Heinrich Fründ

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Heinrich Fründ

Heinrich Fründ (born December 28, 1880 in Algermissen , † December 7, 1952 in Stuttgart ) was a German surgeon in the first half of the 20th century. His curriculum vitae is typical of a surgeon in the transition generation between the German Empire and the Federal Republic of Germany: he was a ship's doctor , deployed in field hospitals in both world wars, confronted with Nazi health policy and the persecution of Jews , and had a difficult new beginning after 1945. Until his death he was scientifically active and dealt with the most diverse problems of the constantly differentiating surgery.

Life

Heinrich Fründ was the only child of the second marriage of the wood merchant Heinrich Fründ to Christine Fründ nee. Vetch born. His school days at the Andreanum grammar school in Hildesheim ended on February 28, 1899 with the Abitur. This was followed, probably at the request of the father, two semesters of law studies in Munich. In 1899 he was reciprocated in the Corps Makaria Munich . In the autumn of 1900 he took up a commercial activity in his father's wood wholesaler. After the death of his father on February 18, 1901, he was able to turn his back on the commercial profession and began studying medicine in Munich in the summer semester of 1901.

Medical training and professional years until 1933

This section is not adequately provided with supporting documents ( e.g. individual evidence ). Information without sufficient evidence could be removed soon. Please help Wikipedia by researching the information and including good evidence.

His studies in Munich, Kiel and Berlin ended on July 3, 1905 in Kiel when he passed his medical examination. Military service followed. With a work on pylephlebitic liver abscesses after appendicitis with Heinrich Helferich , he obtained his doctorate in Kiel in 1906. From 1906 to 1908 he trained in internal medicine and neurology with Max Nonne at the Hamburg State Clinic. There he received his license to practice medicine in 1907 . After his time in Hamburg in 1908, two trips as a ship's doctor to Brazil and Japan followed. For the following year Heinrich Fründ was an assistant doctor in Marburg at the Anatomical Institute under Emil Gasser and then moved to the University of Bonn Carl Garrè for further training in surgery . It was here that he was appointed senior physician in 1913. In the First World War he took part from the beginning as a medical officer of Field Hospital 8 (VIII Army Corps), but at the same time completed his habilitation in Bonn in 1916 with an experimental contribution to the transverse resection of the esophagus . After the war Heinrich Fründ became a private lecturer at the University of Bonn. In 1921 he was appointed associate professor there. In 1922 he succeeded the secret medical councilor Siegfried Pelz in Osnabrück as head of the city ​​hospital and director of the surgical department. He stayed here until 1939.

1933 to 1945

After the Nazis came to power , Heinrich Fründ, as the head of the hospital, quickly came under fire because he temporarily employed Jewish resident doctors and a Jewish private secretary in the hospital and, after the first persecution of Jews in 1933, admitted seriously injured Jews to the hospital against the will of the NSDAP and treated them just as carefully like other patients. In addition, his brother-in-law Sigmund Weil stigmatized him with the National Socialists' stigma of being “ Jewish misplaced ”. Since he did not join the party, he applied it with regard to his willingness to enforce the Nazi health policy, z. B. with the forced sterilization of patients of the sanatorium and nursing home Osnabrück, as unsafe. As a participant in the World War, Heinrich Fründ was a member of the " Stahlhelm " and was automatically transferred as a member of the SA when the association was dissolved in 1934 . With a letter of August 26, 1936, however, he was officially expelled from the SA.

