Anthroposophic medicine

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The anthroposophical medicine (also: anthroposophically extended medicine , from ancient Greek ἄνθρωπος ánthrōpos ' man ' and σοφία sophia ' wisdom ') is a holistic complementary medical direction, which from an "extended world and human knowledge" on the basis of the anthroposophy of Rudolf Steiner (1861– 1925) also wants to expand the “medical art”, especially scientifically oriented medicine . It is mainly practiced in Germany and Switzerland . In the EU there are an estimated 4500 doctors who work according to the principles of anthroposophic medicine.

To research the phenomena of the physical , the living , the soul and the spirit, according to its own understanding, anthroposophic medicine is based both on the principles of natural science and on the anthroposophical "spiritual science ", which postulates an expansion of knowledge through "higher" forms of knowledge, through which Among other things, four “ human beings ” (“physical body”, “ etheric body ”, “ astral body ” and “I organization”) could be described as having a causal effect in the named phenomena. Illnesses are interpreted, among other things, as "disharmony of the human limbs", and therapies are used with the aim of finding a new balance by overcoming the illness. The anthroposophic therapies include the use of medicinal plants such as B. mistletoe therapy for cancer and homeopathic preparations also eurythmy therapy , color therapy , rhythmic massage according to Ita Wegman and anthroposophical approaches to healing applications of artistic processes ( art and painting therapy , plasticizing, music therapy ).

In Germany, anthroposophic medicine as an outsider method has had the legal status of a " special direction of therapy " since 1978 . Proof of efficacy in the usual form is therefore not absolutely necessary for the approval of anthroposophic medicinal products , and the “medical experience” and the “special features” of this therapy direction must also be taken into account. This is to ensure that “the scientific pluralism that exists in drug therapy” cannot be overturned by majority decisions.

According to Barbara Burkhard, anthroposophical ideas about the classification, development and course of diseases cannot be reconciled with scientific knowledge. According to the anthroposophist Jost Schieren, representatives of science regard anthroposophy as non-scientific and count it among the so-called pseudosciences . According to the opinion of the authors of the Drugs Commission of the German Medical Association and various review authors , only inadequate studies of the effectiveness of anthroposophic remedies are available. There are controlled series of tests for the treatment of tumor patients with mistletoe preparations, but neither an effect on tumor progression nor on survival time is considered certain. In 1993, the German Medical Association stated in a memorandum that anthroposophic medicine was not one of the “objectively effective treatment methods”.

history

Ita Wegman in front of her wooden house designed by Rudolf Steiner in Arlesheim (1926)

In 1920, Steiner was asked by some physicians devoted to anthroposophy for a specialist course for physicians, after he had previously claimed in a lecture in Basel that medicine could also benefit from anthroposophy. The idea of holding a course led by Steiner for medical students and doctors who had already joined the Anthroposophical Society at the Goetheanum in Dornach near Basel came from the chemist Oskar Schmiedel , who would later become the director of Weleda AG . The first medical course held between March 21 and April 9, 1920 in Dornach is considered to be the "hour of birth of anthroposophic medicine". In addition to Steiner, a. a. the Dutch doctor Ita Wegman on mistletoe therapy . Transcripts of Steiner's lectures were later published under the title Spiritual Science and Medicine . Together with other lectures by Steiner in the following years, they form the decisive basis of anthroposophic medicine to this day.

Wegman became Steiner's closest collaborator in the field of medicine. The desired collaboration with other doctors did not go beyond the beginnings of the first medical course, so that Steiner remained the only lecturer in the subsequent courses. Wegman founded a small private clinic (now the Arlesheim Clinic ) in Arlesheim , a neighboring town of Dornach, in 1921 , in which Steiner regularly participated and in which his suggestions were implemented. In 1923 he made her head of the Medical Section of the newly founded School of Spiritual Science at the Goetheanum. He also wrote the book Fundamentals for an Extension of the Art of Healing with her (1925), which was conceived as a standard work of anthroposophic medicine.

