History of climbing in Saxon Switzerland
The Saxon Switzerland is one of the oldest climbing areas of the world and is also called the "cradle of free climbing called". It developed from a practice area for the Alps to the largest German climbing area with over 20,000 routes (paths) on 1118 free-standing rocks . Up until the 1970s, some of the world's most difficult climbing routes were developed here without the use of technical aids .
Beginnings up to the turn of the century
As early as the Middle Ages, various rocks such as the Falkenstein , Frienstein , Mönch and Winterstein were climbed in order to erect these castle towers . These climbs were certainly hardly made for sporting reasons, but rather served to establish poorly accessible and therefore safe bases. In 1848 Sebastian Abratzky climbed the Königstein Fortress through a crevice in the south side for sporty reasons . The ascent of the Falkenstein by Schandauer Turner in 1864 is considered the hour of birth of climbing. Artificial aids such as ladders were still used. The gymnasts weren't the first to reach the summit, as the remains of a medieval castle watchman were found on the summit of the Falkenstein.
Ten years later, in 1874, Otto Ewald Ufer and H. Frick were the first to climb the Mönch bei Rathen for the same sporting motives. For the first time in Saxon Switzerland, a climbing summit was climbed without artificial aids. This ascent is considered to be the birth of free climbing in Saxon Switzerland and has had a lasting impact on the subsequent development of climbing in the mountains.
A. Matthäi, T Lierke, H. Fischer and H. Kurz climbed the nun on July 1, 1888 without artificial aids , according to a slip of paper in the cave under the summit . This was followed by other peaks. Rudolf Fehrmann wrote in his climbing guide from 1908: The credit for having freed himself from artificial aids goes to Hugo Kurz, Adolf Matthäi and their companions; so they first “freely” climbed the rear and front small goose, the nun near Rathen and other rocks.
A little later, from 1885 onwards, a group of well-off craftsmen from Pirna and Bad Schandau set out to climb the rocks of their home country with all imaginable aids.
Five years later, Oscar Schuster and his rope companions began to use the Saxon rocky areas as a training ground for the Alps and opened up the first major climbing peaks in Saxon Switzerland. It was also Schuster who introduced the climbing shoe with hemp sole used in the Alps for climbing the rocks of Saxon Switzerland . Like his circle of friends with the brothers Conrad and Friedrich Meurer, Fritz Gerbing, Martin Klimmer and Dümler, he belonged to the wealthy middle class who could afford to climb in the mountains. Their actions were permanently reflected in the names Meurerturm, Gerbingspitze, Klimmerstein and Schusterturm. After all, the fourth Saxon degree was already reached as a difficulty .
With the ascent of the Schusterturm on November 12, 1893 in the Bielatal by Oscar Schuster and Fritz Böhme, what was probably the world's first display of a summit book . "We deposited a foreign book in a tin case". Before that, mostly only notes or business cards were left on the summit.
The following generation climbed all the important peaks that could be reached by climbing cracks or chimneys. The most important first ascents at the turn of the century were those of the Bloßstock over the Wenzelweg (difficulty V) by Heinrich Wenzel in 1899, the Brosinnadel (Alter Weg IV) by Fritz Brosin in 1899 and the cross tower over the Alter Weg (V) by Hermann Sattler in 1901.
From 1904 onwards, Schuster was the first author to describe peaks and climbs for Saxon Switzerland in a series of articles that were published under the heading Rock climbing in Saxon Switzerland in the journal Berg und Thal . Sketches and compilations from them were later found in Rudolf Fehrmann's first climbing guide. Schuster wanted to bring out a guide himself, but shortly before it was ready for printing, he decided against it.
Main development between 1903 and the First World War
In 1903 there were more than 500 mountaineers in Saxon Switzerland for the first time. In the same year the step to free wall climbing resulted in a further increase in difficulty in the Saxon rock. The first way of this era was the attack on the Lokomotive Esse (V) in Rathen by Albert Kunze and Oliver Perry-Smith . The latter, together with Rudolf Fehrmann, became the leading figure of the following era. In the following years the ascent of the Great Wehlturm (the first safety ring was struck here in 1905 ), the Jungfer, the Barbarine , the Wilder Kopf and finally in 1906 the first ascent of the Teufelsturm in the seventh degree of difficulty succeeded. Other well-known representatives of this era were Walter Hünig and Arthur Hoyer.
