Kalanchoe

Kalanchoe
	Kalanchoe laciniata; on panel 100 from Candolles Plantarum Historia Succulentarum (Volume 2, 1802)
Systematics
	Eudicotyledons
	Nuclear eudicotyledons
Order :	Saxifragales (Saxifragales)
Family :	Thick-leaf family (Crassulaceae)
Subfamily :	Kalanchoideae
Genre :	Kalanchoe
Scientific name
	Kalanchoe
	Adans.

Kalanchoe is a genus of plants fromthe thick-leaf family (Crassulaceae). It is divided into the two sections Kalanchoe and Bryophyllum . These succulent plants are common in tropical areas of Africa and Asia. In many species of the Bryophyllum section,which is exclusivelynativeto Madagascar , brood buds develop on the edges of the leaves, but also on the inflorescence.

The best-known representatives of the genus are Kalanchoe daigremontiana , the Flaming Käthchen and the Goethe plant .

description

Vegetative characteristics

The species of the genus Kalanchoe are seldom biennial or annual , mostly perennial succulent plants, rarely sub-shrubs to shrubs , sometimes small trees . They usually grow terrestrially , rarely also epiphytically . The roots are fibrous, rarely thickened or bulbous . The fleshy, sometimes woody stem axes are mostly upright or often prostrate and usually branched.

The usually decussate , sometimes alternate or whorled , rarely hinted rosettes arranged leaves are stalked to sessile, persistent or deciduous. The petioles are more or less broadly encompassing the stems . The simple or compound leaves are sometimes more or less variable in shape and size from their base to the tip. When the leaves are put together, they consist of three sub-leaves or are pinnate (then with five sub-leaves). The fleshy-succulent leaf blade is usually flat or seldom somewhat rounded. The leaf margins are usually notched, serrated or serrated, rarely smooth. Some species form brood buds along the leaf margins. Stipules are missing.

Inflorescences and flowers

The four-fold flowers of Kalanchoe pumila

The terminal, rarely axillary, little to many-flowered inflorescence is umbrella-like , zymose to paniculate, sometimes thyrsoid and in some species bears brood buds. An inflorescence stalk is usually present. Often there is a gradual transition from leaves below to ever smaller bracts .

The stalked flowers are erect or pendulous and often mixed with splayed ones in the inflorescence. The hermaphrodite flowers are fourfold. The four sepals are free, more or less fused towards the base, or form a long, sometimes somewhat inflated, tube with shorter tips. The calyx is shorter or sometimes the same length as the corolla tube. The four usually brightly colored petals are fused into a more or less long corolla tube, which ends with upright, spread out or suddenly bent back, shorter corolla lobes. There are two circles with four stamens each, which do not or slightly protrude from the corolla tube. The stamens are attached from bottom to top of the corolla tube at different heights. The four carpels are free to basal and somewhat overgrown and have free nectar scales . The stylus is shorter or longer than the fruit leaves. The scar is heady.

Fruits and seeds

Four upright follicles emerge per flower . The follicles contain numerous tiny, usually furrowed, ribbed or finely wrinkled seeds .

Ingredients and Physiology

At least some species of Kalanchoe are poisonous. African species contain small amounts of bufadienolide and cotyledon toxin . This leads to cotyledonosis or crimpsis disease (spastic contraction of muscles and neurological symptoms) in animals. The ornamental plant Kalanchoe blossfeldiana is also repeatedly associated with poisoning.

Kalanchoe are short-day plants , so they only form flowers under short- day conditions. Kalanchoe blossfeldiana is a common subject of study.

Kalanchoe are optional CAM plants , they bind the carbon dioxide required for photosynthesis at night in the form of organic acids, which they release again during the day. In this way they limit perspiration . This diurnal acid rhythm (CAM) is subject to an "internal clock" ( circadian rhythm ). In Kalanchoe blossfeldiana , CAM is triggered by short-day conditions; under long-day conditions, it performs normal C3 photosynthesis .

distribution

The species of the genus Kalanchoe are distributed in Madagascar , in eastern and southern Africa , in the tropical areas of Africa, on the Arabian Peninsula , in Southeast Asia and the tropical areas of Asia.

Etymology and systematics

Plate 288 with cotyledon afra from Boerhaaves Index Alter Plantarum

There are two explanations for the origin of the botanical name Kalanchoe . The first assumes that the genus was named after one of its species (possibly Kalanchoe spathulata ) and its Chinese name 伽藍菜 / 伽蓝菜 , jiāláncài , Cantonese ga-laam-choi . A second explanation derives the name from the ancient Indian words kalanka for spot, rust and chaya .