"... Since in your professional activity as a doctor in your position as director of the surgical department of the Osnabrück City Hospital you have shown a professional conception and personal attitude that are incompatible with the character traits and the views that a person wearing the brown shirt is taken for granted, you have shown that you are also internally alien to the spirit of the SA. The fact that you have not and will not be accepted into the national-socialist organization of German doctors, the NS-Ärztebund, marks the assessment of your character traits shown in your professional practice. [...] "

- Justification to Heinrich Fründ on the exclusion from the SA. Freiburg State Archives, holdings D 180/2 No. 161780

In 1936 Heinrich Fründ tried to gain some air from the party by applying for and admission to the "officers' corps for those on leave" as senior staff doctor. But in the following years he lost the management of the city hospital and was repeatedly defamed , especially by the district office manager and leader of the Nazi medical profession Otto Kringel . Since several attempts to prove Heinrich Fründ technical misconduct failed, an attempt was made to push him out of his position as head of the surgical department through criminal tax law. After a house search by the tax office in November 1938, the hospital was suspended. The subsequent investigations dragged on until the summer of 1939 and the results remained vague. Under massive pressure and under threat of the ongoing proceedings being published in advance, Heinrich Fründ succeeded in persuading in July to submit and voluntarily terminate his permanent contract with the city of Osnabrück on September 1st. Efforts to open a private practice in Düsseldorf were already under way when the war broke out and Heinrich Fründ was immediately drafted as an officer on leave of absence in the role of consulting surgeon. In 1941 he took part in this function in the Balkan War and then in the attack on Russia and the conquest of Crimea . From the spring of 1942 he was an advisory surgeon for the replacement army based in Strasbourg. From September 1943, he also temporarily took over the position of chief physician at the Überlingen City Hospital and was given this permanently in August 1944, with the approval of the Reich Interior Ministry. This was connected with leaving the Wehrmacht .

1945 to 1952

After the end of the war, Heinrich Fründ had to vacate the post in Überlingen in favor of his predecessor, who had been expelled by the National Socialists. In 1946, at the age of 66, he received the invitation to apply for the chair of surgery at the University of Tübingen, but then had to resign in favor of his six-year-old friend Theodor Naegeli . Until the summer of 1952 he found a job as chief physician at the Stockach municipal hospital. In poor health, his contract was not extended. Due to a new or further developed procedure for the operation of bone tuberculosis with a plaster seal, he was now 72 years old and was able to carry out some operations in Davos , in Riezlern (Kleinwalsertal) and at the orthopedic clinic in Heidelberg . Heinrich Fründ died on December 7, 1952 after a short stay in the Stuttgart hospital. Attempts to be recognized as a victim of Nazi damage in Osnabrück in order to at least obtain his pension entitlement for the period from 1922 to 1939 were made with reference to his "voluntary “Denunciation from 1939 rejected.

Heinrich Fründ as a doctor

Heinrich Fründ enjoyed an extraordinary reputation as a doctor and surgeon. His willingness to try new and unconventional treatment methods has been reported several times. Alois Gassner said of him: "In the countless operations he performed, he did not shy away from any daring intervention when it came to saving a human life." Fründ himself once reported at a conference on an emergency thrombosis operation on Sick bed because the patient had already collapsed. He successfully dared a thrombectomy here for the first time .

Despite all medical care, he always remained pragmatic in the choice of methods and rejected the excessive use of technology. Instead, he preferred to rely on observation. He took up new knowledge from other areas of medicine and used them in his field. Gassner wrote: “During the war [1939–45], his greatest merit was that he was one of the first, if not the first at all, to recognize the great importance of chemotherapy [antibacterial therapy] for surgery and the various antibiotics used a lot on operated wounded. At that time he was therefore attacked from many sides, today there is no surgeon who does not use these means as needed. "

In the course of his long professional life, Fründ has always been active in research and has appeared with publications as well as at conferences and congresses on a wide variety of topics.

During the First World War, he gained extensive experience with surgical infectious diseases , gas gangrene , as well as performing primary and secondary sutures and, according to his Bonn teacher Carl Garrè , was of the opinion that injuries should be cut radically to health. This is to prevent dead or undersupplied tissue from remaining in order to avoid subsequent infections. This approach proved to be the right one and saved many injured persons unnecessary follow-up amputations or death.