A further development phase was initiated by inspecting the exposed, partially fragile Weinertwand, named after Eduard Weinert who first climbed it, at the Vexier Tower in Rathen. The path, with only three locking rings, was considered dangerous climbing and claimed several lives, including a well-known first climber, Ehrhardt Renger.
Until the beginning of the First World War , the difficulty was increased even more and above all crack climbing was perfected. In addition to Rudolf Klemm, Arthur Agsten and Ehrhardt Renger, Max Matthäus and Arymund Fehrmann were important representatives of this period.
On November 29, 1901, the Dresden section of the Austrian Tourist Club (ÖTK) was founded in Dresden ; it is considered the forerunner of a mountaineering association. On March 1, 1911, the merger of 15 different climbing clubs led to the founding of the Saxon Bergsteigerbund e. V. (SBB) . From then on, with a break between 1945 and 1990, this played a decisive role in the development of Saxon climbing.
With the beginning of the war there was an interruption in the history of the development. On May 10, 1917, a general climbing ban was imposed by the competent authorities: “The reason for the prohibition are complaints about damage to the protection in the vicinity of the rocks, but especially the increasing number of accidents while climbing. The life and health of each individual are currently too valuable a good for the general public to be put at risk without necessity. "
Several well-known mountaineers, including well-known first-time climbers, such as Arymund Fehrmann, died at the front. The nestor of the Saxon climber Oscar Schuster also died in an internment camp in Astrakhan .
In 1908, using the design by Oscar Schuster, Rudolf Fehrmann was able to publish a climbing guide with around 200 peaks and 400 paths. This appeared in 1908 under the title "Der Bergsteiger in der Sächsische Schweiz". Verbal descriptions were used for difficulties. In the 1913 addendum, Fehrmann defined binding climbing rules (for the first time worldwide) . These rules still apply today in Saxon Switzerland, with minor changes. The most important points are:
- Climb only at natural breakpoints
- no change in the rock surface
- no hitting of safety hooks (except for the first ascent).
In the 1923 edition, Fehrmann first used the then seven-point Saxon scale, still without letters. Compared to the first edition from 1908, the climbing guide already described 1,004 climbing routes and variants in 1923.
The time between the world wars
By the end of the war, 425 of the 786 members of SBB had fallen victim to the war. The other climbing clubs also suffered major losses.
At the beginning of the 1920s, the "Association of Free Mountain Sports Associations" (VfbV) was formed in 1919 and the " United Climbing Departments " (VKA) in the "Tourist Association" The Friends of Nature "". In addition to other mountain sports organizations, these developed into competition for the Saxon Mountaineering Association. In 1919, due to the end of the war, twice as many first ascents were made as in the previous year. As early as 1920, 129 first ascents had tripled.
One of the most important first climbers of this time was Emanuel Strubich . Between the end of the war and his death in the Alps in 1922, he set new accents. With the western edge of the Wilder Kopf, he succeeded in taking the eighth Saxon degree. His first ascent and also his projects in the Teufelsturm valley side and Schrammtorwächter north face were only ended ten years later and with the help of a support center (human climbing tree). Otto Dietrich was another active first climber of this time, he managed the west edge (VIIc) on Falkenstein. With the Kuniskante by Oswald Kunis in 1921 at the Rauschentorwächter and Rostkante at the Haupwiesenstein in 1922 by Hans Rost, the smooth eighth degree was achieved. After that, the difficulty development stagnated for about 30 years, interrupted only by a few outstanding paths. Other important climbers of this time were, besides Fritz Wiessner , who made free climbing popular in the USA after emigrating to America , Alfred Herrmann, Walter Sobe and Arno Sieber. You get exposed crack and friction climbing, which is still one of the most important trails in Saxon Switzerland, such as the Sieberkante (VIIc) on the Vorderen Torstein, the Wießnerriss on the Frienstein , the valley side on the Barbarine and the western edge on the Hellhound.
In the climbing guide of 1927, around 400 peaks with around 1000 paths were described. This climbing guide was not added until after the end of the war.
At the end of the 1920s, the rivalries and contradictions between individual climbing associations and climbing clubs intensified. These were carried out publicly through the display of their own wall books, summit book thefts, leaflet campaigns or in court. But there was also a factual collaboration in the "Interest Group Dresden Tourist Associations" (IG), from which the mountain rescue department of Saxony later emerged. Rudolf Fehrmann was elected first chairman in 1919. With the onset of the global economic crisis and the associated increasing unemployment and political radicalization, the open opposition between individual mountain sports organizations also increased. In particular, the increased destruction of summit books and signs by some of the members of the “United Climbing Departments (VKA)” led to fierce mutual attacks and disputes. In September 1928, strangers removed the summit signs of the Falkenstein (falcon), the Mönch (the figure of a monk) and the Hinteres Gansfels (bird).
