Kalanchoe pinnata

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Kalanchoe pinnata
Kalanchoe pinnata panel from the description as Bryophyllum calycinum from 1805 by Richard Anthony Salisbury.

Kalanchoe pinnata
panel from the description as Bryophyllum calycinum from 1805 by Richard Anthony Salisbury .

Systematics
Order : Saxifragales (Saxifragales)
Family : Thick-leaf family (Crassulaceae)
Subfamily : Kalanchoideae
Genre : Kalanchoe
Section : Brood leaves ( Bryophyllum )
Type : Kalanchoe pinnata
Scientific name
Kalanchoe pinnata
( Lam. ) Pers.
The differently shaped leaves are clearly visible in this illustration: simple below and assembled in the area of ​​the inflorescence.

Kalanchoe pinnata is a species of the genus Kalanchoe in the family of thick-leaf plants (Crassulaceae). The so-called Goethe plant is often confused with Kalanchoe daigremontiana .

description

This strong, mostly upright, often branched, perennial, succulent plant reaches heights of 0.3 to 2 meters. The opposite, stalked leaves are succulent, leathery, fleshy, 5 to 20 cm long and 2.5 to 12 cm wide; the lower ones are simple and egg-shaped, the upper ones are pinnate and up to 13 centimeters long. Brood buds often form on the indentations of the notched to serrated leaf margins . The petiole is 2 to 10 cm long.

Axillary, paniculate inflorescences are formed. The flower stalk has a length of 10 to 25 mm. The stalked, drooping, large flowers are hermaphroditic and five-fold. The four smooth sepals with green to red or red-violet stripes have grown together to form a calyx tube with a length of 2.1 to 3 cm and a diameter of 0.6 to 1.2 cm; this ends in triangular calyx tips. The four smooth, red or purple petals are bell-shaped, 3.4 to 5.4 cm long and 0.4 to 0.7 cm wide. There are two circles with four stamens each. The 2 to 4.5 mm long stamens are fused with the lower quarter of the corolla tube. The four 6 to 12 mm long carpels are only fused at their base. The four styluses have a length of 2 to 3.5 cm. The nectar flakes are 1.5 to 2.6 mm long and 1 to 1.8 mm wide.

Four follicles are formed per flower ; they have a length of 10 to 14 mm, are covered by paper-like calyx and contain many seeds. The tiny, egg-shaped seeds are 0.8 to 1.2 mm in length and 0.2 to 0.35 mm in diameter.

Distribution, number of chromosomes and systematics

The natural range of Kalanchoe pinnata is Madagascar . This species is feral in the tropical areas of Africa, Asia and America.

The chromosome number is .

It was first described in 1782 as Crassula pinnata by the son of Carl von Linné . Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck assigned the species as Cotyledon pinnata to the genus Cotyledon . Christian Hendrik Persoon placed them in the genus Kalanchoe under their current name in 1805 .

There are numerous synonyms . The most important of these is the 1805 description of Bryophyllum calycinum by Richard Anthony Salisbury . The genus Bryophyllum established by him at the same time is now a section of the genus Kalanchoe . Another synonym is Bryophyllum pinnatum .

The "Goethe Plant"

Illustration of Bryophyllum calycinum on plate 22 in volume 2 of Augustin-Pyrame de Candolles Organographie végétale (1827).
Plate 1409 with Bryophyllum calycinum in the Botanical Magazine published by William Curtis (Volume 34 of 1811).

The first specimen, introduced to Germany in 1814 under the name Bryophyllum calycinum , came from the Kew Botanical Garden and was propagated in the Hanover Botanical Garden . In 1817 the Belvedere Botanical Garden in Weimar received one of these specimens. A little later Johann Wolfgang von Goethe observed how small plants grew on the leaf edges of the mother plant. Fascinated by this, Goethe began to grow and carefully observe this plant.

The President of the German Academy of Natural Scientists Leopoldina Christian Gottfried Daniel Nees von Esenbeck asked Goethe to write a scientific treatise for the Nova Acta Physico-Media Academiae . Using the depiction of the plant in William Curtis Botanical Magazine , Goethe made a first draft in September 1820, but it was not published. A second manuscript from March 1826 also got stuck in the draft. During Goethe's lifetime only small, fragmentary notes about the plant were published by him.

The Bryophyllum calycinum also had an influence on Goethe's poetry. For example, he wrote the poem With a leaf Bryophyllum calycinum about the plant . The poem was part of a letter from Goethe dated April 19, 1830 to Marianne von Willemer , which also included a copy of the breeding leaf plant .

Medical use

Kalanchoe pinnata has been used in anthroposophic medicine to inhibit labor ( tocolysis ) for decades . Numerous other positive properties are described, such as the effectiveness in leishmaniasis , jaundice ( jaundice ), high blood pressure ( arterial hypertension ) and in wound healing. Kalanchoe pinnata has long been used in traditional medicine in Africa, India, China and Australia. In addition , anti- diabetic , anti-bacterial , immunosuppressive and anti- mutagenic effects in tumor diseases are described, but some of these are still the subject of experimental investigations.

proof

literature

  • Bernard Descoings: Kalanchoe pinnata . In: Urs Eggli (Hrsg.): Succulent lexicon. Crassulaceae (thick leaf family) . Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2003, ISBN 3-8001-3998-7 , pp. 175 .
  • Hermann Jacobsen : The succulent dictionary . 3. Edition. Fischer, Jena 1983, p. 275.
  • Günter Steiger : Passionate about this creature. Bryophyllum calycinum Goethe's "pantheistic plant" . National research and memorial sites for classical literature in Weimar 1986.

Individual evidence

  1. ^ F. Friedmann: Sur de nouveaux nombres chromosomiques dans le genre Kalanchoë (Crassulacées) à Madagascar . In: Candollea. Volume 26, No. 1, 1971, pp. 103-107 ( PDF ; 211 kB).
  2. ↑ Carl von Linné: Supplementum Plantarum Systematis Vegetabilium Editionis Decimae Tertiae, Generum Plantarum Editiones Sextae, et Specierum Plantarum Editionis Secundae. Braunschweig 1782, p. 191 ( online ).
  3. ^ Encyclopedie Methodique. Botanique . Volume 2, Paris 1786, p. 141 ( online ).
  4. ↑ Synopsis plantarum, see Enchiridium botanicum, complectens enumerationem systematicam specierum hucusque cognitarum . Volume 1, Paris 1805, p. 446 ( online ).
  5. ^ Rudolf Steiner (editor): Goethe's works. Department II: Scientific Writings. Volume 6, Weimar 1891
  6. ^ Johann Wolfgang von Goethe: Rework and Collections . In: On morphology . Issue 2, March 1820.
  7. ↑ Johann Wolfgang von Goethe: Dusting, evaporation, dripping . In: On morphology . Issue 3, October 1820.
  8. ↑ Johann Wolfgang von Goethe: Goethe's complete works . Volume 6, JG Cotta, 1857, pp. 161–162 ( online )
  9. ↑ FAZ . July 9, 2010, p. 49
  10. ↑ Simões-Wüst, Rist: “Bryophyllum in preclinical and clinical research” . In: The rod of Mercury . Volume 5, 2007, pp. 415-420.
  11. ↑ A. Kamboj, AK Saluja: "Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Shortly .: Phytochemical and pharmacological profile: A review" . In: Phcog Rev [serial online]. 2009, number 3, pp. 364–374 ( online )

Web links

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