Inspired by extensive statistics from Switzerland, Heinrich Fründ set out in 1927 to evaluate his own operations (2900) and other material available to him in response to the question of whether the administration of thyroid preparations , such as thyroxine , increased the risk of frequent post-operations observed embolisms can be minimized, because in patients with hyperthyroidism this usually did not seem to exist. In doing so, he took up similar recommendations from America on thrombosis and embolism prophylaxis and in the following years repeatedly advocated thyroxine administration before and after operations at conferences. Today, other anticoagulant methods are used.

Thromboses also occupied him in the following years and led early, probably for the first time in 1934, to the use of thrombectomy by longitudinally cutting the vein concerned and pulling the thrombus. He tied off the affected vein to prevent a subsequent embolism of the lungs. The process presented by Fründ and Läwen only slowly gained acceptance after 1945 and, in a modified form, was a standard method for a long time.

Heinrich Fründ was already concerned with questions about anesthesia in 1919. With general anesthesia, various side effects such as a drop in pulse and blood pressure, gagging, straining or vomiting must be expected. The rectally induced avertine anesthesia in combination with nitrous oxide was repeatedly propagated by him as the most uncomplicated procedure and substantiated with extensive material from 1929 to 1932. In 1932, at the 56th meeting of the German Society for Surgery, he showed three films on different anesthetics. In the same year, however, hexobarbital, an intravenous narcotic, came onto the market. In April 1933 Fründ criticized the enthusiastic reports in the daily and specialist press about hexobarbital and only requested publications after reliable data from several thousand operations. He felt compelled to point out possible problem areas after he had performed 200 hexobarbital and hexobarbital nitrous oxide anesthetics. But in the following years he increasingly advocated this type of anesthesia and presented a splint for continuous post-injection at the 52nd meeting of Northwest German surgeons from June 19 to 20, 1936 in Osnabrück, since the effect of hexobarbital takes about 20 minutes subsides and must be administered again.

In 1938 the company Draeger / Lübeck took over the construction and sales of this rail. The leaflet on the hexobarbital from the early 1940s notes under “Practical implementation of Evipan sodium anesthesia”: “[...] in cases that have to be operated upon immediately after delivery, Fründ gives ½ ampoule of Pantopon intravenously immediately before the subsequent injection of Evipan -Sodium solution. ”At the conference he chaired, the topic of anesthesia occupied a relatively large area. Heinrich Fründ particularly went into the importance of differentiated anesthesia and called for appropriate specialist training. General practitioners and students should only receive basic training in ether and chloroform anesthesia. But it took another 17 years before the German Society for Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine was founded in 1953.

Heinrich Fründ paid particular attention to bone and joint problems of the lower extremities, which is why he also took over this section in the 1st and 2nd edition in the errors and dangers of surgical operations by R. Stich and Mathäus Makkas (ed.). His focus was on the surgical treatment of Perthes' disease and the operation of femoral neck fractures. At the 59th meeting of the German Society for Surgery in 1935 he was represented with a demonstration lecture on the surgical treatment of femoral neck fractures, in which he expressly recommended fixation with the nail according to Smith-Peterson.

Three years later, at the 62nd conference in 1938, Fründ took the floor again on this, reported improvements and advocated early mobilization of the patient after 8 to 10 days.

He also dealt extensively with cartilage resection in the knee and damage to the patella. In 1926, for example, he described traumatic chondropathia patellae as an independent disease pattern in three stages and presented a percussion method that is still used today for diagnosis.

In the years after 1945 Heinrich Fründ devoted himself again to the topic of tuberculosis. As early as 1920 he wrote the corresponding chapter in therapy at the Bonn University Clinic. At that time, in addition to light and air cures, X-ray irradiation was of particular importance. However, with the use of antibiotics, new treatment options for bone tuberculosis and especially tuberculous spondylitis emerged . In the case of this tuberculosis, which affects the vertebrae, the focus of infection on the bone must be completely eliminated, a new infection must be prevented and, if possible, the length of the patient's stay, caused by the vertebrae that has been partially removed, must be reduced. In 1951, two procedures, which were very similar in principle, competed with each other: Kastert and Fründ both cleaned up the source of the infection thoroughly and prevented a new infection by administering antibiotics. While Kastert kept the surgical wound open and regularly rinsed the resulting bone cavity, Fründ filled it with a plaster seal to which he added the antibiotic. In this way the wound could be closed again immediately and the vertebral body got more stability. The plaster of paris should continuously release the antibiotic as it breaks down and also support the regeneration of the vertebra. Heinrich Fründ spoke of the "greatest success [of his] life" with regard to his surgical method, but died before he could spread it accordingly.