With the takeover of National Socialism and the associated ban on the “United Climbing Departments (VKA)” and other mountaineering clubs, the Saxon Mountaineering Association, as the leading club, was increasingly being taken over by the National Socialists. As early as 1922, the "Academic Section Dresden (ASD)" decided to introduce the " Aryan Paragraph " into its statutes, just as many other sections of the DÖAV were openly anti-Semitic well before 1933. While some climbers quickly became members of the NSDAP, above all former members of the VKA were committed as red mountaineers against National Socialism, which many mountaineers such as Kurt Schlosser or Herta Lindner paid with their lives.
From 1919 to 1932, over 700 first ascents were carried out in Saxon Switzerland, of which around 50 were of difficulty levels VIIc, VIIIa and VIIIb.
In the 1930s there remained (analogous to the Great North Face of the Alps ) “three last big problems”. These were then resolved one after the other using sometimes controversial methods and techniques. In 1936, the Teufelsturm valley side (freely climbed: VIIIb) was first climbed by Rudolf Stolle and the Schrammtorwächter north face (freely climbed: VIIIb) by Willy Häntzschel , in 1938 Richard Dreßler solved the community path on the Wilder Zinne (VIIIa ). Rudolf Stolle and Richard Dreßler died, like many other climbers of the time, in the Second World War that followed a little later .
| year | Number of first ascents |
|---|---|
| 1934 | 32 |
| 1935 | 30th |
| 1936 | 58 |
| 1937 | 80 |
| 1938 | 34 |
| 1939 | 28 |
| 1940 | 20th |
| 1941 | 2 |
| 1942 | 13 |
| 1943 | 18th |
| 1944 | 5 |
| 1945 | 9 |
End of the Second World War until 1966
After the turning point caused by the Second World War and the death of many climbers, first-time climbers were resumed as early as 1946. The north face of the Lokomotive Esse (VIIIa) was conquered for the first time by Hans Michael. By Harry Rust , Karl-Heinz Gonda and Herbert desires a development followed heavy, mostly sophisticated ways as Meurerturm-west wall (VIIIb), Three fingers Tower Ostrisse (VIIIb) and Rohnspitze Dagger (VIIIb). As early as 1948, 81 new paths were opened up again. In 1952 Harry Rost succeeded with the Schwager valley side to increase the difficulty to VIIIc. Today the path without a “ construction site ” is rated with difficulty IXa. All of the climbers mentioned left the GDR soon afterwards . Karl-Heinz Gonda had a fatal accident in 1952 on the north face of the Eiger shortly before the exit.
After the war, the Saxon Mountaineering Association, like many other civil associations, was banned by the Soviet military administration . Its role as an umbrella organization was taken over by the GDR's Tourism Section, which was founded in 1952 and later became the German Association for Hiking, Mountaineering and Orienteering (DWBO). The state began to exert influence on climbing as early as 1948. So many mountaineers began to join the company sports associations under massive political pressure. The clubs that existed before the war mostly joined various company sports associations without disbanding. They used the advantages of these associations, with which they were insured and received some support.
Another means of binding mountaineers to the state was the introduction of the uniform sports classification based on the Soviet model in 1953. This introduction was boycotted for many years because, in the opinion of mountaineers, it contradicted the tradition of Saxon mountaineering. It was not until 1957 that individuals found themselves ready for it. Three years later, 13 of the then most famous mountaineers, including Herbert Richter , decided to write a seven-page letter to the First Secretary of the SED , Walter Ulbricht . They referred to the education of mountain sports on strength of character and other moral qualities even without classification. Among other things, it was said: The advocates of the classification describe our mountaineering as an escape from the world and believe that they only have to and can educate all mountaineers through classification. But what did they bring up with it? Dogmatists, careerists! You have replaced the thinking, feeling, seeing person with the catalog. You are promoting dishonesty in our sport. They do not convince, but use means of coercion. They displace ethical principles through pure physical fitness.
