Sarcocornia
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Sarcocornia is a genus of plants in the foxtail family(Amaranthaceae). They are perennial salt plants with fleshy, articulated stem axes and greatly reduced leaves and flowers. They colonize sea coasts or inland salt areas around the world, especially in temperate and subtropical regions with mild winter conditions.
description
Vegetative characteristics
The Sarcocornia styles are bald, perennial herbaceous plants , half-shrubs and shrubs . The growth form can be upright, prostrate and mat-like or pillow-shaped. The young shoot axes appear to be articulated through connection with the leaves. Older axes are lignified and not articulated. The fleshy leaves are opposite, connected at the base and descending on the stem and cause the segmentation of the plants. The leaf tips form small triangular scales and have narrow skin margins.
Inflorescences and flowers
Some stems have terminal or lateral spike-like inflorescences . These are apparently structured, each link consists of two opposing, mostly three-, rarely up to five-flowered cymes , which are completely embedded between a fleshy bract and the axis. The individual flowers of each cyme are approximately the same size and arranged in a horizontal row, the flowers on the side do not touch. The flowers are hermaphroditic or unisexual, approximately radial symmetry, with three to four fleshy tepals that are fused almost to the tip and are also preserved at the fruiting time. The flowers contain one to two stamens and two to three stigmas .
Fruits and seeds
The fruits are elliptical with a membranous pericarp . The seeds are vertical, ellipsoidal, with a light brown, membranous, hairy seed coat . The seed hairs can be curvy, hooked, conical, or straight. The embryo is horseshoe-shaped and there is no nutrient tissue.
Chromosome number
The basic chromosome number is x = 9. The species have diploid (18), tetraploid (36), hexaploid (54) and octoploid (72) chromosome numbers .
Distribution and location
Sarcocornia is widespread worldwide, especially in warm-temperate regions ( Mediterranean climate ), and to a lesser extent in subtropical climates. In Europe it occurs in the Mediterranean region and on the Atlantic coasts with mild winter, also in North and South America, in southern Africa and in Australia .
As typical salt plants (halophytes) they grow on the coasts of the sea in salt marshes , in loamy tidal hollows and on coastal cliffs, or inland on salt pans and on the banks of salt lakes . An exception is Sarcocornia xerophila , which occurs on quartz with lower salinity in semi-desert .
History of origin
The genus Sarcocornia began to develop from Eurasian ancestors since the Middle Miocene . Four communities of descent emerged: first the Eurasian Sarcocornia clade, from this the American Sarcocornia clade, the Salicornia clade (with the annual species of the genus Queller ) and the South African-Australian Sarcocornia clade. Since the genus Salicornia developed out of the middle of Sarcocornia , Sarcocornia is paraphyletic . The form of growth as recumbent mats emerged several times independently of one another and is viewed as an adaptation to growth locations with prolonged flooding, tidal movement and frost .
Systematics
The first description of the genus Sarcocornia was made in 1978 by Andrew John Scott , thus giving perennial species from the year of the closely related genus Salicornia ( Salicornia separated out). The type species is Sarcocornia perennis .
The genus Sarcocornia includes around 30 species whose center of diversity (center of biodiversity) is in southern Africa:
- in Eurasia and North Africa : Until 2009 only Sarcocornia fruticosa and Sarcocornia perennis were known here, since then six other species have been described:
- Sarcocornia alpini (Lag.) Rivas-Martınez , on the Iberian Peninsula
- Sarcocornia carinata (Fuente, Rufo & Sánchez Mata) Fuente, Rufo & Sánchez Mata , described from Spain
- Sarcocornia fruticosa (L.) AJScott , on Mediterranean coasts and the Atlantic coast of France
- Sarcocornia hispanica Fuente, Rufo & Sánchez-Mata , in the southeast of the Iberian Peninsula
- Sarcocornia lagascae Fuente, Rufo & Sánchez Mata , Mediterranean coasts of the Iberian Peninsula
- Sarcocornia obclavata Yaprak , described from Turkey
- Sarcocornia perennis (Miller) AJScott , coasts of the Atlantic and Mediterranean in western and southern Europe and North Africa
- Sarcocornia pruinosa Fuente, Rufo & Sánchez-Mata , Atlantic coasts of France , Spain and Portugal
- in North America:
- Sarcocornia ambigua (Michx.) MAAlonso & MBCrespo , Atlantic coasts of North America, Caribbean coasts
- Sarcocornia pacifica (Standl.) AJScott , Pacific coasts of North America from Alaska to Baja California , inland in Southern California and Death Valley
- Sarcocornia utahensis (Tidestr.) AJScott : It occurs from Utah to Texas and in northern Mexico , coasts on the Gulf of Mexico from northeast Mexico to Louisiana , there is an isolated occurrence in the Bahamas on the Panamint Lakes.
- in South America :
- Sarcocornia andina (Phil.) Freitag, MAAlonso & MBCrespo : It thrives in the Atacama Desert in Chile.
- Sarcocornia magellanica (Phil.) MAAlonso & MBCrespo , in Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego in Argentina
- Sarcocornia neei (Lag.) MAAlonso & MBCrespo , on the Pacific coast of Chile and Peru , northern half of Argentina to the Atlantic coast.
- Sarcocornia pulvinata (REFr.) AJScott , in the Altiplano Andino in Peru and Bolivia
- in Southern Africa:
- Sarcocornia capensis (Moss) AJScott , western and eastern Cape Peninsula of South Africa
- Sarcocornia decumbens (Tölken) AJScott , southern and eastern coasts of South Africa and Mozambique
- Sarcocornia decussata S.Steffen, Mucina & G.Kadereit , western Cape Peninsula of South Africa
- Sarcocornia dunensis (Moss) S.Steffen, Mucina & G.Kadereit , in Lüderitz , Namibia
- Sarcocornia freitagii S. Steffen, Mucina & G.Kadereit , west coast of South Africa
- Sarcocornia littorea (Moss) AJScott , West and South Coast of South Africa
- Sarcocornia mossambicensis Brenan , southern Mozambique
- Sarcocornia mossiana (Tölken) AJScott , western Cape Peninsula of South Africa
- Sarcocornia natalensis (Bunge ex Ung.-Sternb.) AJScott , coasts of the Atlantic and Indian Oceans of Namibia, South Africa and Mozambique
- Sarcocornia pillansii (Moss) AJScott , South African coasts
- Sarcocornia tegetaria S.Steffen, Mucina & G.Kadereit , coasts of the Atlantic and Indian Oceans of Namibia, South Africa and Mozambique
- Sarcocornia terminalis (Tölken) AJScott , Namaqualand in South Africa. The systematic position of this species is unclear.
- Sarcocornia xerophila (Tölken) AJScott , Namaqualand in South Africa
- in Australia:
- Sarcocornia blackiana (Ulbr.) AJScott , on the coasts of South and West Australia , Tasmania , coasts and inland areas of New Zealand and New Caledonia .
- Sarcocornia globosa P.G. Wilson , in Western Australia
- Sarcocornia quinqueflora (Bunge ex Ung.-Sternb.) AJ Scott , coasts of eastern, southern and western Australia, Tasmania, coasts and inland areas of New Zealand and New Caledonia.
literature
- Peter W. Ball: Sarcocornia . In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico . Volume 4: Magnoliophyta: Caryophyllidae, part 1 . Oxford University Press, New York / Oxford a. a. 2003, ISBN 0-19-517389-9 , pp. 321 (English). (for the description section)
- Simone Steffen, Peter Ball, Ladislav Mucina, Gudrun Kadereit: Phylogeny, biogeography and ecological diversification of Sarcocornia (Salicornioideae, Amaranthaceae). In: Annals of Botany , Volume 115, Issue 3, 2015, pp. 353-368. (for the sections chromosome number, distribution and location, genesis and systematics)
Individual evidence
- ↑ Andrew John Scott: Reinstatement and revision of Salicorniaceae J. Agardh (Caryophyllales). In: Botanical journal of the Linnean Society , Volume 75, Issue 4) 1978, pp. 366-367.
- ^ Sarcocornia at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed July 25, 2016.
- ↑ Mikko Piirainen, 2009: Sarcocornia. In: P. Uotila, (Ed.): Chenopodiaceae. In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity.
- ^ A b V. de la Fuente, L. Rufo, N. Rodriguez, D. Sánchez-Mata, A. Franco, R. Amils: A study of Sarcocornia AJ Scott (Chenopodiaceae) from Western Mediterranean Europe. In: Plant Biosystems , Volume 150, Issue 2, 2016, p. 353.
- ↑ Ahmet Emre Yaprak: Sarcocornia obclavata (Amaranthaceae) a new species from Turkey. In: Phytotaxa 49: 3 (bis), 2012, pp. 2-6.
Web links
Wikispecies: Sarcocornia - Species Directory