Steiner's approach was one of the alternative medical concepts that emerged at the time as a reaction to the predominance of scientific- empirical medicine, which it had achieved thanks to its groundbreaking successes since the 1870s. The reasons for this countermovement included the increasing tendency to reduce people to a scientifically functioning apparatus, to marginalize psychosomatic aspects and to degrade the patient to a mere object of treatment. Steiner emphasized that he fully recognized the "current science", but wanted to develop an extension based on an equally strictly scientific " spiritual research ". Between 1914 and 1921 Steiner was often in the Neuburg Abbey with Alexander von Bernus , who worked with Conrad Johann Glückselig on the development of spagyric medicines. Steiner was very interested in the development of these spagyric medicines and kept himself regularly informed about the progress of practical laboratory work. From homeopathy he took over the idea of ​​obtaining medicines by " potentiating "; otherwise there were hardly any points of contact with her.

In contrast to homeopathy and naturopathy, which occasionally includes anthroposophic medicine, the emerging anthroposophic medicine received little attention from the established medical profession and evidently did not see it as a serious threat. The medical historian Robert Jütte attributes this to the fact that Steiner, unlike Samuel Hahnemann, did not seek confrontation. During the Weimar Republic , anthroposophically oriented doctors did not come into conflict with the medical laws because of the freedom of courier that was still in force . They were able to approve, found clinics and freely distribute and prescribe their anthroposophic remedies . This changed fundamentally with the seizure of power of the Nazis in Germany in 1933 that the anthroposophical movement from the beginning were hostile, not only for ideological reasons, but mainly for fear of the supposedly geheimbündlerisch organized esoteric circles of anthroposophy. According to Jütte , the Reich Working Group for a New German Medicine, which was founded in Nuremberg on May 25, 1935 and headed by Karl Kötschau , also included an association of anthroposophic doctors in addition to other associations . In 1935 the Anthroposophical Society was banned and many German anthroposophists emigrated. Anthroposophic doctors went to England, France and Switzerland, where the center of the anthroposophical movement (Goetheanum) was located.

After the end of National Socialism , anthroposophic medicine was able to develop unhindered again, and it was recognized by the state in Germany with the new version of the Medicines Act of 1976 . Since then, it has been defined as one of three special therapeutic directions for which special regulations apply in Germany under pharmaceutical law with regard to the proof of efficacy of medicinal products requiring authorization (see “Legal Status” and Article Internal Consensus ). A full recognition as a therapy direction in the entire area of ​​the European Community has been denied to anthroposophic medicine.

Basics

Levels of knowledge and elements of being

Anthroposophic medicine claims to expand conventional medicine on the basis of additional methods of knowledge (in anthroposophical terminology: imagination, inspiration and intuition). In this way four “members” of the human being can be perceived: the physical body, the etheric body , the astral body and the ego organization. Only the physical body is subject to the laws of physics. The three higher members are immaterial, but are supposed to act on the physical body. In all living beings, the etheric body is the bearer of the vital functions, the astral body is the “mediator of sensations” in humans and animals, and the ego organization distinguishes humans from other organisms by making them a spiritual individual.

Threefolding of the human organism

The basis of anthroposophical disease theory, which has remained almost unchanged to this day, is the concept of the " threefold structure " of man developed by Steiner in the early 1920s . Steiner distinguished between three organ systems :

  1. the nerve-sense organization, which is primarily located in the head,
  2. the metabolic limb organization, the focus of which is on the digestive and musculoskeletal systems and which act as the carrier of the “manifestations of will” and
  3. the rhythmic organization, which corresponds to the emotional life and which primarily includes breathing and blood circulation .

The nerve-sensory and metabolic-limb organization are of a polar nature, while the rhythmic system plays a mediating role between the two.
The synthesis of the threefold structure of the physical organism and the four-part structure of the levels of being would result in possibilities for curing “systemic” diseases, whereby the drug discovery is made intuitively. So the cause of a tumor in the human body z. B. an "exaggerated ego activity or astral activity" that displaces the nerve-sense organization in the rest of the organism.