Even if never a real focus, there are three publications and at least three conference contributions on cleft palate surgery between 1921 and 1928 in which he presents his special procedure and his results.

But there have also been failures over the years. Heinrich Fründ has dealt with the subject of bronchial asthma at least since the beginning of the 1920s. Early on, he suggested a distinction between a lung-related cause and a body-related cause. He withdrew his advocacy of surgical treatment by preventing the conduction of stimuli by 1928 at the latest and recommended more gentle X-ray irradiation, in order to admit at the same time that too little was known about the causes of this disease. Because, according to his experience, both methods did not bring convincing healing results.

As a publication on "Operating while seated" or his anesthetic splint shows, he also tinkered with practical and manual surgical issues.

Heinrich Fründ's greatest weakness was probably his time management. The departure of trains between Osnabrück and Münster was often delayed because “Professor still had to go”. He could then be seen running through the station with his coat billowing. In Garré's manner, he spared neither himself nor his employees and was therefore "a bit difficult in a large company as a supervisor, in addition to all his other good qualities, because he generously disregarded any time determination."

Publications

  • 1906: Pylephlebitic liver abscesses after appendicitis, Kiel, Diss.
  • 1908: Nonne / Fründ: Clinical and anatomical examination of six cases of pseudosystemic diseases of the spinal cord; Critique of the doctrine of systemic diseases of the spinal cord. In: German Journal for Neurology, Jg./Bd. 35, pp. 102-140
  • 1911: On the technology of carbonic acid snow treatment. In: Münchner mediz. Wochenschrift, Jg./Bd. 58, p. 29
  • 1911: Smooth muscles of the orbit and their importance for the eye symptoms in Basedowi's disease. In: Bruns' Contributions to Clinical Surgery, Jg./Bd. 73 B, pp. 755-757
  • 1912: Foreign body extraction technique. In: Zentralblatt für Chirurgie, Jg./Bd. 39, pp. 1633-1637
  • 1913: Experience with the X-ray treatment of surgical tuberculosis. In: Bruns' Contributions to Clinical Surgery, Jg./Bd. 87 B, pp. 202-222
  • 1914: Experimental contribution to transverse resection of the esophagus. In: Bruns' Contributions to Clinical Surgery, Jg./Bd. 88 B, pp. 423-443
  • 1914: Gas formation in the free abdominal cavity. In: Deutsche Zeitschrift für Chirurgie , Volume 130, No. 5-6, pp. 585-592.
  • 1914: Allgemeine Chirurgie, pp. 214-220; Fresh Injuries, pp. 220-226. In: Therapy at the Bonn University Clinic, Bonn, 1st edition, 1914
  • 1916: War surgery experience with gas gangrene. In: Bruns' Contributions to Clinical Surgery, Jg./Bd. 98 B, pp. 447-476
  • 1916: Experiences with Makkas's operation of the bladder ectopy. In: Bruns' Contributions to Clinical Surgery, Jg./Bd. 99, pp. 99-122
  • 1916: Foreign bodies and foreign body identification. In: Bruns' Contributions to Clinical Surgery, Jg./Bd. 103 B, pp. 354-372
  • 1917: Allgemeine Chirurgie, pp. 254-260; Fresh Injuries, pp. 260-272
  • 1917: Surgical infectious diseases (with the exception of tuberculosis) and gangrene, pp. 273–292. In: Therapy at the Bonn University Clinic, Bonn, 2nd edition, 1917
  • 1918: Primary suture for gunshot wounds. In: German Medical Weekly , Jg./Bd. 44, pp. 179-181
  • 1918: Primary suture and early secondary wound closure in gunshot wounds. In: Bruns' Contributions to Clinical Surgery, Jg./Bd. 114, pp. 32-56
  • 1919: primary. u. secondary. Wound closure b. Gunshot wounds. In: Münchner mediz. Wochenschrift, Jg./Bd. 69, pp. 524-528
