bundesarchiv.de
  5. ↑ Data from Berta, Hugo and Lore Eskeles on holocaustcontroversies.yuku.com
  6. ↑ Fargion, S. 351st
  7. ^ Data from Johanna Marx on Bundesarchiv.de
  8. ^ Data from Ludwig Marx on Bundesarchiv.de
  9. ^ Obituary in Air Cargo News from August 14, 2013 (accessed April 30, 2015)
  10. ↑ Zucotti p. 199.
  11. ↑ http://wp.ge-mittelkreis.de/webfrie05/webinsch/jupage/fkoopj.htm
  12. ↑ Cavaglion, p. 144: “Isaac Werner - pat. [Ernità] Max - mat. [Ernità] Marx Hanzi - n. [Ato] Merzig 30-6-1926 - sfd - naz. germanica - razza ebraica Suppl. 21 - I "
  13. ↑ Westemeier, p. 268, note 489 on p. 711.
  14. ↑ Franke, p. 371.
  15. ^ Franke, p. 347.
  16. ↑ Franke, p. 348.
  17. ↑ Unless otherwise stated, the following section follows the chapter Combat on All Fronts 1941–1944 . In: Jens Westemeier: Himmler's warriors: Joachim Peiper and the Waffen-SS in war and post-war times. P. 268.
  18. ^ Jens Westemeier: Himmler's warriors: Joachim Peiper and the Waffen SS in war and post-war times. , P. 268.
  19. ↑ Unless otherwise stated, the following section follows the chapter Combat on All Fronts 1941–1944 . In: Jens Westemeier: Himmler's warriors: Joachim Peiper and the Waffen-SS in war and post-war times. P. 268.
  20. ^ Jens Westemeier: Himmler's warriors: Joachim Peiper and the Waffen SS in war and post-war times. P. 268.
  21. ^ Jens Westemeier: Himmler's warriors: Joachim Peiper and the Waffen SS in war and post-war times. P. 268.
  22. ^ It: Campo di concentramento di Borgo San Dalmazzo
  23. ↑ Unless otherwise stated, the following section follows the chapter Combat on All Fronts 1941–1944 . In: Jens Westemeier: Himmler's warriors: Joachim Peiper and the Waffen-SS in war and post-war times. P. 268.
  24. ^ Jens Westemeier: Himmler's warriors: Joachim Peiper and the Waffen SS in war and post-war times. P. 268.
  25. ^ Jens Westemeier: Himmler's warriors: Joachim Peiper and the Waffen SS in war and post-war times. P. 269.
  26. ↑ Alberto Cavaglion: Nella notte straniera: gli ebrei di S. Martin Vésubie e il campo di Borgo S. Dalmazzo, 8 September-21 November 1943 , L'arciere, Cuneo 1981, OCLC 9098012 , p. 127, see under Suppl., = Borgo S. Dalmazzo, Archivio del Comune, Elenco degli ebrei maschi superiori ai 18 anni che nell 'ottobre 1943 risultavano presenti nel campo di concentramento tedesco a Borgo S. Dalmazzo (Si tratta die 171 intenati aventi diritto alla razione di sigaretti).
  27. ^ Alberto Cavaglion: Nella notte straniera: gli ebrei di S. Martin Vésubie e il campo di Borgo S. Dalmazzo, 8 September-21 November 1943 , L'arciere, Cuneo 1981, OCLC 9098012 , p. 144.
  28. ^ Alberto Cavaglion: Nella notte straniera: gli ebrei di S. Martin Vésubie e il campo di Borgo S. Dalmazzo, 8 September-21 November 1943 , L'arciere, Cuneo 1981, OCLC 9098012 , p. 144.
  29. ^ Jens Westemeier: Himmler's warriors: Joachim Peiper and the Waffen SS in war and post-war times. P. 270 and p. 271.
  30. ↑ Liliana Picciotto Fargion: Il libro della memoria: gli ebrei deportati dall'Italia (1943–1945) , Mursia, Milano 1991, OCLC 27897479 , p. 351
  31. ^ Alberto Cavaglion: Nella notte straniera: gli ebrei di S. Martin Vésubie e il campo di Borgo S. Dalmazzo, 8 September-21 November 1943 , L'arciere, Cuneo 1981, OCLC 9098012 , p. 144.
  32. ^ Jens Westemeier: Himmler's warriors: Joachim Peiper and the Waffen SS in war and post-war times. P. 272: Walter Marx's mother, Johanna Marx from Heilbronn, was also murdered immediately after her arrival in Auschwitz. (Note 513 refers to p. 712 notes )
  33. ^ Jens Westemeier: Himmler's warriors: Joachim Peiper and the Waffen SS in war and post-war times. P. 712: “Today there is a memorial and memorial for those arrested in the Borgo area in Borgo San Dalmazzo. people murdered in Auschwitz ”.
  34. ↑ Juliane Wenzel, p. 307.
  35. ^ Alberto Cavaglion: Nella notte straniera: gli ebrei di S. Martin Vésubie e il campo di Borgo S. Dalmazzo, 8 September-21 November 1943 , L'arciere, Cuneo 1981, OCLC 9098012 , p. 128: “Si tratta die persone che hanno evitato la deportazione del 21 novembre 1943 essendo state ricoverate presso l'ospedale di Cuneo (Marx, Gherszt e Michell)… “.
  36. ^ Alberto Cavaglion: Nella notte straniera: gli ebrei di S. Martin Vésubie e il campo di Borgo S. Dalmazzo, 8 September-21 November 1943 , L'arciere, Cuneo 1981, OCLC 9098012 , p. 79
  37. ^ Alberto Cavaglion: Nella notte straniera: gli ebrei di S. Martin Vésubie e il campo di Borgo S. Dalmazzo, 8 September-21 November 1943 , L'arciere, Cuneo 1981, OCLC 9098012 , p. 79: “Analogo salvataggio fu quello , veramente curioso, di Marx Walter (n. 225 dell'elenco internati). So infatti si legge in un certificato del Sindaco di Borgo , rilasciato, su richiesta dell'interessato, dopo la Liberazione: Il Sindaco sulla scorat degli atti di ufficio certifica: 1) che il signor Marx Walter, proveniente dalla residenza forzata the St.- Martin-Vésubie (Francia) è stato internato in questo campo di concentramento in data 18 September 1942 per ordine del Comandante Germanico delle SS Capitano Müller. 2) che lo stesso Marx Walter, mentre la sera del 16 ottobre 1943, verso le ore 19, tornava con altri compagni su un autocarro il cavalcavia ferroviario rimase schicciato, causo l 'orsurità, tra l' autocarro e un carro armato tedesco di Guardia , riportando la frattura parcellare della I vertebra sacrale D. 3) che la stessa sera del 16 ottobre 1943 il Marx Walter venne ricoverato nell'Ospedale Civile… “.
  38. ↑

