Hahnenstrasse (Cologne)

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Hahnenstrasse - Cologne city view from 1570 by Arnold Mercator : "Die hanen straiß"

The Hahnenstraße in Cologne 's Altstadt-Süd district leads from the Hahnentorburg on the Kölner Ringen to the Neumarkt . It originally connected the medieval city ​​limits at the old Hahnentorburg from 1106 with the new gate castle from the city expansion in 1180. The development and the current course of the road are based on a uniform development plan from 1947.

History of origin

The Hahnenstraße can look back on a history reaching back to the Middle Ages .

middle Ages

Hahnentorburg city exit at Rudolfplatz

The Hahnenstraße was created as a gate road to Hahnentorburg, from which it probably got its name, as the successor to the old Roman long-distance road to the west (Via Agrippinensis), between the Roman west gate at St. Aposteln and today's Hahnentor. In the course of the destruction of the city, such as the attack by the Franks in 355 AD and the Norman attack in 881 AD, the Cologne residents filled the depressions in the western part of the city with rubble and rebuilt them on the rubble horizon. This led to a general increase in the surface. Presumably the Roman west gate could not be fully used for a long time in the 10th century. To date, the terrain here has risen by around 2.5 m compared to the ancient horizon. On the outside of the Roman city, a chapel dedicated to the apostles was founded in the 9th century, which developed into the collegiate monastery of St. Apostles. Due to its expansion on the terrace of the old Roman road, the Roman city gate could no longer be used by 1000 at the latest and was finally closed. As a replacement for the gate, the Cologne team made an opening in the wall (so-called "foramen") at the Römerturm on today's Laach and converted the tower into a replacement gate. A few years later this gate lost its importance due to the city expansion in 1106 and was given the name "oldest sheep gate". At the western end of the Marsilstein, the "older" Hahentor was built in the wall from 1106. As a result of the blocked old Roman road, a new road layout (diversion) developed between the "foramen" and the old route of the country road in front of the city. At the latest with the third expansion of the city in 1180 and the construction of the large city wall, the final route between the foramen / oldest sheep gate and the "new", today's Hahentor, came about. The section between the "older" and the "new" Hahnentor was named Hahnenstrasse.

The name of the large gate is possibly derived from "Hageno von Anselm", an earlier landowner from the 12th century, after whom it was first Hanenporcen and then Hagenenporcen . According to other sources, the derivation goes back to Hano (" grove "), ie "wooden gate" or "wooden gate" because of the forest areas along the road leading to Aachen outside the city ​​wall . The name "Hanenporce" is documented around 1200, "Porta Hanonis" from 1227 is the oldest documented Latin name of the Hahnentor. The Hahnenstrasse sees another view after the house "zum Hanen" ("zum Hahn") located here in the 13th / 14th. Century named. “Zum Hanen” possibly belonged to the brewer Johann zum Hanen and son Claes zum Hanen; a Johan from Hanenstrasse is mentioned in 1396. In medieval Latin it was called "platea gallorum". In May 1253, 12 acres of land between the Ehren- and Hahnenpforte ("porta Hanonis Colonie") were leased by the St. Mauritius Convention . 43 Hahnenstrasse has been owned by the Cologne patrician family Hardevust since the 14th century . For the healing of sick horses in 1370 the blacksmith Master Arnold on the Hahnenstrasse received 72 marks from the city. Another house in Hahnenstrasse belonged to Heinrich vame Koesyn (van dem Cuesyn) until April 1384, who sold it to Styne, the daughter of the late "Stede smyt" (town blacksmith) Master Godschalk. In 1405, Thys von der Hahnenstrasse apparently bequeathed all of his property, especially the “zume Duppen” farm, to the Dominican women.

