Hortus Cliffortianus

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Title page of the Hortus Cliffortianus
Frontispiece of Hortus Cliffortianus
Cliffortia on panel XXX. Drawing and engraving by Jan Wandelaar

Hortus Cliffortianus is the title of a work by Carl von Linné in which he cataloged the plants in the herbarium and the garden of George Clifford in Hartekamp .

plant

The first and only edition appeared in 1738 under the full title Plantas exhibens quas in Hortis vivis quam siccis, Hartecampi in Hollandia coluit vir nobilissimus et generosissimus Georgius Clifford juris utriusque doctor reductis varietatibus as species, specibus as genera, generibus as classes, adiectis locibusis plantarum nobilissimus differentiisque specierum in Amsterdam .

History of origin

George Clifford met Carl von Linné in the house of Johannes Burman . Together with Burmann, Linné visited Clifford in Hartekamp on August 13, 1735. Clifford was very impressed by the young Linnaeus. He wanted to employ him as his personal doctor and entrust the maintenance and cataloging of his extensive collection. Burman initially objected. But then he discovered in Clifford's well-stocked library a copy of Hans Sloane's Natural History of Jamaica , which was still missing and which Clifford gave him. Linnaeus finally began his work at Hartekamp on September 24, 1735.

A short time later, Georg also met Dionysius Ehret , coming on foot from Leiden , with a letter of recommendation from Margrave Karl III. Wilhelm von Baden-Durlach provided Hartekamp. In the presence of Linnaeus, Ehret presented some of his recently made drawings of plants newly discovered in England ( e.g. Collinsonia , Turnera ). Clifford bought it from him without further ado and employed Ehret as a draftsman for more than a month.

During this time, Linnaeus explained his new classification system for plants to Ehret, whereupon Ehret made a drawing with the distinguishing features of the 24 classes, initially for his private use.

content

Linnaeus had already described the plants growing in Clifford's garden in Viridarium Cliffortianum . In the Hortus Cliffortianus he also included the extensive herbarium material from Clifford's collections. He described a total of 2536 species , of which 1251 came from the garden of Clifford.

Linnaeus placed the species in accordance with the Genera Plantarum established genres , which turn to him in Systema Naturae established classes and orders are assigned. For his handling of varieties and plant names, he referred to his work Critica Botanica . For the species he listed all synonyms that he could find in the literature available to him. He also gave information on the origin of the species. For the European plants he consulted, for example, Caspar Bauhin's Pinax .

In the dedication of Hortus Cliffortianus , Linné listed the most important sponsors of botany in his view: Karl Wilhelm von Baden-Durlach , Jean-Baptiste Gaston de Bourbon , Giuseppe del Bosco , Jakob de la Gardie , Hendrik Adriaan van Rheede tot Draakenstein , Georg Eberhard Rumpf , William Sherard , Gian Francesco Morosini , Caspar Bose (1672–1730), Simon van Beaumont , Cardinal Odoardo Farnese (1573–1626) and Johann Konrad von Gemmingen . In this way, he also honored his host, who had forbidden direct appropriation.

At the end of his Lectori Botanico, he thanked Herman Boerhaave , Adriaan van Royen , Johann Georg Siegesbeck , Albrecht von Haller , Johannes Burman , Roell, Jan Frederik Gronovius and Philip Miller for sending us the plants and seeds that enhance the diversity of Clifford's garden first made possible.

He meticulously listed the holdings of Clifford's library in the chapter Bibliotheca Botanica Cliffortiana , following the same principles that he had already applied in his work Bibliotheca Botanica .

Hortus Cliffortianus does not have a table of contents in the strict sense of the word. For better orientation, the subdivision of the work is shown below:

structure

  • Dedicatio
  • Lectori Botanico
  • Bibliotheca Botanica Cliffortiano
  • Genera Foliorum (3 classes)
  • Methodus Plantarum In Horto Cliffortiano
  • Main part (with the genera from Canna to Cellipora )
  • Vaga
    • Vaga Palmae
    • Vaga Tournefortianea
    • Vaga Plumerianea
    • Vaga Miscellanea
    • Vaga indefinita
  • appendix
    • Appendix generum
    • Appendix Specierum
  • Addenda
  • Index. Numerus paginam donat
  • Ratio. Nominum genericorum receptorum

frontispiece

The frontispiece designed by Jan Wandelaar shows in the form of an allegory the importance of Linnaeus for contemporary botany.

