Church of the Holy Sepulcher (replica)
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As Holy Sepulcher (also: Holy grave Church , Holy grave Church or Sepulcher , Holy grave chapel , holy grave chapel ) is in Christianity not only the actual Jerusalem Holy Sepulcher with the Holy grave in the narrower sense, but - like the replicas of the Holy Grave - also their replicas. The designation then means either
- primarily the rotunda ,
- just the aedicule above the Holy Sepulcher itself or
- the entire Church of the Holy Sepulcher including the later built basilica and atria.
The role model
After Empress Helena and her son Constantine had the Church of the Holy Sepulcher built on the site of the presumed finding of the cross from 326 , after its inauguration in 335 it became the model for numerous replicas, especially in Europe. The original building was completely or partially destroyed in 615 under Shahrbaraz by Sassanid Persians, 808 by earthquakes and in 1009 under Caliph Al-Hakim by Muslim Arabs. It was rebuilt immediately afterwards, most recently by 1055 at the latest. Since the almost completely preserved outer walls and parts of the support position could be reused during this last reconstruction, the external appearance remained very similar.
The mausoleum built around 330 AD by Constantine the Great for his daughters Constantia (often also called Constantina) and Helena can be seen as a parallel building to the Church of the Holy Sepulcher and was therefore probably a more direct model for some builders than the more distant Jerusalem Church. The mausoleum was later named Santa Costanza after her in the course of the veneration of Constantia as a saint .
Early replicas in Italy
Bishop Petronius († 450) in Bologna is said to have built the church complex of Santo Stefano with a partial church of Santo Sepolcro after a long period of decline of the city based on the model of the Jerusalem Church of the Holy Sepulcher . A few decades later, the rotunda Santo Stefano Rotondo in Rome was built on the model of the Church of the Holy Sepulcher and was consecrated as the last monumental building of the Western Roman Empire in 470.
Further
The Holy Sepulcher Church in Bolzano was built in the 1680s.
Replicas north of the Alps
The St. Michael's Church in Fulda is the oldest church in Germany, following the example of the Holy Sepulcher on behalf of abbot Eigil of Fulda (around 750-822) as a mortuary chapel and own grave lay by Rabanus Maurus designed (around 780-856), in the years Erected from 820 to 822 in the pre-Romanesque , Carolingian architectural style and was consecrated to Archangel Michael in 822 by Archbishop Haistulph († 825) . Santa Costanza in Rome may also serve as a model.
Bishop Konrad von Konstanz (900–975) had the Mauritius rotunda built as a replica of the Church of the Holy Sepulcher under the impression of his pilgrimages in Jerusalem , which as a result became a regional pilgrimage destination. The twelve- sided sandstone burial chapel in it dates from the 13th century and is a replica of the very similar-looking sixteen - sided chapel in Magdeburg Cathedral .
From 1001 to 1016/31 the abbey church of the Saint Bénigne monastery was rebuilt as a rotunda by Wilhelm von Dijon (962-1031). Remnants of it were preserved in the peculiar central building of today's Dijon Cathedral , which emerged from the abbey church . It does not belong to the Holy Sepulcher copies, but follows the model of the Pantheon.
After Eude de Déols stayed as a pilgrim in the Holy Land between 1026 and 1028 and, when he saw the destroyed Church of the Holy Sepulcher, which was being rebuilt, had vowed to build a copy in his homeland, several chroniclers then report that a church was built between 1034 and 1042/49 became the present church of St-Jacques de Neuvy-Saint-Sépulchre . The rotunda was completed at the end of the 12th century.
Bishop Meinwerk von Paderborn (around 975-1036) sent Abbot Wino von Helmarshausen to Jerusalem around 1033 with the order to take the dimensions of the Church of the Holy Sepulcher. Since at that time (1009-1055) there was no intact Church of the Holy Sepulcher in Jerusalem, these could only have been approximate dimensions. According to this information, the so-called Jerusalem Church or Church of the Holy Sepulcher was built on the Busdorf in Paderborn and consecrated in 1036. From this original church, an octagonal central building with four cross-shaped wings, only the west wing and the two round towers that once flanked the west facade still come today.
In 1075 a burial chapel was added to the church of St-Léonard-de-Noblat . The aedicula with the holy grave that belonged to it originally is no longer preserved.
Bishop Heinrich II. Von Werl (around 1050–1127), the second successor of Bishop Meinwerk, had another Jerusalem or Holy Sepulcher built on the Krukenburg near Helmarshausen - also according to the plans of Abbot Wino . A replica of the Holy Sepulcher Chapel in Drüggelte , donated by Count Heinrich I von Arnsberg (1145–1195), would also be conceivable as a successor .
In the Capuchin Church in Eichstätt there is a Romanesque complex of an aedicule with a holy grave, which was built around 1160.
The Kreuzkapelle in Görlitz is a reduced copy of the high medieval Holy Sepulcher Chapel in Jerusalem, begun in 1480 and consecrated in 1504 . The Görlitz Chapel in turn inspired other chapels of this type, including in Żagań .
The pilgrimage chapel Sontga Fossa in the Sevgein in the Surselva in the Swiss canton of Graubünden was built in 1679.
See also
Individual evidence
- ↑ On the symbolic meaning of architectural copies, cf. Richard Krautheimer: Introduction to an Iconography of Medieval Architecture , In ders .: Selected essays on European art history. Cologne, Dumont 2003, pp. 142–197 - Orig .: Introduction to an ›Iconography of Medieval Architecture‹ ( Memento of the original from September 24, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 2.0 MB). In: Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes 5 (1942), pp. 1-33.
- ↑ Otfried Ellger: The Michaelskirche in Fulda as a testimony to care for the dead. On the conception of a cemetery and grave church in the Carolingian monastery of Fulda (publications of the Fuldaer Geschichtsverein 55), Parzeller, Fulda 1989.
literature
- Jürgen Krüger: The Church of the Holy Sepulcher in Jerusalem. History - shape - meaning. Regensburg 2000.
- Jan Pieper, Anke Naujokat, Anke Kappler (eds.): Jerusalemskirchen. Small medieval architecture based on the model of the Holy Sepulcher. Exhibition catalog. Aachen 2011.
- Paolo Piva : The ›copies‹ of the Church of the Holy Sepulcher in the Romanesque Occident. Considerations for a Problematic Relationship . In: Roberto Cassanelli (ed.): The time of the crusades. History and art . Stuttgart 2000, pp. 96-117.