In Cologne Cityscape of 1570 of Arnold Mercator she was called "Hanen straiß". The map clearly shows its course west of Benesisstrasse ("Am vinaffer poell"; "Am Venuspfuhl") / Am Rinkenpfuhl towards the field of the Roman city wall in a north-westerly direction to Hahnentor. In 1624 Heinrich Krumm von Frechen bought a house on Hahnenstrasse next to the customs house. North of the Hahnenstrasse in the area of ​​the Benesis farm, on the "Pielspohl" (Pfeilspuhl after the Pfeill von Scharfenstein family, or Venuspohl or Benesispfuhl), an eponymous temple of Venus is said to have stood. However, so far no evidence has been found for this. The courtyard “Benesis” or “Pfeilshof” of the Pfeill von Scharfenstein family, Mr. zu Benesis and Stammheim, with a stair tower, stood on the corner of Benesisstrasse at no. 5313–5315. The area around Benesisstrasse was a swamp area for a long time, which is why it was also called "Pielspuhl" or "Benesispfuhl". The swamps west of Neumarkt (Im Laach, Benesisstraße) were drained at the end of the 18th century.

Founding period

Hahnenstraße 6 - Apostle High School with the Church of St. Aposteln (around 1920)

According to the " Itinéraire de Cologne ", which came into force on January 1, 1813 , the Hahnenstrasse was literally translated as "Rue des Coqs" during the French era . Since Mittelstrasse broke through as a bourgeois residential street around 1844, the old access to Hahnentor no longer has its former significance. Since then, the access to Hahnentor has shifted its focus to Mittelstrasse, so that the character of Hahnenstrasse as Torstrasse has declined.

  • Julius Carl Raschdorff, grammar school at the Apostle Church (steel engraving, 1861)

  • Johann Heinrich Schoenscheidt, view from the Hahnenstraße through the Hahnentor (before 1885)

  • Hahnenstraße 43 - Hahnenbräu Brewery (around 1912)

The breweries "St. Peter "(No. 3)," Zum Wolf "(at the latest since 1746; No. 28)," Zum Tolles "(" Tolhuys "; to the customs house) in No. 40 (burned down in 1380) and" Zum Kaiser "(No. . 43). In the latter, the brewery "Hahnenbräu" was founded in 1822 by Michael Joseph Frantzen. It was popularly called “Leichenbräu” because the mourners who went to the Melaten cemetery often stopped here. The brewery was taken over by Franz Contzen in 1838, whose son Ambrosius Contzen took over in 1872. The brewer Matthias Heinrich Abels worked here between 1895 and 1905, and Peter Josef Maaßen from 1905 to 1918. Paul Peter had been the owner of the “Hahnenbräu” since 1918. The building was a double house with two gables and a pointed roof. The carved late baroque crane beam was decorated with a strangling mustache bearer wearing a coat. The crane beam, which was restored until May 2014, is now in the Cologne City Museum . The broad house with its double gable dates from the 18th century. In 1934 the brewing business was stopped, in 1939 No. 43 had to give way to the planned widening of Hahnenstrasse. City architect Johann Peter Weyer acquired numbers 36 and 38 before 1860.

Heinrich Müller Malten described the Hahnenstraße in 1844 as "not the best paved" street. On April 6, 1859, construction began on the Apostle High School in No. 6, which Julius Carl Raschdorff provided with a brick facade and large arched windows, and the opening ceremony took place on October 15, 1860. At that time it was called "Catholic High School at the Apostle Church", since 1919 "State Apostle High School". After a “hero commemoration” in March 1939, the high school was closed by the Nazis in April 1939 and the building was demolished to widen Hahnenstrasse.

Modern times

Hahnenstraße 20 - residential and commercial building (around 1910)
Hahnenstraße 6 - The Rooster (Toni Stockheim, 1962)

On April 15, 1902, the electric "Lindenthalbahn" opened, which ran from the Stadtwaldschleife via Hahnenstrasse to Frankenwerft. The "Müngersdorfbahn" ran on the same route from the same day.

Already in the 1920s there were considerations about car-friendly road openings, but these failed due to the resistance of the Lord Mayor Konrad Adenauer . After his dismissal in March 1933, the traffic planners had a free run. After NSDAP Gauleiter Josef Grohé received the order to redesign the city on June 7, 1939 , Hahnenstrasse became the center of planning for an east-west axis with a width of 68 meters from July 1939, which, however, was not implemented due to the war could. Because of the International Transport Exhibition planned for 1940 in Cologne, the planners contented themselves with a width of 28 meters for lack of time. However, the exhibition was canceled due to the war. The Hahnenstrasse / Pipinstrasse breakthrough began on January 22, 1939, which led to the straightening of the original course of the road. As a result, the older house plots were below today's street, some buildings such as the Apostle High School had to give way to the breakthrough in 1939. In August 1939 the breakthrough to the Hahnentor was made.