More concepts

Health is seen as the result of lifelong cooperating, active processes of maintaining balance between polar, unifying creative forces. The concept of illness in anthroposophic medicine sees “ illness ”, among other things, in the fact that the healthy interaction between the human beings is disrupted in some way, which primarily results in a disruption of the life organization (etheric body). The more detailed definition of this disorder in the present individual case essentially consists of the anthroposophical diagnosis based on human knowledge , which is viewed as an extension or addition to the conventional diagnosis.

In anthroposophic medicine, the ideas of the doctrine of reincarnation and karma are also used when assessing health and illness in accordance with the anthroposophical image of man .

The experiment was leaning Steiner base its remedies doctrine from strongly. It is important to see through the human organism and nature in order to be able to individually identify the right medicine in the extra-human world.

therapy

The therapy takes place with drugs , remedies and external nursing applications. A guiding principle is the recognition of the autonomy and dignity of the patient and help him to help himself. The aim is to restore the healthy interactions between the members of the human being through a reorganization; Therefore, the disease process as such is assigned a constructive role and radical interventions are avoided if possible.

drug

The anthroposophic medicines are of mineral , vegetable, animal and human origin. They are used orally , parenterally ( subcutaneously , intramuscularly or intravascularly ) or topically . Their application is based, among other things, on the postulate that they can influence the interaction between human beings in a specific way. Often these substances are administered in potentized homeopathic form, typically as D-potencies, often as complex or composite preparations . Mistletoe therapy has gained particular importance, to which anthroposophic medicine ascribes an anti-cancer effect, which is highly controversial from a scientific point of view. Seven metals play an important role in anthroposophical medicine: lead, tin, gold, copper, mercury, silver and iron.

While in classical homeopathy drugs are conceptually assigned empirically - whereby a correspondence between the picture of the symptoms caused by the drug and those of the disease is sought - Steiner vehemently rejected the empirical and experimental method of finding remedies. Instead, Steiner greatly modified Samuel Hahnemann's homeopathic teaching by replacing empiricism with spiritual understanding as the guiding principle of his doctrine of remedies. According to Steiner, there are no allopaths at all , since even allopathically prescribed remedies supposedly only have a healing effect in the body through a homeopathic process. Homeopathic representatives outraged these claims, which they called “heretical” crude attempts at appropriation in memory of Hahnemann's verdict of 1832 on the “bastard homeopaths”. One of the warning voices from the camp of homeopaths who were critical of science was, for example, the Swiss doctor and homeopath Hans Balzli , who sharply condemned Steiner in the Allgemeine Homöopathische Zeitung in 1925 and accused him of leading medicine back into the swamp through his occult clothing Hahnemann just freed her.

Remedies

There are a number of non-medicinal forms of therapy ( remedies ) such as eurythmy therapy , anthroposophic psychotherapy , biography work and anthroposophic art therapy (music therapy, therapeutic speech formation , anthroposophic painting therapy , plastic-therapeutic design, color light therapy), as well as anthroposophic body therapy, which can be found in different methods, such as B. Bothmer gymnastics , spacial dynamics, rhythmic massage , "Massage according to Dr. med. Simeon Pressel ”or the oil dispersion bath. In addition, an anthroposophically extended nursing system has developed. Therapeutically, several of the approaches are often used in parallel as a complex treatment, among other things to achieve effects on the different levels (e.g. members of the human being). In the event of illness, the artistic-therapeutic methods should support the regaining of self-regulation .

Scientific classification and criticism

Scientific claim of anthroposophy

Barbara Burkhard writes in her book Anthroposophical Medicines : “Steiner wanted to talk about“ the non-sensual in the same way as natural science talks about the sensual ”and apply natural science to the soul and spirit. It is doubtful whether this is possible in principle. Only science and epistemology can provide an answer to this question . ” Edzard Ernst comes to the conclusion that the claim to being scientific in the“ broader sense ”is not being met. The anthroposophical educational scientist Jost Schieren writes that the representatives of science do not recognize the postulated scientific nature of anthroposophy and that this belongs to the pseudosciences. From an anthroposophical point of view, he problematizes that it is therefore not taken into account in medical faculties, for example . (In fact, there are even some chairs for anthroposophic medicine in Europe, see “Teaching at universities”.) The encyclopedia of pseudosciences , a publication by the skeptic movement , contains an article on anthroposophy and anthroposophic medicine.

