Salicornieae

Salicornieae
	Samphire ( Salicornia europaea )
Systematics
	Eudicotyledons
	Nuclear eudicotyledons
Order :	Clove-like (Caryophyllales)
Family :	Foxtail family (Amaranthaceae)
Subfamily :	Salicornioideae
Tribe :	Salicornieae
Scientific name of the subfamily
	Salicornioideae
	Ulbr.
Scientific name of the tribe
	Salicornieae
	Moq.

Allenrolfea occidentalis

Halocnemum strobilaceum

Kalidium caspicum

Sarcocornia perennis

Salicornioideae is the only tribes of the subfamily Salicornioideae within the plant family of amaranthaceae (Amaranthaceae). Characteristic features are mostly structured, succulent stems with greatly reduced leaves . The flowers are in dense, thick, spike- shaped thyrsus - shaped inflorescences . They are salt plants with worldwide distribution.

description

Vegetative characteristics

The types of Salicornioideae are annual or perennial herbaceous plants , semi-shrubs or small shrubs . Their bare stems often appear articulated. The leaves are alternate or opposite, they are fleshy, glabrous, often overgrown below and surrounding the stem (and thereby causing the structure), with a missing or short free leaf blade.

Inflorescences and flowers

The spike-like inflorescences consist of alternate or opposite, often overgrown and surrounding the stem, or in some species also free bracts . In the axilla there are one to five (rarely up to twelve) flowers, which can be grown freely or with each other, with the bract and the inflorescence axis. The hermaphrodite (or rarely unisexual flowers at the edge) flowers have a two- to fünflappige perianth of fused tepals . There are one or two stamens and an ovary with usually two stigmas .

Fruits and seeds

At the time of fruiting, the perianth remains membranous or becomes spongy, crusty or horny. The pericarp can be membranous, fleshy, crusty or woody. The seed is disc-shaped, lens-shaped, egg-shaped or wedge-shaped. Its surface can be smooth, papillary, reticulate, bumpy or longitudinally ribbed. The embryo is curved, semi-ring-shaped or horseshoe-shaped, rarely only slightly curved. Most of the time there is plenty of nutrient tissue, only Salicornia and Sarcocornia lack it.

Photosynthetic pathway

The Salicornieae are almost all C ₃ plants . The only species that has developed C ₄ photosynthesis is Tecticornia indica (syn. Halosarcia indica ).

Spread and evolution

The subfamily Salicornioideae is widespread worldwide, the species grow on the sea coasts and on salty soils inland ( halophytes ).

The Salicornioideae originated in Eurasia about 38 to 28 million years ago (Late Eocene / Early Oligocene ) and experienced a rapid split into the main lines. Kalidium , the Halocnemum / Halostachys lineage, Halopeplis and the Allenrolfea / Heterostachys lineage split off early on . Later the Arthrocnemum / Microcnemum line, the Halosarcia line (with Halosarcia, Pachycornia, Tecticornia , Sclerostegia, Tegicornia ) and the Salicornia / Sarcocornia line emerged. Already 14 to 19 million years ago (Middle Miocene ) all genera were developed.

Systematics

The first description of the tribe salicornioideae carried out in 1849 by Alfred Moquin-Tandon within the goosefoot family (Chenopodiaceae, these are now the Amaranthaceae incorporated). Oskar Eberhard Ulbrich raised the taxon in 1934 as Salicornioideae to the rank of subfamily (in: A. Engler & K. Prantl (eds.): The natural plant families , ed. 2, volume 16c).

According to phylogenetic studies by Kadereit et al. (2006) the subfamily Salicornioideae contains only one tribe, the Salicornieae. Previously, two tribes had been distinguished, the Halopeplideae and the Salicornieae, which, however, did not form monophyletic groups.