After the Second World War , Rudolf Schwarz received the order for the overall design of Hahnenstrasse in mid-1945, and since 1946 the debris from the war had been cleared away. Wilhelm Riphahn received an additional order from the city to develop a specific "construction plan" for this connection between Neumarkt and Rudolfplatz . In September 1945 he conceived his “Basic Thoughts for the Redesign of Hahnenstraße / Cäcilienstraße” as a promenade and cultural mile with a metropolitan character as well as an architectural and optical connection between the high Wilhelminian-style buildings on the Ring and the buildings in the lower old town.

The dimensions of the street were reduced, but the axis, which is important for the ventilation of the city, with low pavilions flanked by higher but flat-roofed blocks, was retained. At the same time, the work and business area was separated from the living area, which was located in the second row behind the pavilions and small inner courtyards. Most of the building plots were leased by the city. With the first shopping areas planned and built after 1945, Riphahn was able to orient itself towards the reconstruction of the Lijnbaan shopping center . This was built in the completely destroyed Rotterdam from 1949 with significant participation of the architect Jacob Bakema . It became Europe's first pedestrian zone in 1953 . Here, for the first time, uniform two-storey commercial buildings were erected without residential buildings, which are now a listed building.

Riphahn planned two-story shop pavilions on the south side, while the peripheral buildings and transverse structures in the cross streets were higher. The Hahnenstrasse was Riphahn's biggest project after the war. “Wilhelm Riphahn's architecture in Hahnenstrasse revolutionized the relationship between living and working in urban development”. The new street became so popular that it was soon called Riphahnenstraße in Cologne .

On August 19, 1948, the “Hahnentor-Lichtspiele”, designed by Riphahn and operated by UFA, opened in no. 57 as the first post-war Cologne cinema building in a landscape of ruins. The building, which seats 1,501, is partly built by prisoners of the Klingelpütz who were paid for with the Belgian “Bosco” cigarette, which earned the cinema the name “Bosco Theater”. After closing in 1971, it was demolished in 1986. After the "Belgian House" opened on February 4, 1950 in Cäcilienstraße, the Riphahn planned building "Die Brücke", consisting of two flat structures, followed on May 4, 1950. The 1,591 m² property belonged to the Federal Republic which it sold to the city in June 1965 at a price of 1.7 million DM. "Die Brücke" is a typical Riphahn angular building that created a cinema / theater hall, library, offices and caretaker's apartment in flat-roof buildings. The space is well used by a cantilever in the access area, but a green area is left free in the library area. In front of it stands a sculpture by the artist Toni Stockheim that pays homage to the street name . On June 22, 1955, the America House opened in the neighboring Apostle Monastery . This means that there are three foreign cultural institutes in the immediate vicinity of Neumarkt.

  • Hahnenstrasse 2–4 - pavilion houses

  • Hahnenstrasse 6 - formerly the British cultural institute, today the Cologne Art Association

  • Hahnenstraße 8 - initially the Möller fabric pavilion with inclined, mirror-free panes

  • Hahnenstrasse 15–33 - Front with traditional Adrians store

  • Hahnenstraße 41–55 - pavilion buildings in the foreground, flanked by higher but flat-roofed blocks

  • Hahnenstrasse 57 - head office of Sparkasse KölnBonn

In the meantime, numerous shops have sprung up in the shopping malls . The Ferdinand Möller gallery opened on November 15, 1951 in one of the two-storey pavilions, but after Möller's death in June 1956, his widow closed the gallery. The Rheinische Zeitung praised the street “with the peculiar private business character”. Ferdinand Leisten founded his household appliance business in December 1953 at No. 55. The architects Stephan and Johannes (Jan) Werner Starck built the L-shaped block No. 2-4 in 1951/52 and in 1955 that leaned against the south aisle of St. Aposteln Working day chapel, today's Pastor-Joseph-Könn-Aula. The low floor height and the tiered arrangement are remarkable. The second floor has balconies of shallow depth over the entire front. It is also used by the shops on the ground floor. The third floor is offset to the rear with a wide roof terrace.