See also: Anthroposophy # Claim to be scientific .

Concepts of anthroposophic medicine

Burkhard goes on to write that “anthroposophical ideas about the classification, development and course of diseases are not compatible with scientific findings.” And Ernst problematizes that the assumed associations between planets, metals and organs (e.g. Mercury, mercury, lungs) and the therapeutic rules derived from it are hardly comprehensible for the non-anthroposophist.

Criticism of anthroposophic medicines

According to the internist Klaus D. Bock, the founder of anthroposophy is venerated in faith and the medicines recommended by Steiner or given tips are marked separately in the Weleda list of medicines. For a non-anthroposophist, the belief-based concept, indication and the often cumbersome and varied form of preparation of these anthroposophic medicines are hardly comprehensible. One is dealing with a spiritual-mystical, in principle quasi-religious system of ideas which, “as far as it is related to medicine, differs in principle from the paradigm of scientific medicine. The 'secondary condition' of rationality contained in this is not given. "

Homeopathic medicines

Since anthroposophic medicinal products are often used in homeopathic doses, i. H. heavily diluted, if used, it also affects part of the criticism that is brought against homeopathy . According to a meta-analysis of more than 100 scientific studies, no reliable proof of the effectiveness of homeopathic medicinal products could be produced for homeopathic medicinal products that went beyond the placebo effect . Homeopaths, on the other hand, criticize anthroposophic doctors for administering "their" remedies without sufficient knowledge of the homeopathic materia medica and also in "confusing" complex remedies , that is, mixtures of various potentised individual substances.

Relationship to evidence-based medicine

The criteria of evidence-based medicine have long been rejected by scientific representatives of anthroposophic medicine for methodological and ethical reasons. In recent years, however, there has been a noticeable increase in efforts to compile study results - primarily on mistletoe therapy for cancer and eurythmy therapy . According to the assessment of various authors, randomized and controlled studies could not confirm any effects beyond the placebo effect for mistletoe therapy .

No expansion of conventional medicine

From a scientific point of view, anthroposophic medicine (AM) cannot be an extension of conventional medicine because the latter is primarily based on the laws of logic and causal deterministic laws. In contrast, the AM is based on a philosophy of life based on ancient and medieval natural philosophy, which, influenced by Gnostic, Indian, Christian, alchemical and astrological ideas, is hardly understandable. B. herbal cytostatics with the basic requirements of scientifically based information on drug recommendations would not be justifiable ”. Both the production and the application of anthroposophic medicines remained largely incomprehensible for scientifically trained medical doctors and pharmacists. Steiner's philosophical ideas and his ideological knowledge would contradict the entire modern scientific worldview. According to Helmut Zander , the "expansion" of conventional medicine that Steiner had envisaged only took place under anthroposophical interpretation. Although AM links various medical traditions, including conventional medicine, an esoteric meta-level based on Steiner's clairvoyance is decisive . According to Franz Stratmann, anthroposophical epistemology can not supplement logical-rational empiricism .

Internet campaign in Germany 2003

In 2003, as part of the Internet campaign “Consistent positive list”, 3,000 doctors called for homeopathic , phytotherapeutic and anthroposophic drugs to be removed from the positive list planned at the time without any scientific proof of effectiveness . In an associated “manifesto” the “world view” of Rudolf Steiner's anthroposophy ”was described as“ esoteric - occult mystical science with elements from cosmology , astrology , alchemy , homeopathy , Far Eastern teachings and the like. a. ". All “unconventional directions” in medicine are pseudosciences . In particular, the authors criticized the lobbying work of “the outsiders” - “led by the anthroposophists” - which tried to become part of the reimbursement of costs. In order to suggest equality and equality of any medical theory, the terms “pluralism of methods” and “pluralism of science” were introduced in 1976 as part of this lobbying work.

Legal status

Germany

In Germany, anthroposophic medicine is a special form of therapy within the meaning of the Social Security Code and the Medicines Act . Other special therapies in this legal sense are homeopathy and phytotherapy (herbal medicine). In contrast to other medicinal products, preparations of the special therapeutic directions may be approved , even without proof of efficacy based on empirical- scientific criteria, provided that there is so-called internal approval by experts in the respective therapeutic direction. This is to ensure that "the monopoly of a dominant teaching as a binding" state of scientific knowledge "is avoided" ("scientific pluralism").