The taxonomic classification of the genus Kalanchoe is problematic and not yet complete. A modern monograph of the genus Kalanchoe is missing. The genus is divided into the two sections Kalanchoe and Bryophyllum (including the former section Kitchingia ). However, not all species of the genus can be clearly assigned to one of the two sections.

In the species of the Kalanchoe section , the flowers are usually upright and not drooping. The sepals are only fused at the base. The stamens are attached in or above the center of the corolla tube. In the section Bryophyllum the flowers are pendulous. The sepals are more or less fused. The calyx is tubular or broadly bell-shaped. The stamens are attached below the center of the corolla tube. In many species the leaves, but also the inflorescence, bear brood buds .

Kalanchoe laciniata was selected as the lectotype of the genus . Kalanchoe is monophyletic .

According to Bernard M. Descoings, the genus Kalanchoe includes the following species:

Sections and species of the genus Kalanchoe

Section Kalanchoe	Section Bryophyllum	Transition types not assigned
Kalanchoe alticola Compton Kalanchoe angustifolia A.Rich. Kalanchoe annamica Gagnep. Kalanchoe arborescens Humbert Kalanchoe aubrevillei Raym.-Hamet ex Cufod. Kalanchoe ballyi Raym.-Hamet ex Cufod. Kalanchoe beharensis Drake Kalanchoe bentii C.H.Wright ex Hook.f. Kalanchoe bentii subsp. bentii Kalanchoe bentii supsp. somalica Cufod. Kalanchoe bhidei T. Cooke Kalanchoe bipartita Chiov. Kalanchoe blossfeldiana Poelln. Kalanchoe boisii Raym.-Hamet & H.Perrier Kalanchoe boranae Raadts Kalanchoe brachyloba Welw. ex Britten Kalanchoe bracteata Scott-Elliot Kalanchoe briquetii Raym.-Hamet Kalanchoe chapototii Raym.-Hamet & H.Perrier Kalanchoe cherukondensis Subba Rao & Kumari Kalanchoe chevalieri Gagnep. Kalanchoe citrina Schweinf. Kalanchoe craibii Raym.-Hamet Kalanchoe crenata (Andrews) Haw. Kalanchoe crundallii I. Verd. Kalanchoe deficiens ash. & Schweinf. Kalanchoe deficiens var. Deficiens Ash. & Schweinf. Kalanchoe deficiens var. Glabra Raadts Kalanchoe densiflora Rolfe Kalanchoe densiflora var. Densiflora Rolfe Kalanchoe densiflora var. Minor Raadts Kalanchoe dinklagei Rauh Kalanchoe dixoniana Raym.-Hamet Kalanchoe dyeri N.E.Br. Kalanchoe fadeniorum Raadts Kalanchoe farinacea Balf.f. Kalanchoe garambiensis Kudô Kalanchoe germanae Raym.-Hamet ex Raadts Kalanchoe glaucescens Britten Kalanchoe globulifera H.Perrier Kalanchoe grandidieri Baill. Kalanchoe grandiflora Wight & Arn. Kalanchoe hametiorum Raym.-Hamet Kalanchoe hildebrandtii Baill. Kalanchoe humilis Britten Kalanchoe integrifolia Baker Kalanchoe laciniata (L.) DC. Kalanchoe lateritia Engl. Kalanchoe latisepala N.E.Br. Kalanchoe leblanciae Raym.-Hamet Kalanchoe lindmannii Raym.-Hamet Kalanchoe linearifolia Drake Kalanchoe lobata R. Fern. Kalanchoe longiflora Schltr. Kalanchoe longifolia Geddes Kalanchoe lubangensis R. Fern. Kalanchoe luciae Raym.-Hamet Kalanchoe luciae subsp. luciae Raym.-Hamet Kalanchoe luciae subsp. montana (Compton) toelken Kalanchoe marmorata Baker Kalanchoe migiurtinorum Cufod. Kalanchoe millotii Raym.-Hamet & H. Perier Kalanchoe mitejea Blanc & Raym.