  • 1919: Overpressure anesthesia machine for field hospitals. In: Münchner mediz. Wochenschrift, Jg./Bd. 69, p. 488
  • 1920: Allgemeine Chirurgie, pp. 262-268; Fresh Injuries, pp. 268-281; Surgical Infectious Diseases (with the exception of tuberculosis) and gangrene, pp. 282-302; Tuberculosis, pp. 302-311. In: Therapy at the Bonn University Clinic, Bonn, 3rd edition 1920
  • 1921: rickets, late rickets and so-called hunger malacia. In: Advances in the field of X-rays, Volume 27, p. 345
  • 1921: Replacement for the adhesive plaster bandage in harelip surgery. In: Zentralblatt für Chirurgie. Jg./Bd. 48, p. 1426
  • 1923: Operations and Surgical Interventions on the Lower Limb. In: Stich, R. / Makkas, M., Errors and dangers in surgical operations. Jena, 1923, p.
  • 1924: Irradiation with stimuli to reveal latent infection. In: Zentralblatt für Chirurgie. Jg./Bd. 51, p. 2745
  • 1925: Surgical treatment of the asthma bronchial. In: medical clinic, Jg./Bd. 21, p. 1517
  • 1926: Surgical treatment of the asthma bronchial. In: Bruns' Contributions to Clinical Surgery, Jg./Bd. 136, pp. 581-590
  • 1926: Traumatic chondropathy of the patella, an independent clinical picture. In: Zentralblatt für Chirurgie Jg./Bd. 53, pp. 707-710
  • 1926: The cause of suppuration of implanted metal objects during fixation of bone fractures and bone operations. In: Zentralblatt für Chirurgie Jg./Bd. 53, p. 2322
  • 1926: The extirpation of the thigh with overturning plastic of the lower leg after Sauerbruch. In: German journal for surgery Jg./Bd. 196, pp. 241-245
  • 1927: Clinical and radiological findings in hypoplasia of the hypophysis cenebri. In: Bruns' Contributions to Clinical Surgery Jg./Bd. 141, pp. 543-560
  • 1927: Cleft palate operations according to Schönborn-Rosenthal. (In: Festschrift for the 70th birthday of Geh. Rat Prof. Dr. C. Garré) In: Zentralbl. for surgery Jg./Bd. 54, pp. 3206-3210
  • 1928: Contribution to the treatment of the aneurysm arteniovenosum of the internal carotid in the cavernous sinus. In: Bruns' Contributions to Clinical Surgery Jg./Bd. 142, pp. 221-228
  • 1928: The Reich-Mattische operation of the double harelip. In: Münchner Medizinische Wochenschrift Jg./Bd. 75, pp. 1067-1070
  • 1929: on operating while sitting. Comments on the essay by H. Flörcken. In: Zentralblatt für Chirurgie Jg./Bd. 56, pp. 2894-2895
  • 1929: Embolism prophylactic administration of thyroid hormones. In: German Medical Weekly Jg./Bd. 55, p. 812
  • 1930: Embolism-prophylactic administration of thyroid hormones. In: German Medical Weekly Jg./Bd. 56, p. 986
  • 1931: A case of paraplegia of the spinal cord after traumatic dislocation of the cervical spine; cured by laminectomy. In: Deutsche Zeitschr. for nerves Jg./Bd. 117-119, pp. 157-169
  • 1932: The avertine anesthesia in combination with laughing gas. In: Zentralblatt für Gynäkologie, Jg./Bd. 56, p. 1845
  • 1932: Operations and surgical interventions on the lower extremity. In: Stich, R./Makkas, M., Errors and dangers in surgical operations. Jena 2nd edition 1932, pp. 992-1076
  • 1933: experience with evipana anesthesia. In: Surgeon Jg./Bd. 5, pp. 249-252
  • 1937: Thrombectomy as prophylaxis against pulmonary embolism. In: Zentralbl. for surgery Jg./Bd. 64, pp. 1202-1205
  • 1938: Considerations on evipana anesthesia. In: Surgeon Jg./Bd. 10, pp. 501-505
  • 1940: The simple method of determining the position of foreign bodies. In: Deut. Military doctor, Jg./Bd. 5, pp. 413-415
  • 1942: For the treatment of infected joint shots. In: Surgeon Jg./Bd. 14, pp. 493-498
  • 1942: For the treatment of the pulsating hematoma. In: Surgeon Jg./Bd. 14, pp. 662-663
  • 1951: Advances in the treatment of spinal tuberculosis. In: Die Umschau (in science and technology) Jg./Bd. 51, p. 750