    "Marx, Walter - born in Heilbronn, Germany in 1926 to Johanna Isaac and Ludwig Marx, Germans [...] Walter escaped deportation in November because he was in the hospital. Until the end of the war, he hid in the mountains of the province of Cuneo, where he was active in the Resistance. "

    - Susan Zuccotti: Holocaust Odysseys: The Jews of Saint-Martin-Vésubie and Their Flight through France and Italy. New York 2007, pp. 229f.
  39. ↑ online
  40. ^ Franke, p. 358.
  41. ↑ Signature B033-460 in the HEUSS database (refund procedure for the Wilhelmstrasse 54 building; prep .: Berthold Marx)
  42. ↑ Of the Jewish people who were born in Zweibrücken and / or who lived there for a long time perished during the Nazi era (information according to the lists of Yad Vashem, Jerusalem and the information in the “Memorial Book - Victims of the Persecution of Jews under the National Socialist Tyranny in Germany 1933–1945 ”): Berta Eskeles b. Marx (1895), Hermann Eskeles (1865), Hugo Eskeles (1888), Senta Lore Eskeles (1925), Rosa Forst b. Eskeles (1885) ...
  43. ↑ Signature B033-460 in the HEUSS database (refund procedure for the Wilhelmstrasse 54 building; prep .: Berthold Marx)
  44. ^ Jewish community Rehlingen-Siersburg, Saarlouis district consisting of Rehlingen with Büren, Fremersdorf, Itzbach and Siersdorf. on alemannia-judaica.de: 'From Fremersdorf perished: Leon Isaac (1894), Johanna Marx (1900).'
  45. ↑ "Press release of April 7th, 2011:" Rehlingen-Siersburg: community receives new 'stumbling blocks'. Ten more 'stumbling blocks' are being set in the sidewalks in Rehlingen-Siersburg today. " On alemannia-judaica.de
  46. ^ Description of the deportation Isaac from Fremersdorf, married into the Heilbronn family Marx on Bundesarchiv.de
  47. ↑ Franke, pp. 137, 286, 308, 358, 363.
  48. ^ Alberto Cavaglion: Nella notte straniera: gli ebrei di S. Martin Vésubie e il campo di Borgo S. Dalmazzo, 8 September-21 November 1943 , L'arciere, Cuneo 1981, OCLC 9098012 , pp. 79, 81, 101, 109 , 129.
  49. ↑ Liliana Picciotto Fargion: Il libro della memoria: gli ebrei deportati dall'Italia (1943–1945) , Mursia, Milano 1991, OCLC 27897479 , p. 351:

    "ISAAC JOHANNA, nata a Fremersdorf in Germania on April 29, 1900, figlia di Isidoro e Reiss Rosa, conjugata con Marx Lodovico. Ultima residenza nota: Francia meridionale. Arrestata a Borgo S. Dalmazzo (CN) on September 18, 1943 da tedeschi. Detenuta a Borgo S. Dalmazzo campo. Deportata da Borgo S. Dalmazzo on November 21, 1943 ad Auschwitz via Drancy […] "

    - Liliana Picciotto Fargion: Il libro della memoria: gli ebrei deportati dall'Italia (1943–1945) , Mursia, Milano 1991, OCLC 27897479 , p. 351.
  50. ^ Jens Westemeier: Himmler's warriors: Joachim Peiper and the Waffen SS in war and post-war times. P. 268. ( online )