-Hamet Kalanchoe ndotoenis L.E. Newton Kalanchoe neglecta Toelken Kalanchoe nyikae Engl. Kalanchoe nyikae subsp. nyikae Engl. Kalanchoe nyikae subsp. auriculata Raadts Kalanchoe obtusa Engl. Kalanchoe olivacea Dalzell Kalanchoe orgyalis Baker Kalanchoe paniculata Harv. Kalanchoe peteri Werderm. Kalanchoe petitiana A. Rich. Kalanchoe petitiana var. Petitiana A. Rich. Kalanchoe petitiana var. Neumannii (Engl.) Cufod. Kalanchoe prittwitzii Engl. Kalanchoe Pumila Baker Kalanchoe quadrangularis Desc. Kalanchoe quartiniana A. Rich. Kalanchoe rhombopilosa Mannoni & Boiteau Kalanchoe robusta Balf.f. Kalanchoe rotundifolia Haw. Kalanchoe salazarii Raym.-Hamet Kalanchoe scapigera Welw. ex Britten Kalanchoe schimperiana A.Rich. Kalanchoe sexangularis N.E.Br. Kalanchoe spathulata DC. Kalanchoe stenosiphon Britten Kalanchoe subrosulata Thulin Kalanchoe synsepala Baker Kalanchoe tashiroi Yamam. Kalanchoe teixeirae Raym.-Hamet ex R.Fern. Kalanchoe tetramera Geddes Kalanchoe tetraphylla H.Perrier Kalanchoe thyrsiflora Harv. Kalanchoe tomentosa Baker Kalanchoe tuberosa H.Perrier Kalanchoe usambarensis Engl. & Raym.-Hamet Kalanchoe velutina Welw. ex Oliv. Kalanchoe velutina subsp. velutina Welw. ex Oliv. Kalanchoe velutina subsp. chimanimanensis R. Fern. Kalanchoe velutina subsp. dangeardii (Raym.-Hamet) R.Fern. Kalanchoe wildii Raym.-Hamet ex R.Fern. Kalanchoe yemensis (Deflers) Schweinf. Kalanchoe yunnanensis Gagnep.	Kalanchoe adelae Raym.-Hamet Kalanchoe ambolensis Humbert Kalanchoe beauverdii Raym.-Hamet Kalanchoe bergeri Raym.-Hamet & H.Perrier Kalanchoe bogneri Rough Kalanchoe bouvetii Raym.-Hamet & H.Perrier Kalanchoe campanulata (Baker) Baill. Kalanchoe curvula Desc. Kalanchoe cymbifolia Desc. Kalanchoe daigremontiana Raym.-Hamet & H.Perrier Kalanchoe delagoensis Eckl. & Zeyh. Kalanchoe fedtschenkoi Raym.-Hamet & H.Perrier Kalanchoe gastonis-bonnieri Raym.-Hamet & H.Perrier Kalanchoe germanae Raym.-Hamet ex Raadts Kalanchoe laetivirens Desc. Kalanchoe laxiflora Baker Kalanchoe macrochlamys H.Perrier Kalanchoe manginii Raym.-Hamet & H.Perrier Kalanchoe marnieriana H. Jacobsen Kalanchoe miniata Hils. & Bojer ex Tul. Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) Pers. Kalanchoe poincarei Raym.-Hamet & H.Perrier Kalanchoe prolifera (Bowie ex Hook.) Raym.-Hamet Kalanchoe pseudocampanulata Mannoni & Boiteau Kalanchoe pubescens Baker Kalanchoe rolandi-bonapartei Raym.-Hamet & H.Perrier Kalanchoe rosei Raym.-Hamet & H.Perrier Kalanchoe rubella (Baker) Raym.-Hamet & H. Perrier Kalanchoe sanctula Desc. Kalanchoe schizophylla (Baker) Baill. Kalanchoe serrata Mannoni & Boiteau Kalanchoe streptantha Baker Kalanchoe suarezensis H.Perrier Kalanchoe uniflora (Stapf) Raym.-Hamet Kalanchoe waldheimii Raym.-Hamet & H.Perrier	Kalanchoe alternans Pers. Kalanchoe alternans var. Alternans Pers. Kalanchoe alternans var. Lanceolata Raadts Kalanchoe aromatica H.Perrier Kalanchoe aromatica var. Aromatica H.Perrier Kalanchoe aromatica var. Brevicorolla Boiteau Kalanchoe elizae A. Berger Kalanchoe eriophylla Hils. & Bojer ex Tul. Kalanchoe fernandesii Raym.-Hamet Kalanchoe gracilipes (Baker) Baill. Kalanchoe jongmansii Raym.-Hamet & H.Perrier Kalanchoe jongmansii subsp. jongmansii Raym.-Hamet & H.Perrier Kalanchoe jongmansii subsp. ivohibensis Humbert Kalanchoe lanceolata (Forssk.) Pers. Kalanchoe mandrarensis Humbert Kalanchoe peltata (Baker) Baill. Kalanchoe porphyrocalyx (Baker) Baill. Kalanchoe rechingeri Raym.-Hamet ex Rauh & Hebding Kalanchoe viguieri Raym.-Hamet & H.Perrier Kalanchoe welwitschii Britten

The following taxa have been newly described since 2003:

Kalanchoe antennifera Desc.
Kalanchoe bracteata var. Virescens Desc.
Kalanchoe ceratophylla var. Indochinensis H.Ohba
Kalanchoe grandidieri var. Itampolensis Desc.
Kalanchoe humifica Desc.
Kalanchoe inaurata Desc.
Kalanchoe maromokotrensis Desc. & Rebmann
Kalanchoe pareikiana Desc. & Lavranos
Kalanchoe peltigera Desc.
Kalanchoe rebmannii Desc.
Kalanchoe spathulata var. Baguioensis H.Ohba
Kalanchoe spathulata var. Simlensis H.Ohba
Kalanchoe spathulata var. Staintonii H.Ohba
Kalanchoe tenuiflora Desc.

Hybrids

Kalanchoe × cantabrigiensis hoard. ex Guillaumin
culture hybrid with unknown parents
Kalanchoe × ena hoard. ex N.Schneider
Garden hybrid between Kalanchoe grandiflora and Kalanchoe glaucescens
Kalanchoe × felthamensis hort. Veitch ex Mottet
culture hybrid between Kalanchoe flammea and Kalanchoe kirkii
Kalanchoe × flaurantia Desc.
Hybrid between Kalanchoe bracteata and Kalanchoe orgyalis
Kalanchoe × houghtonii D.B.Ward
Hybrid between Kalanchoe daigremontiana and Kalanchoe delagoensis
Kalanchoe × kewensis Dyer
garden hybrid between Kalanchoe flammea and Kalanchoe bentii
Kalanchoe × lokarana Desc.
Hybrid between Kalanchoe laxiflora and an undetermined Kalanchoe species
Kalanchoe × richaudii Desc.
Hybrid between Kalanchoe rosei and Kalanchoe delagoensis
Kalanchoe × vadensis Boom & Zeilinga Cultivated
hybrid between Kalanchoe blossfeldiana and Kalanchoe grandiflora

Synonyms
synonyms of the genus are Crassuvia Comm. ex Lam. (1786), Vereia Andrews (1798), Verea Willd. (1799, nom. Invalid ICBN -Article 61.1), Calanchoe Pers. (1805, nom. Inval. ICBN -Article 61.1), Bryophyllum Salisb. (1806), Kalenchoe Haw. (1819, nom. Invalid ICBN -Article 61.1), Physocalycium Vestv (1820, nom. Illeg. ICBN -Article 52.1), Baumgartenia Tratinnick (1821, nom. Illeg. ICBN -Article 52.1), Crassouvia Comm. ex DC. (1828, nom. Invalid ICBN -Article 61.1), Meristostylus Klotzsch (1861), Kitchingia Baker (1881) and Geaya Costantin & Poiss. (1908).

Botanical history

Plate 95 with Tsjaccarbebe from the fifth volume of Rumpf's Herbarium Amboinenses

The oldest description of a species of the genus was published by Leonard Plukenet in 1696 in his work Almagestum Botanicum under the name Telephium Africanum .

The genus was established by Michel Adanson in 1763 and classified in his family Seda (Les Joubarbes). Adanson did not list any species, but referred to the description of Cotyledon afra by Herman Boerhaave and of Tsjaccarbebe by Georg Eberhard Rumpf . Johannes Burman , who worked on Rumpf's Herbarium Amboinenses , assigned the species Cotyledon foliis laciniatis . Under this name, Carl von Linné had described the species in 1737 in the Hortus Cliffortianus . In Species Plantarum , Linné then gave her the binary name Cotyledon laciniata .

Richard Anthony Salisbury wrote the first description of Bryophyllum calycinum (today a synonym for Kalanchoe pinnata ) in 1805 and at the same time established the new genus Bryophyllum . In 1881, the genus Kitchingia , named after Langley Kitching (1835-1910), was finally set up by John Gilbert Baker .

Pierre Boiteau and Octave Mannoni united the genera Bryophyllum and Kitchingia with Kalanchoe in 1948/49 and gave them the rank of sections according to the nomenclature rules.

Alwin Berger and August Theodor Harms, on the other hand, maintained the status of Bryophyllum and Kitchingia as independent genera in 1930 when they worked on the thick-leaf family for Adolf Engler's The Natural Plant Families .