The Medicines Act defines an anthroposophic medicinal product as "a medicinal product that has been developed according to the anthroposophical knowledge of man and nature, according to a homeopathic preparation method described in the European Pharmacopoeia or, in the absence of this, according to one of the officially used pharmacopoeia of the member states of the European Union a special anthroposophical preparation process and which is intended to be applied in accordance with the principles of anthroposophical knowledge of man and nature. ”Against the background that regulations for this direction of therapy are sought in European law. In Germany, outpatient anthroposophic medicine treatments are currently fully or partially reimbursed by 52 health insurance companies .

For doctors, there is no additional designation from the German Medical Association , as is the case in homeopathy, for example , but an internal recognition of the focus of activity "Anthroposophic Medicine (GAÄD)" by the Society of Anthroposophic Doctors in Germany (GAÄD). The professional level is comparable to that of the additional designation homeopathy.

Switzerland

On May 17, 2009 a majority of the Swiss electorate voted for the consideration of complementary medicine to be anchored in the federal constitution. The constitution now contains the sentence “The federal government and the cantons ensure that complementary medicine is taken into account within the scope of their responsibilities.” To implement this constitutional amendment, anthroposophic medicine and four other alternative medical treatment methods have been paid for by compulsory health insurance under certain conditions since 2012 . This regulation applies provisionally until the end of 2017. During this time, the effectiveness, appropriateness and cost-effectiveness of the five complementary medical methods are considered to be partially controversial and will be evaluated with regard to these criteria. In order to implement the requirement to include complementary medicine as a compulsory subject in medical training, a first professorship for anthroposophically advanced medicine was established at the University of Bern in 2014 .

In Switzerland, holders of a specialist title can, after at least two years of additional training, obtain the certificate of competence "Doctor for anthroposophically advanced medicine" awarded by the Swiss Medical Association (FMH).

financing

In the past, the continued existence and expansion of anthroposophic medicine was largely financed by the now multinational pharmaceutical manufacturer Weleda . The Weleda group of companies was responsible for medical conferences and advanced training seminars and took over the financing or sponsorship of specialist magazines, popular medical information brochures, specialist books and drug studies. In Germany in particular, company-independent advanced training has long been installed by the Society of Anthroposophic Doctors (see below).

Clinical facilities

The Herdecke community hospital
The Filder Clinic near Stuttgart

In Germany there are six anthroposophical hospitals:

In addition, there are various anthroposophically oriented hospital subdivisions, specialist clinics and sanatoriums in Germany.

In Switzerland there are two anthroposophic hospitals:

  • the Klinik-Arlesheim , merged in 2014 from the
    • Ita-Wegman Clinic in Arlesheim , since 1921 and the
    • Lukas Clinic for Tumor Diseases in Arlesheim, since 1963
  • the Paracelsus Hospital in Richterswil , since 1994

In Great Britain there is the Raphael Medical Center, Tonbridge , in Italy the Casa di Salute Raphael - spa and thermal center, Roncegno and in Sweden the Vidarkliniken, Järna .

In the facilities there were also efforts to reform the social organizational structure, for example in the Herdecke community hospital as a “clinic without a chief physician” or, more generally, an orientation towards aspects of Rudolf Steiner's social threefolding .

Teaching at universities

There are only a few chairs in the world that explicitly deal with anthroposophic medicine:

  • Germany:
  • Switzerland: Associate professor for anthroposophically extended medicine at the Institute for Complementary Medicine IKOM at the University of Bern .
  • Netherlands: Professor of Anthroposophic Healthcare at the Hogeschool Leiden.