In the middle of the table is the crowned Cybele , which sits on a lion . In her hand she holds a pair of keys, at her feet is a pot with a cliffortia and in front of her lies the map of the Hartekamp garden . One of the angels is holding a thermometer with the scale inverted by Linnaeus . Newly discovered plants are handed to Cybele from the left, an aloe from Africa , coffee from Asia and a hernandia from America . On the right is a banana plant that Linnaeus brought to flower and fruit for the first time. A young Apollo , who bears Linnaeus' features, enters the scene and brings light into the darkness.

Panel

The Hortus Cliffortianus contains a total of 36 panels with pictures of plants. All panels were made by the engraver Jan Wandelaar . Most of the drawings came from Georg Dionysius Ehret .

blackboard Blackboard text drawing
I. Folia Simplicica
II. Folia Composita and Folia Determinata
III. Kaempferia Wandelaar
IV. Piper foliis cordatis, caule procumbente
V. Collinsonia Honor
VI. Gladiolus foliis linaribus Honor
VII. Diervilla Wandelaar
VIII. Campanula foliis hastatis dentatis, caule determinate folioso Honor
IX. Rauvolfia Honor
X. Turnera e petiolo florens, foliis seratis Honor
XI. Passerina foliis linearibus Honor
XII. Helxine caule erecto, aculeis refexis exasperato
XIII. Parkinsonia Honor
XIV. Bauhinia Honor
XV. Bauhinia foliis quinquenerviis: lobis acuminatis remotissimis Wandelaar
XVI. Heliocarpos Honor
XVII. Browallia Honor
XVIII. Martynia foliis seratis Wandelaar
XIX. Amorpha Honor
XX. Dolichos caule perenni lignoso Honor
XXI. Dolichos minimus, floribus luteus Honor
XXII. Dalea Honor
XXIII. Sigesbeckia Wandelaar
XXIV. Buphthalmum caule decomposita, calycibus ramiferis Honor
XXV. Milleria foliis ovatis, pendunculis simplicibus Honor
XXVI. Lobelia caule erecto, foliis cordatis obsolete dentatis petiolatis, corymbo terminatrice Honor
XXVII. Anthospermum mas. Honor
XXVIII. Dioscorea foliis cordatis, caule leavi Honor
XXIX. Kiggelaria mas. Honor
XXX. Cliffortia foliis dentatis: mas. Wandelaar
XXXI. Cliffortia foliis lanceolatis integerrimis: Femina
XXXII. Cliffortia foliis linearibus pilosis: Femina
XXXIII. Hernandia Wandelaar
XXXIV. Hura calycibus acutis, floribus pentandris Honor?
XXXV. Roellia
XXXVI. Cassia calycibus acutis, floribus pentandris

pads

  • 1st edition, Leiden, 1737, folio

proof

literature

  • Wilfrid Blunt : The Compleat Naturalist: A Life of Linnaeus . 2001, pp. 185-197. ISBN 0-7112-1841-2
  • John Lewis Heller: Linnaeus's Hortus Cliffortianus . In: Taxon . Volume 17, No. 6, Dec. 1968, pp. 663-719

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ The dedication and the Lectori Botanico are dated July 30, 1737.
  2. ↑ The year 1737 is on the title page of the work, but the work was not printed until 1738.
  3. ↑ Viridarium Cliffortianum, quo exhibentur plantae omnes, quas vivas aluit hortus Hartecampensis annis 1735. 1736. 1737. Indicatae nominibus ex horto Cliffortiano depromtis . Amsterdam, 1737
  4. ↑ John Lewis Heller: Linnaeus's Hortus Cliffortianus . In: Taxon . Volume 17, No. 6, Dec. 1968, p. 665
  5. ↑ Abbreviation for masculine

Web links

Commons : Hortus Cliffortianus  - collection of images, videos and audio files