The question of whether Bryophyllum and Kalanchoe represent two separate genera has not yet been conclusively clarified.

use

Variety of Kalanchoe blossfeldiana

Kalanchoe spathulata isconsidered an anti- cholera remedyin India and has a strong laxative effect. In Madagascar , Kalanchoe prolifera is used against rheumatism . For horticulture is Kalanchoe blossfeldiana important of the many varieties were bred.

Danger

Information on the endangerment is available for only two species. Kalanchoe farinacea is in the endangered Red List species the IUCN as " Least Concern (LC) ", d. H. classified as not endangered. Kalanchoe robusta , on the other hand, is classified as " Vulnerable (VU) ", that is, as potentially at risk. Both species are endemic to Socotra .

proof

literature

JT Baldwin, Jr .: Kalanchoe: The Genus and its Chromosomes . In: American Journal of Botany . Volume 25, Number 8, October 1938, pp. 572-579.
Georg Cufodontis : First attempt to unravel the complex "Kalanchoe laciniata (L.) DC" . In: Bulletin du Jardin botanique de l'État a Bruxelles . Volume 27, Fascikel 4, December 31, 1957, pp. 709-718.
B. Descoings: Kalanchoe . In: Urs Eggli: Succulents Lexicon Volume 4. Crassulaceae (thick-leaf plants) . 2003, ISBN 3-8001-3998-7 , pp. 147-188.
F. Friedmann: Sur de nouveaux nombres chromosomiques dans le genre Kalanchoë (Crassulacées) à Madagascar . In: Candollea . Volume 26, Number 1, 1971, pp. 103-107 ( PDF ).
HM Garcês, CE Champagne, BT Townsley, S. Park, R. Malhó, MC Pedroso, JJ Harada, NR Sinha: Evolution of asexual reproduction in leaves of the genus Kalanchoë . In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . Volume 104, Number 39, pp. 15578-15583, Epub September 2007 ( doi : 10.1073 / pnas.0704105104 ).
H. Gehrig, O. Gaußmann, H. Marx, D. Schwarzott, M. Kluge: Molecular phylogeny of the genus Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae) inferred from nucleotide sequences of the ITS-1 and ITS-2 regions. In: Plant science; international journal of experimental plant biology . Volume 160, Number 5, April 2001, pp. 827-835 ( doi : 10.1016 / S0168-9452 (00) 00447-7 ).
Roeland CHJ Van Ham, Henk 'T Hart: Phylogenetic Relationships in the Crassulaceae Inferred from Chloroplast DNA Restriction-Site Variation . In: American Journal of Botany . Volume 85, Number 1, January 1998, pp. 123-134.
Edith Raadts: The Genus Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae) in Tropical East Africa . In: Willdenowia . Volume 8, Number 1, August 1977, pp. 101-157.
Albert H. Tillson: The Floral Anatomy of the Kalanchoideae . In: American Journal of Botany . Volume 27, Number 8, October 1940, pp. 595-600.
Kalanchoe . In: Flora of Pakistan . Volume 209 ( online ).

Individual evidence

↑ L. Roth, M. Daunderer, K. Kormann: Poison plants, plant poisons . 4th edition, ecomed, Landsberg 1994, p. 437 (reprint ISBN 3-933203-31-7 )
↑ ^a ^b Peter Schopfer, Axel Brennicke: Plant Physiology . Elsevier, Munich 2006, pp. 293f., 507. ISBN 978-3-8274-1561-5
↑ Umberto Quattrocchi: CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names: Common Names, Scientific Names, Eponyms, Synonyms, and Etymology . CRC Press Inc., 2000, p. 1352, ISBN 0849326761
↑ B. Descoings: Kalanchoe . In: Urs Eggli: Succulents Lexicon Volume 4. Crassulaceae (thick-leaf plants) . 2003, p. 147
↑ Hellmut R. Tölken: In: Flora of South Africa . Volume 14, p. 61, 1985
↑ B. Descoings: Kalanchoe . In: Urs Eggli: Succulents Lexicon Volume 4. Crassulaceae (thick-leaf plants) . 2003, pp. 147-188
^ Leonard Plukenet: Almagestum Botanicum . 1696, p. 362, plate 228, fig. 3
↑ Michel Adanson: Familles des Plantes . Volume 2, p. 248, Paris 1763
↑ Herman Boerhaave: Index Alter Plantarum . Volume 1, p. 288, plate 288, 1720
↑ Georg Eberhard Rumpf: Herbarium Amboinenses . Volume 5, plate 95, Amsterdam 1747
↑ Carl von Linné: Hortus Cliffortianus . Leiden 1737, p. 175
↑ Carl von Linné: Species Plantarum . Stockholm 1753, p. 430
^ Richard Anthony Salisbury: Bryophyllum calycinum . In: William Hooker: Paradisus Londinensis: or Colored Figures of Plants Cultivated in the vicinity of the Metropolis . Volume 1, Plate III, London 1805 online
^ Journal of the Linnean Society. Botany. Volume 18, p. 268, London 1880
^ P. Boiteau, O. Mannoni: Les Kalonchoe (suite) . In: Cactus . Paris 1948, No. 13, pp. 7-10; No. 14, pp. 23-28; No. 15-16, pp. 37-42; No. 17-18, pp. 57-58
^ P. Boiteau, O. Mannoni: Les Kalonchoe (suite) . In: Cactus . Paris 1949, No. 19, pp. 9-14; No. 20, pp. 43-46; No. 21, pp. 69-76; No. 22, pp. 113-114
↑ Alwin Berger and August Theodor Harms: Crassulaceae . In: Adolf Engler (editor): The natural plant families . Volume 18a, 2nd edition, Leipzig 1930, pp. 352-485
↑ B. Descoings: Kalanchoe . In: Urs Eggli: Succulents Lexicon Volume 4. Crassulaceae (thick-leaf plants) . 2003, p. 147f.
↑ Kalanchoe farinacea in the endangered Red List species the IUCN 2012. Posted by: Miller, A., 2004. Accessed August 25, 2012th
↑ Kalanchoe robusta in the endangered Red List species the IUCN 2012. Posted by: Miller, A., 2004. Accessed August 25, 2012th