In medical studies in Germany, the content of anthroposophic medicine can be included in cross-sectional area 12 (rehabilitation, physical medicine and naturopathic treatment) introduced in 2003. At the University of Witten / Herdecke there is an "integrated complementary course in anthroposophic medicine (IBAM)".

organization

In the medical section of the School of Spiritual Science at the Goetheanum , 22 coordinators work together in the international coordination of anthroposophic medicine (IKAM), which is responsible for the overall management of the anthroposophic medical movement. There are national companies in different countries, such as B. the Society of Anthroposophic Doctors in Germany (GAÄD).

International criteria for certification as an anthroposophic doctor were decided in 2003 by the International Association of Anthroposophic Medical Societies (IVAA).

Well-known anthroposophic doctors

Dietrich Boie , Walther Bühler , Volker Fintelmann , Wolfgang Garvelmann , Michaela Glöckler , Norbert Glas , Margarethe Hauschka , Herbert Hensel , Peter Heusser , Gunther Hildebrandt , Friedrich Husemann , Richard Karutz , Helmut Kiene , Karl König , Eugen Kolisko , Bernard Lievegoed , Wilhelm zur Linden , Peter Matthiessen , Ludwig Noll , Otto Palmer , Johannes Rohen , Peter Selg , Ita Wegman and Frederik Willem Zeylmans van Emmichoven .

Others

In the “Dialogue Forum Pluralism in Medicine”, co-founded by Jörg-Dietrich Hoppe, a discourse between academic medicine and alternative medical schools has been taking place with anthroposophical participation since 2000 . This discourse is intended to replace “religious war-like internal medical disputes” about complementary medical directions with an unbiased, critical but open-ended discussion . This is to serve the idea of pluralism in medicine, which is wanted by the majority of the population , is a guarantee for the ability of medicine to develop and has therefore been included in German social legislation .

literature

Writings and lectures by Rudolf Steiner

  • Rudolf Steiner, Ita Wegman: Fundamentals for an extension of the healing arts according to humanistic knowledge . Rudolf Steiner Verlag, Dornach 1991 (first edition: 1925).
  • Rudolf Steiner: Spiritual Science and Medicine . 7th edition. Rudolf Steiner Verlag, Dornach 1999 (transcripts from a lecture cycle from 1920).
  • Rudolf Steiner: Humanities aspects of therapy . 5th edition. Rudolf Steiner Verlag, Dornach 2001 (transcripts from a lecture cycle from 1921).
  • Rudolf Steiner: Physiological-therapeutic based on the humanities . 3. Edition. Rudolf Steiner Verlag, Dornach 1989 (transcripts of lectures 1920–1924).
  • Rudolf Steiner: Anthroposophical Human Knowledge and Medicine . 3. Edition. Rudolf Steiner Verlag, Dornach 1994 (transcripts of lectures 1923–1924).

Other anthroposophical authors

  • Volker Fintelmann : Intuitive Medicine . 5th edition. Hippokrates, Stuttgart 2007, ISBN 978-3-8304-5369-7 .
  • Vademecum for Anthroposophic Medicines . In: Society of Anthroposophic Doctors in Germany. Free University of Humanities, Dornach, Medical Section. (Ed.): The rod of Mercury . 3. Edition. Society of Anthroposophic Doctors in Germany, Filderstadt 2013.
  • Matthias Girke: Internal medicine: basics and therapeutic concepts of anthroposophic medicine . 2nd Edition. salumed, Berlin 2012, ISBN 978-3-928914-29-1 , pp. 1168 .
  • Michaela Glöckler (Ed.): Anthroposophic medicinal therapy for doctors and pharmacists . Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-8047-2102-8 .
  • Peter Heusser : Anthroposophic Medicine and Science . Schattauer, Stuttgart 2011, ISBN 978-3-7945-2807-3 .
  • Friedrich Husemann , Otto Wolff: The image of the human being as the basis of the healing art . Free Spiritual Life, Stuttgart 2003, ISBN 3-7725-0529-5 .
  • Peter Selg : Beginnings of the anthroposophical healing art. Ita Wegman, Friedrich Husemann, Eugen Kolisko, Frederik Willem Zeylmans van Emmichoven, Karl König, Gerhard Kienle . Verlag am Goetheanum, Dornach 2000, ISBN 3-7235-1088-4 .
  • Peter Selg: Anthroposophic Doctors. Paths of life and work in the 20th century . Verlag am Goetheanum, Dornach 2000, ISBN 3-7235-1069-8 .
  • Georg Soldner, Hermann Stellmann: Individual Pediatrics - Anthroposophic-Homeopathic Therapy . 4th edition. Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft, Stuttgart 2011, ISBN 3-8047-2870-7 .

