Halocnemum
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| M.Bieb. |
Halocnemum is a genus of plants in the foxtail family(Amaranthaceae). They are shrubby salt plants with fleshy, apparently articulatedstemsand greatly reduced leaves and flowers. The genus is easily recognizable by its spherical to short-cylindrical side branches. The only two species are distributed from southern Europe and North Africa across Asia to China.
description
Vegetative characteristics
The Halocnemum species are semi-shrubs or small shrubs that reach heights of up to 1.5 meters. The richly branched shoot axes appear articulated and bare. Characteristic features are small, spherical to short-cylindrical side branches.
The opposite leaves are fleshy, glabrous, reduced to small scales, fused together in the lower part and surrounding the stem.
Inflorescences and flowers
The inflorescences consist of terminal and numerous lateral pseudo-spikes partial inflorescences , these are opposite and are spherical to short-cylindrical. The individual cymes in the axilla of a shield-shaped bract each contain (two to) three flowers that are slightly sunk into the inflorescence axis.
The flowers are mostly hermaphroditic. The perianth consists of three membranous, connected only at the base bloom cladding . The only stamen protrudes from the flower envelope. The egg-shaped ovary wearing a thick pen and two pfriemliche scars .
Fruits and seeds
At the time of fruiting, the flower envelope remains unchanged. The fruit is obovate and free. The seed stands vertically and is orange to red-brown. The seed coat is more or less papillary especially along the raphe (= seed seam) . The embryo is curved. There is abundant nutrient tissue.
Occurrence
The distribution area of Halocnemum extends from southern Europe , the Mediterranean region and North Africa across eastern Europe, southwest and central Asia to China ( Xinjiang , Gansu ).
Halocnemum species colonize coastal salt marshes as well as inland salt pans , dried up river beds and salty semi-deserts at altitudes of up to 1200 meters.
Systematics
The genus Halocnemum was established in 1819 by Friedrich August Marschall von Bieberstein , and at that time contained the two species Halocnemum strobilaceum and Halocnemum caspicum (the latter is a synonym of Halostachys belangeriana ). As a type species was Halocnemum strobilaceum set. In the 19th century, other species were added that were later assigned to other genera or were considered synonymous with Halocnemum strobilaceum . In the 20th century , Halocnemum was considered monotypical for a long time . In 2008 the new species Halocnemum yurdakulolii was described, which was synonymous with Halocnemum cruciatum in 2012 .
According to Bacchetta et al. 2012 and Biondi et al. In 2013 the genus Halocnemum includes two species:
- Halocnemum strobilaceum (Pall.) M.Bieb. : a prostrate, ascending, blue-green dwarf shrub up to 60 cm, side branches spherical to cylindrical, seeds more or less smooth. It iswidespreadin Eastern Europe (from Italy and Greece to Ukraine ) and Asia ( Anatolia , Caucasus , Iran , Iraq , Afghanistan , Pakistan , Arabia , China , Mongolia , Siberia , Kazakhstan ). The number of chromosomes is 2n = 18.
- Halocnemum cruciatum (Forssk.) Death. (Syn. Halocnemum yurdakulolii Yaprak ), an upright-ascending, pale yellowish-green shrub up to 1.5 meters, side branches all spherical, seeds along the raphe (= seed seam) papilous. It is particularlywidespreadon the coasts of the Mediterranean : southern Spain and southern Italy ( Sicily , Sardinia ), Algeria , Tunisia , Egypt , Libya ( Cyrenaica ), Cyprus , southern coast of Turkey , less often inland ( Sinai Peninsula , Morocco , salt basins the Sahara and the Saharo-Iranian area).
use
Halocnemum strobilaceum is of little economic importance as a pasture plant for camels and sheep. Halocnemum strobilaceum is well suited for the repopulation of heavily saline soils . In addition, Halocnemum strobilaceum are used by nomadic tribes for the extraction of potash and as fuel.
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e f g Ian Charleson Hedge: Halocnemum. , Pp. 126-128. In: Karl Heinz Rechinger et al. (Ed.): Flora Iranica , Volume 172, Chenopodiaceae , Akad. Druck, Graz 1997 ISBN 3-201-00728-5 .
- ↑ Friedrich August Marschall von Bieberstein: Flora Taurico-Caucasica , 3, p. 3. First description scanned at BHL.
- ↑ Halocnemum at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed July 28, 2016.
- ↑ a b c Ahmed Emre Yaprak, Gudrun Kadereit: A new species of Halocnemum M.Bieb. (Amaranthaceae) from southern Turkey. In: Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , Volume 158, 2008, pp. 716-721. doi : 10.1111 / j.1095-8339.2008.00910.x
- ^ A b Gianluigi Bacchetta, Cristian Brullo, Salvatore Brullo, Riccardo Guarino, Saverio Sciandrello: Studi tassonomici sulle popolazioni italiane di Halocnemum strobilaceum (Amaranthaceae). In: Gianluigi Bacchetta, Cristian Brullo, Salvatore Brullo, Riccardo Guarino, Saverio Sciandrello: Flora vascolare d'Italia: studi biosistematici, taxa endemici e loci classici . Roma, 2012. pp. 29-30. ISBN 978-88-85915-06-0 .
- ↑ a b c Eduardo Biondi, Simona Casavecchia, Elena Estrelles, Pilar Soriano: Halocnemum M. Bieb. vegetation in the Mediterranean Basin. In: Plant Biosystems , Volume 147, Issue 3, 2013, pp. 536-547. doi : 10.1080 / 11263504.2013.832709
- ↑ Halocnemum strobilaceum at Tropicos.org. In: IPCN Chromosome Reports . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
- ↑ entry at Pl @ antUse after Gintzburger et al .: rangelands in Uzbekistan , 2003. Accessed July 28, 2016th
Web links
Wikispecies: Halocnemum - Species Directory- Halocnemum strobilaceum at Tropicos.org. In: Flora of Pakistan . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
- Halocnemum strobilaceum at Tropicos.org. In: Flora Palestine . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis