Real sea kale
| Real sea kale | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Illustration of real sea kale ( Crambe maritima ) |
||||||||||||
| Systematics | ||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||
| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Crambe maritima | ||||||||||||
| L. |
The Real crambe ( Crambe maritima ) is a plant from the genus crambe ( Crambe ) within the family of the Brassicaceae (Brassicaceae). It naturally thrives on the beaches of the North and Baltic Seas and the Black Sea.
description
Vegetative characteristics
The real sea kale grows as a hibernating green, perennial herbaceous plant that reaches a stature height of 20 to 50, rarely up to 75 centimeters. A thick and branched root is formed. The stumpy, upright stem is sparsely branched from the bottom.
The leaves are in basal rosettes and distributed on the stem. The lower large, cabbage-like leaves are stalked 4 to 16 centimeters long. The blue-green, fleshy and bald blade is 10 to 40 centimeters long and 8 to 30 centimeters wide, oblong or elliptical-ovoid to ovate with a lobed and wavy edge. The upper leaves are similar; the top have an irregularly divided or notched-toothed edge.
Generative characteristics
The flowering period extends from May to July. The strongly branched, umbelliferous inflorescence is multi-flowered. The fragrant flowers are hermaphroditic and fourfold. The four sepals have a length of 3 to 4 millimeters and a width of 2 to 3.5 millimeters. The four white petals have a length of 8 to 12 (6 to 15) millimeters and a width of 4 to, mostly 5 to 7 millimeters. The stamens are 3 to 4 millimeters long and the anthers are 1 to 1.5 millimeters long.
The squat fruit stalk has a length of 1.5 to 3 (1 to 3.7) centimeters. The two-part pod is stem-shaped in the lower part with a length of 1 to 4 millimeters. With a length of 0.7 to 1.2, rarely up to 1.4 centimeters and a diameter of 6 to 8 millimeters, the upper part is almost spherical to egg-shaped, hard-shelled, ribbed and network-nerved and contains only one seed. The buoyant seed is 4 to 5 (to 6) mm in size. The fruits are naturally distributed in the surf area .
The number of chromosomes is 2n = 30, 60.
ecology
The real sea kale is a hemicryptophyte , and a salt plant or a so-called halophyte .
The flowers are "plate flowers". They are pollinated by insects , but self-pollination is also possible. The fruits are spherical, single-seeded nuts, a second stalk-like fruit compartment does not contain any seeds . The diaspores are subject to the spread of wind and swimming. The seeds are rich in fatty oil.
The real sea cabbage is the caterpillar forage plant of the polyphagous large cabbage white butterfly ( Pieris brassicae ).
Occurrence
The distribution area extends from Jordan , the European part of Turkey , the European part of Russia , Denmark , Finland , Ireland , Norway , Sweden , United Kingdom , Belgium , Germany , the northern area of the Netherlands , France , Belarus , Estonia , Latvia , Lithuania , Ukraine to eastern Bulgaria and eastern Romania .
Crambe maritima is a neophyte in Lincoln County, Oregon .
Common sea kale grows on the coasts of the North and Western Baltic Seas , as well as on the Black Sea. Since it colonizes very salty soils ( sand and rubble ), it has little competition in the plant kingdom. Sea cabbage perennials therefore appear solitary on otherwise largely vegetation-free coastal areas. Its traditional use as food and fodder has caused its stocks to shrink sharply up to the present, so that it only grows in protected areas or beach areas that are difficult to access. The common sea kale is a character species in Central Europe of the association Crambetum maritimae from the Atriplicion littoralis association in the class of sea mustard-rinsing societies.
natural reserve
The real sea kale is under nature protection in Germany and in other European countries. Since it is still harvested despite the ban or the coastal areas where it naturally occurs are grazed (Denmark), it is still very endangered and occurs only extremely rarely outside of restricted nature reserves.
Systematics
Crambe maritima was first published in 1753 by Carl von Linné in Species Plantarum , 2, p. 671. Synonyms for Crambe maritima L. are: Cakile pontica Prokudin , Cochlearia maritima (L.) Crantz , Crambe pontica Steven ex Rupr. The specific epithet maritima means "from the sea".
Common names
For the real sea kale, the other German-language trivial names sea kale, sea kale and beach kale also existed .
ingredients
Like all cruciferous vegetables, real sea kale contains larger amounts of mustard oil glycosides (especially epiprogoitrin), especially in the seeds (153 µ mol / g), but to a lesser extent (5.4–7.3 µmol / g) but also in the etiolated ones Sprouts. The mustard oil glycosides are degraded by 30% when blanching (4 minutes) and 76% when cooking (20 minutes). Compared to other cruciferous vegetables used as vegetables, the levels are rated as harmless.
Analyzes of the sprouts show increased values for vitamins B 1 (0.27 mg / 100 g) and B 9 (0.10 mg / 100 g). The contents of the other vitamins can be described as average. In terms of minerals , Crambe maritima is characterized by increased potassium content compared to the sodium content and a favorable calcium / phosphorus ratio of 0.90.
use
The real sea kale is collected as wild vegetables . In England (since the early 18th century) and France it is grown as a vegetable . It was later introduced to Oregon as well, where it was considered a delicacy . However, it does not do well inland .
The etiolated sprouts, which are prepared similar to asparagus, are traditionally used.
swell
- Crambe maritima L., real sea kale. In: FloraWeb.de. (Sections Description and Ecology)
literature
- Ihsan A. Al-Shehbaz, John F. Gaskin: Brassicaceae. : Crambe maritima , p. 431 - the same text online as the printed work , In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico. Volume 7: Magnoliophyta: Salicaceae to Brassicaceae , Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford, 2010, ISBN 978-0-19-531822-7 . (Sections Description, Distribution and Systematics)
- Ruprecht Düll , Herfried Kutzelnigg : Pocket dictionary of plants in Germany and neighboring countries. The most common Central European species in portrait. 7th, corrected and enlarged edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2011, ISBN 978-3-494-01424-1 .
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b Crambe maritima in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved May 19, 2019.
- ^ Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas. 8th edition. Page 441. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 .
- ^ Crambe maritima at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed May 19, 2019.
- ^ Georg August Pritzel , Carl Jessen : The German folk names of plants. New contribution to the German linguistic treasure. Philipp Cohen, Hannover 1882, p. 116. ( online ).
- ^ A b c A. Sanyal & G. Decocq: Biological Flora of the British Isles: Crambe maritima. In: Journal of Ecology , Volume 103, 2015, pp. 769–788, ( digitized version ).
- ^ Entry at Mansfeld - IPK - Gatersleben .
- ^ Cassell, Petter, & Galpin: Cassell's Householde Guide. , Volume 2, London, 1869, p. 208, ( reading sample ).
Web links
- Real sea kale . In: BiolFlor, the database of biological-ecological characteristics of the flora of Germany.
- Crambe maritima at Plants For A Future
- Distribution in the Netherlands (Dutch)
- Distribution in the northern hemisphere.
- Thomas Meyer: Data sheet with identification key and photos at Flora-de: Flora von Deutschland (old name of the website: Flowers in Swabia ).
- Günther Blaich: data sheet with photos.