Periodicals

  • The rod of mercury. Berlin and Dornach, the official organ of the medical section of the School of Spiritual Science at the Goetheanum, Dornach / Switzerland, and the Society of Anthroposophic Doctors in Germany, appears every two months.

Scientific sources

  • Gunver Sophia Kienle, Helmut Kiene , Hans-Ulrich Albonico: Anthroposophic medicine in clinical research. Effectiveness, benefit, economy, safety . Schattauer, Stuttgart 2006, ISBN 3-7945-2471-3 .
  • Barbara Burkhard: Anthroposophic Medicines. A critical consideration. GOVI, Eschborn 2000, ISBN 3-7741-0810-2 .
  • Edzard Ernst : Anthroposophic Medicine: Secret Science or Healing Method? In: Perfusion . No. 19 , 2006, OCLC 231031021 , pp. 344-348 .
  • Edzard Ernst: Anthroposophic Medicine: A Critical Analysis . In: MMW advances in medicine . tape 150 , Suppl. 1, April 10, 2008, OCLC 60623169 , p. 1-6 , PMID 18540325 .
  • Robert Jütte : History of Alternative Medicine. From folk medicine to today's unconventional therapies . CH Beck, Munich 1996, ISBN 3-406-40495-2 , p. 15, 29, 48, 237–262 and others ( anthroposophic medicine ).
  • GS Kienle, H. Kiene: Complementary cancer therapy: A systematic review of prospective clinical trials on anthroposophic mistletoe extracts . In: European journal of medical research . Vol. 12, No. 3 , 2007, p. 103-19 , PMID 17507307 (English).
  • Franz Stratmann: On the influence of anthroposophy in medicine. Zuckschwerdt, Munich / Bern / Vienna / San Francisco 1988, ISBN 3-88603-284-1