First descriptions since 2003

^ Bernard Descoings: Kalanchoe antennifera, Crassulacée africaine nouvelle . In: Acta Botanica Gallica . Volume 151, number 4, 2004, pp. 441–444 ( online ( memento of the original dated November 15, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and remove then this note. ). @1@ 2

↑ Bernard Descoings: Sur quelques Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae) hybrides de Madagascar . In: Le Journal de Botanique de la Société de botanique de France . Number 30, 2005, pp. 13-14.

↑ Hideaki Ohba: Taxonomic studies on the Asian species of the genus Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae) 1. Kalanchoe spathulata and its allied species . In: Journal of Japanese Botany . Volume 78, Number 5, 2003, 254.

↑ Bernard Descoings: Crassulaceae Madecassae novae . Societe botanique de l'Ardeche, Aubenas 2005, ISBN 2951623216 , p. 17 ( online ( memento of the original dated November 15, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link accordingly Instructions and then remove this notice. ). @1@ 2

↑ Bernard Descoings: Crassulaceae Madecassae novae . Societe botanique de l'Ardeche, Aubenas 2005, ISBN 2951623216 , pp. 14–16 ( online ( memento of the original dated November 15, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and Archive link according to instructions and then remove this note. ). @1@ 2

↑ Bernard Descoings: Crassulaceae Madecassae novae . Societe botanique de l'Ardeche, Aubenas 2005, ISBN 2951623216 , pp. 3–5 ( online ( memento of the original from November 15, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and Archive link according to instructions and then remove this note. ). @1@ 2

↑ Bernard Descoings: Une très belle espèce nouvelle de Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae): K. maromokotrensis . In: Succulentes . Number 3, 2006, pp. 10–17 ( online ( memento of the original from November 15, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice . ). @1@ 2

↑ Bernard Descoings: Crassulaceae Madecassae novae . Societe botanique de l'Ardeche, Aubenas 2005, ISBN 2951623216 , pp. 10–13 ( online ( memento of the original from November 15, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and Archive link according to instructions and then remove this note. ). @1@ 2

↑ Bernard Descoings: Crassulaceae Madecassae novae . Societe botanique de l'Ardeche, Aubenas 2005, ISBN 2951623216 , pp. 6–9 ( online ( memento of the original dated November 15, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and Archive link according to instructions and then remove this note. ). @1@ 2

↑ Bernard Descoings: Kalanchoe rebmannii, Crassulacée nouvelle de Madagascar . In: Le Journal de Botanique de la Société de botanique de France . Number 33, 2006, pp. 29–32 ( online ( memento of the original from November 15, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice . ). @1@ 2

↑ Hideaki Ohba: Taxonomic studies on the Asian species of the genus Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae) 1. Kalanchoe spathulata and its allied species . In: Journal of Japanese Botany . Volume 78, Number 5, 2003, 251.

↑ Hideaki Ohba: Taxonomic studies on the Asian species of the genus Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae) 1. Kalanchoe spathulata and its allied species . In: Journal of Japanese Botany . Volume 78, Number 5, 2003, 252.

