Halostachys belangeriana

Halostachys belangeriana
	Halostachys belangeriana
Systematics
Order :	Clove-like (Caryophyllales)
Family :	Foxtail family (Amaranthaceae)
Subfamily :	Salicornioideae
Tribe :	Salicornieae
Genre :	Halostachys
Type :	Halostachys belangeriana
Scientific name of the genus
	Halostachys
	CAMey. ex Schrenk
Scientific name of the species
	Halostachys belangeriana
	( Moq. ) Botsch.

Halostachys belangeriana (Syn. Halostachys caspica ) is the only species of the plant genus Halostachys in the foxtail family(Amaranthaceae). It is a salt plant with an articulated stem and reduced leaves and flowers. They arewidespreadfrom Southeast Europe through Southwest and Central Asia to China.

description

Vegetative characteristics

Halostachys belangeriana grows as a shrub and reaches heights and a width of up to three meters. The upright stems are heavily branched, the older branches are mostly leafless. This year's twigs are blue-green, fleshy, appear articulated, with a bare, usually finely papilous surface. The leaves are opposite, they are fleshy, glabrous, fused with one another and surrounding the stem (and thereby creating the structure), with a very short, scale-shaped triangular tip.

Inflorescences and flowers

The inflorescences consist of numerous, mostly opposite, cylindrical false spikes with a length of 1.5 to 3 centimeters and a width of two to five millimeters on an articulated stem. The hermaphroditic flowers sit in threes in the axilla of a rhombic-square bract . The bracts are opposite and not fused. The obovate to inverted pyramidal flower envelope consists of three intergrown tepals and has three inwardly curved lobes at the tip. The only stamen protrudes from the flower. The egg-shaped ovary bears two awl, papillary scars . The flowering and fruiting period extends from July to November.

Fruits and seeds

At the time of fruiting, the fleshy and somewhat enlarged, clearly triangular, shiny flower cover surrounds the fruit. The pericarp is membranous. The upright seed is oblong-egg-shaped and red-brown. It contains the semi-circular embryo and abundant nutrient tissue.

distribution

The distribution area of Halostachys belangeriana extends from southeast Europe, the Caucasus ( Russia , Armenia , eastern Turkey ) through southwest Asia (northern Iran , Afghanistan , Pakistan ) and central Asia ( Turkmenistan , Mongolia ) to the Uyghur autonomous region of Xinjiang and the western part of the Chinese province of Gansu .

As a salt plant , it colonizes salt marshes, salty and alkaline clay plains and salt depressions, dry river beds and the banks of salt lakes .

Systematics

The first valid description of the genus Halostachys was written by Alexander von Schrenk in 1843 . Carl Anton von Meyer had already used the name in 1838 (as "Halostachys caspia"), but without providing a description of the genus. The genus initially contained three species ( Halostachys caspica , Halostachys nodulosa and Halostachys songarica ). In 1874, Halostachys songarica was established as the lectotype . However, Halostachys songarica and H. nodulosa were placed in the genus Halopeplis by Franz Ungern-Sternberg in 1866 . In 2015, Mikko Piirainen proposed to preserve the name Halostachys with the type Halostachys caspica , (this is a synonym of Halostachys belangeriana ).

The genus Halostachys contains only one species, Halostachys belangeriana (Moq.) Botsch. The name Halostachys caspica is often found in the literature . The oldest description as Salicornia caspica Pall. comes from Peter Simon Pallas in 1771, but this name is illegitimate as Salicornia caspica L. already existed. Halocnemum caspicum (Pall.) M.Bieb are based on this illegitimate name . , Halostachys caspia (Pall.) CAMey. (nom. inval.), Halostachys caspica (Pall.) CAMey. ex Schrenk and Arthrocnemum caspicum (Pall.) Moq. (pp, nom. confus.). Other synonyms are Arthrocnemum belangerianum Moq. and Halocnemum caspicum var. belangerianum (Moq.) Moq.

By phylogenetic studies of the subfamily Salicornioideae was confirmed that Halostachys with the genre Halocnemum is related closely.

use

Halostachys belangeriana thrives under extreme ecological conditions and is suitable as a fodder plant for sustainable development in saline regions. The best forage quality is achieved during flowering. Important plant ingredients are flavonoids with antimicrobial and antioxidant properties that can be used economically.

Individual evidence

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Ian Charleson Hedge: Halostachys belangeriana. In: Karl Heinz Rechinger et al. (Ed.): Flora Iranica , Volume 172, Chenopodiaceae , Akad. Druck, Graz 1997, ISBN 3-201-00728-5 , pp. 125-126.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Ian Charleson Hedge: Halostachys belangeriana. In: Helmut Freitag et al .: Chenopodiaceae. In: Flora of Pakistan , Volume 204 - Missouri Botanical Garden Press & University of Karachi. 2001, ISBN 1930723105
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Gelin Zhu, Sergei L. Mosyakin, Steven E. Clemants: Halostachys caspica. In: Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Eds.): Flora of China . Volume 5: Ulmaceae through Basellaceae . Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 2003, ISBN 1-930723-27-X , pp. 357 (English). , online .
↑ ^a ^b Gudrun Kadereit, Ladislav Mucina, Helmut Freitag: Phylogeny of Salicornioideae (Chenopodiaceae): diversification, biogeography, and evolutionary trends in leaf and flower morphology , In: Taxon , Volume 55, Issue 3, 2006, pp. 630-632.
↑ Alexander von Schrenk: Chenopodiaceae staticesque novae vel nondum descriptae quas in itinere ad fluvium Tschu versus legit Alexander Schrenk. In: Bulletin de la Classe Physico-Mathématique de l'Académie Impériale des Sciences de Saint-Pétersbourg 1, 1843, p. 361. First description of Halostachys scanned at biodiversitylibrary.org .
↑ Mikko Piirainen: Proposal to conserve the name Halostachys (Chenopodiaceae s.str .; Amaranthaceae sensu APG: Salicornioideae) with a conserved type . In: Taxon 64, Issue 2, 2015, pp. 386–387.
↑ Mikko Piirainen 2009: Halostachys belangeriana. In: P. Uotila, (Ed.): Chenopodiaceae. In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity.
↑ ^a ^b B. Rasuoli, B. Amiri, MH Assareh, M. Jafari: Nutritional value of a halophyte species, Halostachys caspica in three different phaenological stages and three different sites. In: Iranian Journal of Range and Desert Research , Volume 18, Number 1 (42), 2011, pp. 32-41.
↑ ^a ^b Hao Liu, Yan Mou, Jianglin Zhao, Jihua Wang, Ligang Zhou, Mingan Wang, Daoquan Wang, Jianguo Han, Zhu Yu, Fuyu Yang: Flavonoids from Halostachys caspica and their antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. In: Molecules 15, 2010, pp. 7933-7945. doi : 10.3390 / molecules15117933