In 1953 the climbing guide "Der Bergsteiger - A climbing guide through the German low mountain range" was published, part 1, the second part appeared six years later. About 600 peaks and 3000 trails were named in this. According to a small addendum from 1950, it was the first full-fledged climbing guide after 1927.
At the beginning of the 1950s there were other first-time climbers, Wulf Scheffler, Dietrich Hasse and Lothar Brandler , who opened up further difficult and demanding trails with Falkenstein West Ridge (VIIIc), Direct West Edge and South Face (both VIIIb) and Rohnspitze Direct Dagger (VIIIc). They also left the GDR. Together with them, Herbert Richter was another developer. In the following years he was one of the most successful first climbers. He started with the paths Direkter Herbstweg on the northern Pfaffenschluchtspitze (VIIIc), Fledermausweg on the summer wall (VIIIc), north wall on Bloßstock (VIIIa), later freely climbed by him (IXa), west edge on the cross tower (VIIIc), Rübezahlstiege on Frienstein ( VIIIc) as well as Robert's rib on the flat heads (VIIIc) several ways at the then performance limit. In 1972 he managed his nominally hardest path, theLinksweg (IXa) on the Großer Halben. In addition to Herbert Richter, Kurt Richter, Heinz Urban and Fritz Eske were among the top performers at the time. The latter succeeded with the Königshangel (IXa) in 1964 on Frienstein, which was then probably the most difficult path in the world. Other top routes of these years were the east face at the Teufelsturm (VIIIc) and the west face (VIIIc) at the tower at the Verborgenen Horn. When Kurt Richter, Fritz Eske and Günter Warmuth and Günter Kalkbrenner fell on the north face of the Eiger in 1967 , the climbers in Saxon Switzerland suffered a major loss. After Herbert Richter also withdrew more and more from the development of the mountains, stagnation of sporting development threatened.
In the 1960s, mainly by Hans-Joachim Scholz, Gisbert Ludewig and Dietmar Heinicke began a comprehensive development still free rock surfaces and mainly smaller, liked by climbers as a quack -defined, yet non-ascended rock towers, which lasted until the 1980s.
In 1961 a climbing guide was published under the direction of Dietmar Heinicke. With this guide, the levels of difficulty VII a to c were listed as a subdivision of the VII level for the first time. The addendum from 1965 already had two volumes.
Bernd Arnold era (1966–1986)
The era of Bernd Arnold probably began with the ascent of Route 10 (VIIIc) on the Meurerturm, a path at the then climbing limit. Arnold was to dominate climbing in Saxon Switzerland for almost twenty years. The broader mass of climbers did not manage to catch up with his level of difficulty. One of the exceptions was Wolfgang Güllich , who impressively demonstrated this in 1982. As a stranger, he was able to carry out the second and third ascent on eight Arnold trails of difficulty IXb and IXc in one and a half weeks.
Bernd Arnold also benefited from a change in the rules in Saxon climbing: from 1968 on, it was also possible to fasten circlips while sitting in safety loops. Previously, this had to be done free-standing. In 1970, the north face on Schwager in the Schrammsteinen was followed by a route with Saxon difficulty IXb . Arnold and Günter Lamm took the path that was the first to be fitted with six locking rings. It could have been the world's most difficult climbing route at the time. This was followed by paths such as Nonplusultra (IXb) on the Mittleren Torstein, valley side (IXb) on the Teufelsspitze and Lineal (IXa) Meurerturm. In 1977 Arnold succeeded with superlatives on the first path in grade IXc .
Between 1979 and 1984 he was able to book 70 first ascents for himself, of which 52 were in difficulty levels IX and X. In the 1970s, apart from Arnold, only a few climbers, such as Herrmann Potyka, Manfred Vogel and Herbert Richter, reached ways in the ninth Saxon grade. In the 1970s and 1980s there was not only Arnold, but also Gisbert Ludewig, Matthias Gäbler , Christoph Martin, Dieter List and Dieter Ulbrich, an active first-time climber. These were mostly still active in the following decades. Since the mid-1970s at the latest, the international climbing scene has caught up with Saxon Switzerland in terms of difficulty, the development of which was only driven by one person.
Driven by the growing competition due to the emerging sport climbing, Arnold increased the difficulty scale to grade Xa in 1982 with the sound barrier at the Amselspitze, the millimeter version on the Rococo Tower and the excursion into Nirvana at the Friensteinwarte in 1982 and with the 6th attempt on the Schwedenturm in 1983 to grade Xb . His Barometer for Moods at the Heringstein and Garden of Eden at the Rococo Tower in grade Xc , which he first climbed in 1986, represent the end and climax of this era. So far, he has recorded around 900 first ascents up to the Saxon level of difficulty Xc .