↑ Hideaki Ohba: Taxonomic studies on the Asian species of the genus Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae) 1. Kalanchoe spathulata and its allied species . In: Journal of Japanese Botany . Volume 78, Number 5, 2003, 253.

↑ Bernard Descoings: Kalanchoe tenuiflora, crassulacee nouvelle de Madagascar . Acta Botanica Gallica . Volume 151, Number 2, 2004, pp. 233-237.

↑ Bernard Descoings: Sur quelques Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae) hybrides de Madagascar . In: Le Journal de Botanique de la Société de botanique de France . Number 30, 2005, p. 14.

^ Daniel B. Ward: A name for a hybrid Kalanchoe now naturalized in Florida . In: Cactus and Succulent Journal . Volume 78, Number 2, Cactus and Succulent Society of America, 2006, pp. 92-95 ( doi : 10.2985 / 0007-9367 (2006) 78 [92: ANFAHK] 2.0.CO; 2 ).

↑ Bernard Descoings: Sur quelques Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae) hybrides de Madagascar . In: Le Journal de Botanique de la Société de botanique de France . Number 30, 2005, pp. 15-17.

↑ Bernard Descoings: Sur quelques Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae) hybrides de Madagascar . In: Le Journal de Botanique de la Société de botanique de France . Number 30, 2005, pp. 14-16.

Web links

Commons : Kalanchoe - collection of images, videos and audio files

Kalanchoe website by Sven Bernhard

This version was added to the list of articles worth reading on July 15, 2008 .

[1] L. Roth, M. Daunderer, K. Kormann: Poison plants, plant poisons . 4th edition, ecomed, Landsberg 1994, p. 437 (reprint ISBN 3-933203-31-7 )

[Schopfer-2] Peter Schopfer, Axel Brennicke: Plant Physiology . Elsevier, Munich 2006, pp. 293f., 507. ISBN 978-3-8274-1561-5

[3] Umberto Quattrocchi: CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names: Common Names, Scientific Names, Eponyms, Synonyms, and Etymology . CRC Press Inc., 2000, p. 1352, ISBN 0849326761

[4] B. Descoings: Kalanchoe . In: Urs Eggli: Succulents Lexicon Volume 4. Crassulaceae (thick-leaf plants) . 2003, p. 147

[5] Hellmut R. Tölken: In: Flora of South Africa . Volume 14, p. 61, 1985

[6] B. Descoings: Kalanchoe . In: Urs Eggli: Succulents Lexicon Volume 4. Crassulaceae (thick-leaf plants) . 2003, pp. 147-188

[25] Leonard Plukenet: Almagestum Botanicum . 1696, p. 362, plate 228, fig. 3

[26] Michel Adanson: Familles des Plantes . Volume 2, p. 248, Paris 1763

[27] Herman Boerhaave: Index Alter Plantarum . Volume 1, p. 288, plate 288, 1720

[28] Georg Eberhard Rumpf: Herbarium Amboinenses . Volume 5, plate 95, Amsterdam 1747

[29] Carl von Linné: Hortus Cliffortianus . Leiden 1737, p. 175

[30] Carl von Linné: Species Plantarum . Stockholm 1753, p. 430

[31] Richard Anthony Salisbury: Bryophyllum calycinum . In: William Hooker: Paradisus Londinensis: or Colored Figures of Plants Cultivated in the vicinity of the Metropolis . Volume 1, Plate III, London 1805 online

[32] Journal of the Linnean Society. Botany. Volume 18, p. 268, London 1880

[33] P. Boiteau, O. Mannoni: Les Kalonchoe (suite) . In: Cactus . Paris 1948, No. 13, pp. 7-10; No. 14, pp. 23-28; No. 15-16, pp. 37-42; No. 17-18, pp. 57-58

[34] P. Boiteau, O. Mannoni: Les Kalonchoe (suite) . In: Cactus . Paris 1949, No. 19, pp. 9-14; No. 20, pp. 43-46; No. 21, pp. 69-76; No. 22, pp. 113-114

[35] Alwin Berger and August Theodor Harms: Crassulaceae . In: Adolf Engler (editor): The natural plant families . Volume 18a, 2nd edition, Leipzig 1930, pp. 352-485

[36] B. Descoings: Kalanchoe . In: Urs Eggli: Succulents Lexicon Volume 4. Crassulaceae (thick-leaf plants) . 2003, p. 147f.

