Brood leaves

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Brood leaves
Bryophyllum calycinum panel from the first description from 1805

Bryophyllum calycinum
panel from the first description from 1805

Systematics
Nuclear eudicotyledons
Order : Saxifragales (Saxifragales)
Family : Thick-leaf family (Crassulaceae)
Subfamily : Kalanchoideae
Genre : Kalanchoe
Section : Brood leaves
Scientific name
Bryophyllum
( Salisb. ) Boiteau

The breeding leaves ( Bryophyllum ) are a section in the plant genus Kalanchoe , from the family of thick-leaf plants (Crassulaceae). Characteristic features are the brood buds formed in the indentations of the leaf margins and the mostly hanging flowers .

description

The breeding buds of Kalanchoe daigremontiana formed in the indentations of the leaf margins .

The types of section Bryophyllum are terrestrial or epiphytic growing, biennial or perennial succulent plants, often it is subshrubs or shrubs . Most of the time the stem is upright. In climbing and twining species, the stem is thin and often several meters long. The opposite or whirling (usually three leaves) arranged leaves are succulent, simple, lobed, pinnate or pinnate. Brood buds are often formed in the indentations of the leaf margins . Usually a petiole is present. Stipules are missing.

The terminal or axillary inflorescences are umbrella racemes - or rarely panicle-like and contain few to many flowers. In the notches of the leaves or the axils of the inflorescence, breeding buds are often formed. The large, mostly pendulous, stalked flowers are four-fold and hermaphroditic. The four sepals are rarely free, but mostly fused into a bell-shaped or vesicular distended tube. The four petals form a mostly straight or a slightly widened corolla tube, which ends in four round, egg-shaped, triangular protruding or bent back petals, these are usually shorter, rarely longer than the calyx tube. There are two circles with four stamens each; these are apparently attached below the center of the corolla tube, rarely above it. The four carpels are free or fused at their base. The styles are longer than the carpels. There are nectar scales. The four follicles contain many seeds.

Distribution and systematics

With the exception of Kalanchoe adelae , which is also widespread in the Comoros , all species come from Madagascar and are endemic there . Kalanchoe daigremontiana , Kalanchoe pinnata and Kalanchoe prolifera are feral in many tropical areas.

Species of the section Bryophyllum

The following species can be safely assigned to the section Bryophyllum:

Botanical history

Illustration of Bryophyllum calycinum on plate 22 in volume 2 of Augustin-Pyrame de Candolles Organographie végétale (1827)
Plate 1409 with Bryophyllum calycinum in the Botanical Magazine published by William Curtis (Volume 34 of 1811)

Richard Anthony Salisbury wrote the first description of Bryophyllum calycinum (today a synonym for Kalanchoe pinnata ) in 1805 and at the same time established the new genus Bryophyllum . The scientific name of the genus means sprouting leaf and is derived from the Greek words βρύω ( bryein = sprout, grow) and φύλλον ( phyllon = leaf).

The taxonomic classification of the genus Kalanchoe is problematic and not yet complete. This applies in particular to the question of whether Bryophyllum should be treated as a separate genus or as a section of the genus Kalanchoe .

In 1907 Raymond-Hamet was the first to formally form the species of the genus Bryophyllum in the genus Kalanchoe . Pierre Boiteau and Octave Mannoni combined the genera Bryophylloum and Kitchingia with Kalanchoe in 1948/49 and gave them the rank of sections according to the nomenclature rules.

Alwin Berger and August Theodor Harms, on the other hand, maintained the status of Bryophyllum as an independent genus in 1930 when they worked on the thick-leaf family for Adolf Engler's The Natural Plant Families .

A modern monograph of the genus Kalanchoe is missing.

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe got to know Bryophyllum calycinum in the Belvedere Botanical Garden . There he observed the formation of small plants in 1818 that grew out of the leaf margins of the mother plant. Until his death he occupied himself with the plant again and again, as postponed manuscripts show. To Marianne von Willemer , to whom he sent a sheet in 1826, he wrote a short “care guide”:

"Lay flat on a good foundation,
notice how it takes root!"