Especially due to the achievements of Bernd Arnold it became necessary to expand the seven-part scale of difficulty. In 1976 it was decided to extend grade VIIc by introducing grades VIId to VIIe. However, this solution did not work. The extension to the eighth grade (VIIIa-c) took place, and a little later the scale was declared open to the top.
Start of the sport climbing movement in Saxon Switzerland (1982–1990)
With visits from West German sport climbers like Kurt Albert and Wolfgang Güllich and also American climbers like Henry Barber, the idea of sport climbing also began to take hold in Saxon Switzerland. Visitors were able to ascend the most difficult paths in the mountains at the time. Kurt Albert was then able to surpass the level of difficulty of Bernd Arnold's routes in 1981 with the Sautanz route in the Franconian Jura . Wolfgang Güllich managed to outbid Werner's Problem (Xc) in Saxon Switzerland, too. However, the path was not recognized because of the use of magnesia and wedges, which contradicted the Saxon climbing rules . Inspired by these visits, local climbers such as Falk Schelzel and Thomas Rudolf also managed to catch up to Bernd Arnold's level in the early 1980s. In addition to Bernd Arnold, other first-time climbers have now also advanced to the top level of performance. Above all, Christian Günther should be mentioned here, who managed a multitude of difficult paths in a very short time. However, these were partly caused by the unauthorized setup from above, so that some of his paths are not recognized and he was even banned from first walking. Jürgen Höfer, Joachim Friedrich and the Czech Jindřich Hudeček should also be mentioned. Together with Alexander Adler, Jörn Beilke not only managed a few first ascents but also repeated the most difficult routes. The end of this era was the first ascent of the Perestroika (XIa) route on Schrammsteinkegel by Jindřich Hudeček on October 21, 1989.
In the 1980s, the development of new paths also reached its peak. In 1985, 771 routes were opened. This value is still unsurpassed today.
Remaining development (1990 to today)
After the political change , the travel options now available led to a temporary stagnation in the difficulty development.
The Saxon Mountaineering Association was re-established as early as 1990, and other mountaineering associations were founded or re-established, such as the Dresden Alpine Club Section and the Academic Section. There are currently over 10,000 organized climbers in the vicinity of Saxon Switzerland, 9,000 of them at SBB alone.
The establishment of the Saxon Switzerland National Park also increased the demands on the natural compatibility of climbing. Between 1996 and 2003 a working group consisting of members of the National Park and Forestry Office and the mountain sports associations developed a mountain sports concept for the Saxon Switzerland National Park. On this move, twelve climbing peaks were permanently closed and 19 new climbing peaks were released for climbing. Numerous hiking trails and approaches have also been closed. The possibilities for the free accommodation (were boof ) severely restricted in the area of the national park.
Many of the first-time climbers who were active in the 1980s continued to open up a variety of routes. In the upper difficulty range, red point climbing became more and more popular as an ascent style . In the mid-1990s, Alexander Adler completed the red point ascent of Ikarus (XIb) and overpressure valve (XIb-c). In addition, the first climbers Sven Scholz, Thomas Küntscher and Uwe Richter should be mentioned in the upper difficulty area.
In the upper limit area, Thomas Willenberg and Tobias Wolf were added at the end of the 20th century. Willenberg opened up a variety of trails up to grade XIIc (XI + UIAA). The difficulty classifications of the routes are controversial, as many routes have been severely devalued after being repeated. After 2000, Chris-Jan Stiller and Robert Leistner joined them as extreme closers. They managed a variety of trails in the tenth and eleventh degrees of difficulty.
Since the 1990s, a comprehensive development of trails in the lower and medium difficulty level began. Most of the time, more than 300 new paths were opened each year, while between 1992 and 1994 more than 400 first ascents were made each year. The number of first ascents has been falling since 1995. The year 2003 was an exception, when over 450 new routes were opened up.
Due to this high number of first ascents, not only the density of trails increased, but also the number of trails with poorer quality. Since 2005 at the latest, some controversial methods have been used to put a stop to further development of the mountain range. While official attempts are being made to tighten current regulations for the recognition of new routes, on the other hand, means such as the illegal removal of locking rings from new routes are resorted to.