Web links

research

Individual evidence

  1. ^ World Health Organization .: WHO traditional medicine strategy. 2014-2023. Geneva 2013, ISBN 978-92-4150609-0 .
  2. ^ Robert Jütte: Anthroposophical Medicine. In: Werner E. Gerabek , Bernhard D. Haage, Gundolf Keil , Wolfgang Wegner (eds.): Enzyklopädie Medizingeschichte. De Gruyter, Berlin / New York 2005, ISBN 3-11-015714-4 , p. 67 f.
  3. ↑ K. von Ammon, M. Frei-Erb, F. Cardini, U. Daig, S. Dragan, G. Hegyi, P. Roberti di Sarsina, J. Sörensen, G. Lewith: Complementary and alternative medicine provision in Europe– first results approaching reality in an unclear field of practices. In: Researching complementary medicine (2006). Volume 19 Suppl 2, 2012, pp. 37-43, doi: 10.1159 / 000343129 , PMID 23883943 (review).
  4. ↑ Thomas McKeen: Alternatives in Medicine. Forms of treatment between science and empiricism . Ed .: Klaus Jork. 1st edition. Hippokrates, Stuttgart 1993, ISBN 978-3-7773-1037-4 , Anthroposophic Medicine, p. 152 .
  5. ^ Robert Jütte (1996), p. 15.
  6. ↑ a b § 25 paragraph 2 AMG and § 105 paragraph 4f AMG
  7. ↑ Bundestag Committee for Youth, Family and Health. Preamble in preparation for the 2nd AMG of August 24, 1976. Bundestag printed paper 7/5091 (PDF; 838 kB), p. 6 f.
  8. ↑ Barbara Burkhard: Anthroposophic Medicines. A critical consideration . GOVI, Eschborn 2000, ISBN 3-7741-0810-2 , pp. 13 (Book version of a series of articles in the Pharmazeutische Zeitung ).
  9. ↑ Jost Schieren: The scientific nature of anthroposophy. In: Research on Steiner Education . Volume 2, Ne. 2, 2011, pp. 99-100 ( rosejourn.com ).
  10. Jump up ↑ Markus Horneber, Gerd Bueschel, Roman Huber, Klaus Linde, Matthias Rostock: Mistletoe therapy in oncology . In: Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews . April 16, 2008, doi : 10.1002 / 14651858.CD003297.pub2 ( wiley.com [accessed August 20, 2019]).
  11. ↑ W. Tröger, D. Galun, M. Reif, A. Schumann, N. Stanković: Viscum album [L.] extract therapy in patients with locally advanced or metastatic pancreatic cancer: A randomized clinical trial on overall survival . In: European Journal of Cancer . tape 49 , no. December 18 , 2013, p. 3788–3797 , doi : 10.1016 / j.ejca.2013.06.043 ( elsevier.com [accessed August 20, 2019]).
  12. ↑ German Medical Association : Drug treatment within the framework of “special therapy directions” , 2nd edition, Deutscher Ärzteverlag, Cologne 1993. Quoted in: Manfred Anlauf, Lutz Hein, Hans-Werner Hense, Johannes Köbberling, Rainer Lasek, Reiner Leidl, Bettina Schöne-Seifert: Complementaries and alternative drug therapy versus science- oriented medicine In: GMS Ger Med Sci 2015; 13: Doc05. doi: 10.3205 / 000209 .
  13. ^ Robert Jütte : History of Alternative Medicine. Beck, Munich 1996. p. 241.
  14. ^ Helmut Zander : Anthroposophy in Germany. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 2007. pp. 1489–1491.
  15. ^ Robert Jütte: History of Alternative Medicine. Beck, Munich 1996., pp. 253f.
  16. ^ Robert Jütte: History of Alternative Medicine. Beck, Munich 1996. p. 242; Helmut Zander: Anthroposophy in Germany. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 2007. S. 1538 f.
  17. ^ Helmut Zander: Anthroposophy in Germany. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 2007. pp. 1459–1461.
  18. ^ Helmut Zander: Anthroposophy in Germany. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 2007. p. 1461.
  19. ^ Helmut Zander: Anthroposophy in Germany. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 2007. p. 1467.
  20. ^ A b Robert Jütte: History of Alternative Medicine. Beck, Munich 1996, p. 243.
  21. ^ FA Schmitt. Alexander of Bernus. Nuremberg 1971, pp. 107-110.
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  29. ^ Robert Jütte: History of Alternative Medicine. Beck, Munich 1996. pp. 252 f. The law came into force in 1978.
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  66. ↑ Annual report 2015 of the Professorship for Anthroposophically Extended Medicine ( online  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. )@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / edit.cms.unibe.ch  
  67. ↑ Swiss Institute for Further Medical Education: Page no longer available , search in web archives: Doctor for anthroposophically advanced medicine  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 59 kB)@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.fmh.ch@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.fmh.ch   September 28, 2006, accessed on August 13, 2012.
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  81. ^ Dialogue forum on pluralism in medicine . The Dialogue Forum considers such a discourse to be possible if 1. the relevant complementary medical direction in its theoretical approach can be conveyed intersubjectively with regard to the underlying image of man as well as the role of its understanding of illness for the therapeutic objectives immanent in the therapy direction and it 2. proves to be ready and capable of discourse, This means that it can be related to other medical systems and is not theoretically isolated, and 3. the question of benefit documentation and effectiveness assessment is raised.
  82. ↑ a b Matthias Girke, Jörg-Dietrich Hoppe , Peter Matthiessen , Stefan Willich (eds.): Medicine and image of man: The understanding of the human being in conventional and complementary medicine. Presented by the Dialog Forum Pluralism in Medicine . Deutscher Ärzte-Verlag, Cologne 2005, ISBN 3-7691-0514-1 . Full text (PDF).
  83. ^ A b Helmut Kiene, Hermann Heimpel: Medical professionalism and complementary medicine. What is serious therapy? Medical pluralism and the obligation to be scientific only appear to be a contradiction at first glance . Deutsches Ärzteblatt, Volume 107, Issue 12, March 26, 2010, full text (PDF).