Peter Heinrichs set up his own business with 3,000 DM start-up capital and founded a new tobacco shop in No. 2–4 in May 1975, the “Pfeifen Heinrichs” shop, which is well known far beyond the borders of Cologne. During the G8 summit from June 18-20, 1999 in Cologne, Bill and Hillary Clinton visited the store. Since 1980, a bronze plaque on the Amerika-Haus has been reminding of the demolished Apostelgymnasium in No. 6. When the new headquarters of Sparkasse KölnBonn were built by the architects Hentrich, Petschnigg & Partner in No. 57, a rotunda has been the central and representative entrance and distribution hall since 1992 , in front of it extends a forecourt that is lowered from street level to Hahnenstraße. In 2003 the Kölnischer Kunstverein moved into No. 6. At the beginning of Hahn road no. 4 / corner Apostelnkloster is located in a historic building Riphahn the cafe and restaurant Riphahn . The administration of the Cologne Administration and Business Academy , whose lectures take place in the University of Cologne , is located in No. 16 .

location

The western extension of the 480 meter long Hahnenstrasse is Aachener Strasse , eastern the Cäcilienstrasse leading to the Deutz Bridge . As a thoroughfare, Hahnenstrasse is part of the L 111 . The Hahnentor separates the two lane directions, with Hahnenstraße ending at Pfeilstraße in a westerly direction and running eastwards to Mauritiuswall. The extension to the Cologne rings is called Pilgrimstraße here. Access roads are Apostelnkloster / Mauritiussteinweg, Benesisstraße / Am Rinkenpfuhl and Pfeilstraße / Mauritiuswall. Its median acts as a railway body for the Cologne Stadtbahn , whose lines 1 and 7 run between Neumarkt and Rudolfplatz. The Cologne tram serves Neumarkt with lines 1, 3, 4, 7, 9, 16 and 18. There are restaurants (mainly restaurants) in the middle to upper price range across the entire Hahnenstraße.

An d'r Hahnepooz (Am Hahnentor) is one of the few streets in Cologne with a street name in the Cologne language that was given to it on March 22, 1960. This street is 109 meters long, runs through the Hahnentor over Rudolfplatz and ends at the Habsburgerring.

literature

  • Peter Glasner: The legibility of the city. Cultural history and lexicon of medieval street names in Cologne. (2 volumes) DuMont, Cologne 2002. ISBN 3-8321-7815-5
  • Alexander Hess: The Hahnenstraße as the successor to the old Roman arterial road. In: Foris Das Magazin 2015/2016, pp. 7-11, published by Fortis Colonia 2016.
  • Hiltrud Kier , Wolfram Hagspiel , Ulrich Krings: Cologne. Architecture of the 50s. Bachem Verlag, Cologne 1986 (out of print) ISBN 3-7616-0858-6
  • Josef Nipper: Good times, bad times, the 20th century (with picture and plans for the Gau capital) in Dorothea Wiktorin (ed.): Cologne, the historical-topographical atlas. Emons Verlag , Cologne 2001, ISBN 3-89705-229-6 , pp. 38-43