Tribe Salicornieae Moq. : With eleven genera and about 110 species:
- Allenrolfea Kuntze : With three kinds in North and South America .
- Arthrocnemum Moq. With two to three species of South-West Asia and the Mediterranean to the western tropical Africa ( Cape Verde ) and Macaronesia are common
- Halocnemum M.Bieb. : With two species that are distributed from southern Europe and North Africa across Asia to China .
- Halopeplis Bunge ex Ung.-Sternb. : With three species, distributed from the Mediterranean region and North Africa via Southwest and Central Asia to China.
- Halostachys C.A.Mey. ex Schrenk : With the only kind:
  - Halostachys belangeriana (Moq.) Botsch. (Syn .: Halostachys caspica (M. Bieb.) CAMey. Ex Schrenk ): It occurs in Central and Southwest Asia, Southeast Europe .
- Heterostachys Ung.-Sternb. : With two types. They occur in Central and South America.
- Potassium Moq. (Syn .: Kalidiopsis Aellen ): With about six species. They are widespread from Southeast Europe through Southwest and Central Asia to China.
- Microcnemum Ung.-Sternb. : With the only kind:
  - Microcnemum coralloides (Loscos & J.Pardo) Font cross . The two subspecies show a widely separated distribution in Spain and the Near East ( Turkey , Armenia , northwest Iran ).
- Samphire ( Salicornia L. ): With about 15 kinds. They occur worldwide, especially in the northern hemisphere, absent in Australia and South America.
- Sarcocornia A.J.Scott : With about 30 kinds. They occur worldwide.
- Tecticornia Hook f. (including Halosarcia Paul G.Wilson , Pachycornia Hook.f. , Sclerostegia Paul G.Wilson , Tegicornia Paul G.Wilson ): With about 44 species. They occur mainly in Australia , as well as on the tropical coasts of the Indian Ocean to eastern and western tropical Africa .

literature

Gudrun Kadereit, Ladislav Mucina & Helmut Freitag: Phylogeny of Salicornioideae (Chenopodiaceae): diversification, biogeography, and evolutionary trends in leaf and flower morphology , In: Taxon , Volume 55 (3), 2006, pages 617-642. (Sections Description, Distribution and Evolution, Systematics)

Individual evidence

↑ Gudrun Kadereit, Thomas Borsch, K. Weising, and Helmut Freitag: Phylogeny of Amaranthaceae and Chenopodiaceae and the evolution of C ₄ photosynthesis . - In: International Journal of Plant Sciences 164 (6), 2003, p. 979.
^ Alfred Moquin-Tandon: Salsolaceae . in: De Candolle (Ed.): Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 13 (2), 1849, p. 144. Masson, Paris. First description scanned at BHL
↑ Kai Müller & Thomas Borsch: Phylogenetics of Amaranthaceae using matK / trnK sequence data - evidence from parsimony, likelihood and Bayesian approaches , In: Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden , 92, 2005, pp. 66-102.
↑ ^a ^b Kelly Anne Shepherd, Paul Graham Wilson: Incorporation of the Australian genera Halosarcia, Pachycornia, Sclerostegia and Tegicornia into Tecticornia (Salicornioideae, Chenopodiaceae). , In: Australian Systematic Botany , Volume 20, 2007, pp. 319-331.

Web links

Commons : Salicornioideae - collection of images, videos and audio files

Wikispecies: Salicornieae - Species Directory

[Kadereit2003-1] Gudrun Kadereit, Thomas Borsch, K. Weising, and Helmut Freitag: Phylogeny of Amaranthaceae and Chenopodiaceae and the evolution of C ₄ photosynthesis . - In: International Journal of Plant Sciences 164 (6), 2003, p. 979.

[Moquin-2] Alfred Moquin-Tandon: Salsolaceae . in: De Candolle (Ed.): Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 13 (2), 1849, p. 144. Masson, Paris. First description scanned at BHL

[Müller-3] Kai Müller & Thomas Borsch: Phylogenetics of Amaranthaceae using matK / trnK sequence data - evidence from parsimony, likelihood and Bayesian approaches , In: Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden , 92, 2005, pp. 66-102.

[Shepherd2007-4] Kelly Anne Shepherd, Paul Graham Wilson: Incorporation of the Australian genera Halosarcia, Pachycornia, Sclerostegia and Tegicornia into Tecticornia (Salicornioideae, Chenopodiaceae). , In: Australian Systematic Botany , Volume 20, 2007, pp. 319-331.