[37] Kalanchoe farinacea in the endangered Red List species the IUCN 2012. Posted by: Miller, A., 2004. Accessed August 25, 2012th

[38] Kalanchoe robusta in the endangered Red List species the IUCN 2012. Posted by: Miller, A., 2004. Accessed August 25, 2012th

[7] Bernard Descoings: Kalanchoe antennifera, Crassulacée africaine nouvelle . In: Acta Botanica Gallica . Volume 151, number 4, 2004, pp. 441–444 ( online ( memento of the original dated November 15, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and remove then this note. ). @1@ 2

[8] Bernard Descoings: Sur quelques Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae) hybrides de Madagascar . In: Le Journal de Botanique de la Société de botanique de France . Number 30, 2005, pp. 13-14.

[9] Hideaki Ohba: Taxonomic studies on the Asian species of the genus Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae) 1. Kalanchoe spathulata and its allied species . In: Journal of Japanese Botany . Volume 78, Number 5, 2003, 254.

[10] Bernard Descoings: Crassulaceae Madecassae novae . Societe botanique de l'Ardeche, Aubenas 2005, ISBN 2951623216 , p. 17 ( online ( memento of the original dated November 15, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link accordingly Instructions and then remove this notice. ). @1@ 2

[11] Bernard Descoings: Crassulaceae Madecassae novae . Societe botanique de l'Ardeche, Aubenas 2005, ISBN 2951623216 , pp. 14–16 ( online ( memento of the original dated November 15, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and Archive link according to instructions and then remove this note. ). @1@ 2

[12] Bernard Descoings: Crassulaceae Madecassae novae . Societe botanique de l'Ardeche, Aubenas 2005, ISBN 2951623216 , pp. 3–5 ( online ( memento of the original from November 15, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and Archive link according to instructions and then remove this note. ). @1@ 2

[13] Bernard Descoings: Une très belle espèce nouvelle de Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae): K. maromokotrensis . In: Succulentes . Number 3, 2006, pp. 10–17 ( online ( memento of the original from November 15, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice . ). @1@ 2

[14] Bernard Descoings: Crassulaceae Madecassae novae . Societe botanique de l'Ardeche, Aubenas 2005, ISBN 2951623216 , pp. 10–13 ( online ( memento of the original from November 15, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and Archive link according to instructions and then remove this note. ). @1@ 2

[15] Bernard Descoings: Crassulaceae Madecassae novae . Societe botanique de l'Ardeche, Aubenas 2005, ISBN 2951623216 , pp. 6–9 ( online ( memento of the original dated November 15, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and Archive link according to instructions and then remove this note. ). @1@ 2

[16] Bernard Descoings: Kalanchoe rebmannii, Crassulacée nouvelle de Madagascar . In: Le Journal de Botanique de la Société de botanique de France . Number 33, 2006, pp. 29–32 ( online ( memento of the original from November 15, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice . ). @1@ 2

[17] Hideaki Ohba: Taxonomic studies on the Asian species of the genus Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae) 1. Kalanchoe spathulata and its allied species . In: Journal of Japanese Botany . Volume 78, Number 5, 2003, 251.

[18] Hideaki Ohba: Taxonomic studies on the Asian species of the genus Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae) 1. Kalanchoe spathulata and its allied species . In: Journal of Japanese Botany . Volume 78, Number 5, 2003, 252.

[19] Hideaki Ohba: Taxonomic studies on the Asian species of the genus Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae) 1. Kalanchoe spathulata and its allied species . In: Journal of Japanese Botany . Volume 78, Number 5, 2003, 253.

[20] Bernard Descoings: Kalanchoe tenuiflora, crassulacee nouvelle de Madagascar . Acta Botanica Gallica . Volume 151, Number 2, 2004, pp. 233-237.

[21] Bernard Descoings: Sur quelques Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae) hybrides de Madagascar . In: Le Journal de Botanique de la Société de botanique de France . Number 30, 2005, p. 14.

[22] Daniel B. Ward: A name for a hybrid Kalanchoe now naturalized in Florida . In: Cactus and Succulent Journal . Volume 78, Number 2, Cactus and Succulent Society of America, 2006, pp. 92-95 ( doi : 10.2985 / 0007-9367 (2006) 78 [92: ANFAHK] 2.0.CO; 2 ).

[23] Bernard Descoings: Sur quelques Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae) hybrides de Madagascar . In: Le Journal de Botanique de la Société de botanique de France . Number 30, 2005, pp. 15-17.

[24] Bernard Descoings: Sur quelques Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae) hybrides de Madagascar . In: Le Journal de Botanique de la Société de botanique de France . Number 30, 2005, pp. 14-16.