Medical use

The species Kalanchoe pinnata and Kalanchoe daigremontiana are used medicinally. Kalanchoe pinnata in particular has been used in anthroposophic medicine to inhibit labor ( tocolysis ) for decades . Numerous other positive properties are described, such as the effectiveness in leishmaniasis , jaundice ( hepatitis ), high blood pressure ( arterial hypertension ) and in wound healing. Kalanchoe pinnata has long been used in traditional medicine in Africa, India, China and Australia. In addition, anti-diabetic , anti-bacterial , immunosuppressive , anti- mutagenic and effects in tumors described, but still the subject of investigations are experimental part.

proof

literature

  • JT Baldwin Jr .: Kalanchoe: The Genus and its Chromosomes. In: American Journal of Botany. Volume 25, No. 8, October 1938, pp. 572-579.
  • B. Descoings: Kalanchoe. In: Urs Eggli: Succulents Lexicon. Volume 4. Crassulaceae (thick leaf family). 2003, ISBN 3-8001-3998-7 , pp. 147-188.
  • Hermann Jacobsen : The succulent dictionary. 3. Edition. Fischer, Jena 1983, pp. 269-278.
  • Günter Steiger : Passionate about this creature. Bryophyllum calycinum Goethe's "pantheistic plant". National research and memorial sites for classical literature in Weimar 1986, ISBN 3-7443-0009-9 .
  • Albert H. Tillson: The Floral Anatomy of the Kalanchoideae. In: American Journal of Botany. Volume 27, No. 8, October 1940, pp. 595-600.
  • Bryophyllum. In: Flora of Pakistan. Volume 209. (online) .

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Richard Anthony Salisbury: Bryophyllum calycinum. In: William Hooker: Paradisus Londinensis: or Colored Figures of Plants Cultivated in the vicinity of the Metropolis . Volume 1, Plate III, London 1805 (online)
  2. ↑ Fritz Clemens Werner : Word elements of Latin-Greek technical terms in the biological sciences . 1st edition. Suhrkamp, ​​Frankfurt am Main 1972.
  3. ^ R. Hamet: Monograph du genre Kalenchoe. In: Bulletin de l'Herbier Boissier. (Identification key) Series 2, Volume 7, pp. 870–900.
  4. ^ R. Hamet: Monograph du genre Kalenchoe (suite et fin). In: Bulletin de l'Herbier Boissier. Series 2, Volume 8, No. 11, pp. 17-48.
  5. ^ P. Boiteau, O. Mannoni: Les Kalonchoe (suite). In: Cactus. Paris 1948, No. 13, pp. 7-10; No. 14, pp. 23-28; No. 15-16, pp. 37-42; No. 17-18, pp. 57-58.
  6. ^ P. Boiteau, O. Mannoni: Les Kalonchoe (suite). In: Cactus. Paris 1949, No. 19, pp. 9-14; No. 20, pp. 43-46; No. 21, pp. 69-76; No. 22, pp. 113-114.
  7. ↑ Alwin Berger, August Theodor Harms: Crassulaceae. In: Adolf Engler (Ed.): The natural plant families . Volume 18a, 2nd edition. Leipzig 1930, pp. 352-485.
  8. ^ Letter from Johann Wolfgang von Goethe to Marianne von Willemer dated November 12, 1826. In: Hans-J. Weitz (ed.): Marianne and Johann Jakob Willemer, correspondence with Goethe. Documents. Life chronicle. Explanations . Frankfurt am Main 1965, p. 177.
  9. ^ A. Paula Simoes-Wüst, Lukas Rist: Bryophyllum in preclinical and clinical research. In: The rod of Mercury. Issue 5, 2007, pp. 415-420, accessed on December 10, 2010. (online)
  10. ↑ A. Kamboj, AK Saluja: Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Shortly .: Phytochemical and pharmacological profile: A review. In: Phcog Rev. [serial online] 3, 2009, pp. 364-374, accessed December 10, 2010.

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