As a result, there was a notable drop in the number of new developments in 2009, with fewer than 200 paths being used for the first time. That is less than half as many as last year. Since then, the number has stabilized at this level, increasing slightly in 2011, but without reaching the values of the previous years. In 2010, for the first time in history, more than half of the first ascents were jumps. Due to the enormous difficulty of the new jumps, the jump scale was expanded to probably 7 in 2011, after the first jumps with difficulty level 6 were completed in 2010. In 2012 the number dropped significantly to 121, including 35 jumps. The remaining 86 climbing routes are the lowest number of first ascents of "real" climbing routes in the last 25 years. In 2015, the number increased significantly due to the release of new climbing peaks, only to then fall back to the level of previous years.
| year | Number of first ascents |
|---|---|
| 1985 | 771 |
| 1992 | 428 |
| 1993 | 430 |
| 1994 | 489 |
| 2001 | 272 |
| 2002 | 337 |
| 2003 | 479 |
| 2004 | 360 |
| 2005 | 334 |
| 2006 | 359 |
| 2007 | 413 |
| 2008 | 359 |
| 2009 | 171 |
| 2010 | 172 |
| 2011 | 235 |
| 2012 | 121 |
| 2013 | 102 |
| 2014 | 132 |
| 2015 | 387 |
| 2016 | 176 |
| 2017 | 129 |
Climbing in Bohemian Switzerland
The history of the development of Saxon Switzerland is closely connected to the development of Bohemian Switzerland . With the exception of the period after the Second World War and into the 1960s, when Bohemian Switzerland was closed to German climbers as a border region, the entire Elbe Sandstone Mountains were accessible across borders.
literature
- Joachim Schindler: Chronicle and documentation on the history of hiking and mountaineering in Saxon Switzerland and the development of tourism organizations in Saxony , Part I (1864–1918), Dresden, 1996; Part II (1919–1932), Dresden, 2001
- Joachim Schindler: Chronicle of the history of hiking and mountaineering in Saxon Switzerland. Part III (1933-1945) , Dresden, 2017
- Dietrich Hasse Heinz Lothar Stutte: Felsenheimat Elbe Sandstone Mountains, Saxon-Bohemian Switzerland , Verlag HL Stutte, Wolfratshausen, 1979, ISBN 3-922066-00-3
- Karl Däweritz: Climbing in the Saxon Rock , 2. Erw. Edition, Sportverlag, Berlin 1986
- Frank Richter: Climbing in the Elbe Sandstone Mountains , Bruckmann-Verlag, 1993
- Dietmar Heinicke (Ed.): Climbing Guide Saxon Switzerland . Volumes 1–6, Berg- & Naturverlag Rölke, Dresden 1999–2003
- Collective of authors: Festschrift 100 Years of the Saxon Mountaineering Association , Dresden, 2011
Web links
Individual evidence
- ^ "Der Neue Sächsische Bergsteiger", newsletter of the SBB section of the DAV, No. 2, June 2002, 13th year
- ^ Dietrich Hasse and Heinz Lothar Stutte: Felsenheimat Elbe Sandstone Mountains, Saxon-Bohemian Switzerland. Experience a landscape and its artistic representation. A Century of Saxon Mountaineering , Wolfratshausen / Obb., 1979, p. 138, ISBN 3-922066-00-3
- ↑ a b c d e gipfelbuch.de: The development of climbing guides ( archived copy ( memento of the original from March 5, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ) Accessed January 18, 2010
- ↑ SBB newsletter 2/2008 (PDF; 835 kB)
- ↑ a b c d www.bergsteigerbund.de ( Memento of the original from December 18, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Festschrift 100 Years of the Saxon Mountaineering Association
- ^ A b Kai Reinhart, Michael Krüger: Functions of Sport in the Modern State and in the Modern Dictatorship. (PDF) (No longer available online.) 2007, archived from the original on September 29, 2013 ; accessed on April 17, 2015 (681 kB). Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ http://www.bergsteigerbund.de/dokumente/mtb/mtb_2007_1 SBB newsletter 1/2007
- ↑ Bulletin of the Saxon Mountaineering Association 1/2012, pp. 28–29 ( Memento of the original from December 21, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (accessed on March 13, 2012; PDF; 2.1 MB)
- ↑ Bulletin of the Saxon Mountaineering Association 1/2013, p. 24 (accessed on December 11, 2013)
- ^ Bulletin of the Saxon Mountaineering Association, different years