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Peter Glasner: The legibility of the city. Cultural history and lexicon of medieval street names in Cologne , p. 113 f, with reference to Hermann Keussen Volume I, p. 168 *
  2. ↑ Alexander Hess: The Hahnenstraße as the successor to the old Roman arterial road. In: Fortis Das Magazin 2015/2016, pp. 7-p.11, published by Fortis Colonia, Cologne 2016.
  3. ↑ Cologne History Association, Yearbook , Volume 22, p. 75.
  4. ↑ Helmut Signon / Klaus Schmidt, all roads led through Cologne , 2006, p 178th
  5. ↑ Adolf Bach / Dieter Berger, German onomastics: The German place names , Volume 3, 1954, p. 224.
  6. ↑ Klaus Militzer, Sources on the history of the Cologne lay brotherhoods from the 12th century to 1562/63 , Volume 1, 1997, p. 138.
  7. ^ Leonard Ennen , Sources for the history of the city of Cologne , 1863, p. 333
  8. ^ Leonard Ennen, History of the City of Cologne , Volume 2, 1865, p. 531.
  9. ↑ Ludwig Röhrscheid, Annals of the Historical Association for the Lower Rhine , issues 71–73, 1901, p. 139.
  10. ↑ Jutta Prieur, The Cologne Dominican Convent St. Gertrud am Neumarkt , 1983, p. 345.
  11. ↑ He is incorrectly called "Benuspohl" in the Cologne city map from 1752
  12. ↑ Friedrich Everhard von Mering / Ludwig Reischert, On the History of the City of Cologne on the Rhine , Volumes 1–2, 1838, p. 29.
  13. ↑ Friedrich Everhard von Mering / Ludwig Reischert, On the History of the City of Cologne on the Rhine , Volumes 1–2, 1838, p. 10.
  14. ↑ Else Utrecht, Economic and Social Topography of the Old and New Town of Cologne , 1929, p. 44.
  15. ↑ Else Utrecht, Economic and Social Topography of the Old and New Town of Cologne , 1929, p. 25.
  16. ^ Historical archive, witnesses Cologne brewing culture 1396-1996 , 1996, p. 184
  17. ^ Joseph Klersch / Heribert A. Hilgers, From the Imperial City to the Big City: Cityscape and Economy in Cologne , 1794–1860, 1925, p. 67
  18. ↑ Heinrich Müller Malten, Cologne and its surroundings: A guide for foreigners and locals , 1844, p. 46
  19. ↑ Zeitschrift für Bauwesen, Volume 11, 1861, p. 686
  20. ↑ Konrad Adenauer / Volker Gröbe, Lindenthal: The development of a Cologne district , 1988, p. 118
  21. ↑ Peter Fuchs (Ed.), Chronik zur Geschichte der Stadt Köln , Volume 2, 1991, p. 239.
  22. ↑ Peter Fuchs (Ed.), Chronicle of the History of the City of Cologne , Volume 2, 1991, p. 255.
  23. ↑ Helmut Fussbroich, Architekturführer Köln, 1997, p. 44.
  24. ↑ Gerhard Dietrich, Museum for Applied Art: Chronicle 1888-1988 , 1988, p. 124.
  25. ↑ Gebrüder Mann, Cologne Yearbook for Early History and Prehistory , Volume 23, 1990, p. 401.
  26. ^ Historical seminar at the University of Cologne, History in Cologne , Volumes 29–32, 1991, p. 66.
  27. ↑ Article on Brücke and Riphahn at bauwatch.koelnarchitektur.de
  28. ↑ Hiltrud Klier / Ulrich Krings, Stadtspuren: Denkmäler in Köln , Volume 2, 1998, p. 407.
  29. ↑ Barbara Schock-Werner / Joachim Frank, To the point: With the master builder a. D. durch die Stadt , 2015, o. P.
  30. ↑ Article on Riphahn at museums in Cologne
  31. ↑ Peter Fuchs (Ed.), Chronicle of the History of the City of Cologne , Volume 2, 1991, p. 324.
  32. ↑ Peter Fuchs (Ed.), Chronik zur Geschichte der Stadt Köln , Volume 2, 1991, p. 325.
  33. ^ German Bundestag, Stenographic Report e, 1965, IV / 3531
  34. ↑ Kölner Stadt-Anzeiger from November 20, 1951, the Ferdinand Möller gallery opened
  35. ^ Rheinische Zeitung of November 20, 1951, art trade in Hahnenstrasse
  36. ^ Hartwig Beseler, The Apostle Church in Cologne, 1956, p. 7
  37. ↑ Kurt Eggermann, Peter Heinrichs: A Cologne Original of the 21st Century , 2014, p. 107.
  38. ↑ Kurt Eggermann, Peter Heinrichs: A Cologne Original of the 21st Century , 2014, p. 80.
  39. ↑ https://fortis-colonia.de/publikationen/magazine.html

Web links

Coordinates: 50 ° 56 '8.8 "  N , 6 ° 56" 33.7 "  E

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