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Kösener Corpslisten 1960, 110/408
  2. ↑ Freiburg State Archives, holdings D 180/2 No. 161780
  3. ↑ Karl Philipp Behrendt: The war surgery from 1939-1945 from the point of view of the consulting surgeons of the German army in the Second World War , Freiburg / i.Br. 2003 (diss.)
  4. ↑ State Archives Osnabrück, Rep. 430 Dz. 303 acc 19/56 No. 115
  5. ↑ Michael Rademacher: Who was who in the Gau Weser-Ems , Hamburg, 2000.
    Note: Otto Kringel, specialist in ear, nose and throat disorders, Osnabrück, Struckmannstr. 10. Was SA-San.-Standartenführer, from 1935 to 1937 medical officer of the brigade medical storm in Osnabrück, 1937 brigade doctor of SA-Brigade 64 Osnabrück and from 1935 to 1941 district chairman of the NSDÄB Osnabrück-Stadt
  6. ↑ Source: Freiburg State Archives, holdings D 180/2 No. 161780
    Note: In 1937, the district office manager Dr. Kringel for negligent homicide in office. However, the preliminary investigation was discontinued in February 1938 after an expert opinion by Prof. Sauerbruch.
  7. ↑ State Archives Osnabrück, Rep. 430 Dz.106 acc 15/65 No. 287 vol. 1
  8. ↑ Bundesarchiv Berlin, personal files of the RMI, Fründ, Heinrich, geb. December 28, 1880
  9. ^ Letter from Heinrich Fründ dated February 15, 1946. Estate of Heinrich Fründ, private property
  10. ^ District archive Konstanz, District Administrator Stockach / Administrative matters / XVIII Medical affairs / 5. Hospitals 1944-48, No. 6
  11. ↑ a b Alois Gaßner about his encounters with Heinrich Fründ as a consulting surgeon in 1941/42. In: Corpszeitung der Makaria zu Munich , (35th year Sept./Dec. 1952, issue 5/6).
  12. ^ German Society for Surgery (ed.): 61. Negotiations of the German Society for Surgery. Conference, Berlin March 31–3. April 1937 , Archive of Clinical Surgery, 189. - Berlin, Julius Springer's publishing house, 1937
  13. ↑ Heinrich Fründ: Primary suture and early secondary wound closure in gunshot wounds , In: Contributions to clinical surgery , 1918 Jg./Bd. 114, pp. 32-56
  14. ↑ Erwin Payr, Hermann, Küttner (ed.): Results of surgery and orthopedics , twenty-fourth volume, Berlin / Heidelberg, 1931.
  15. ↑ Heinrich Fründ: Thrombectomy as prophylaxis against pulmonary embolism , In: Zentralblatt für Chirurgie , 1937, Jg./Bd. 64, pp. 1202-1205.
  16. ↑ Wolfgang Hach, Achim Mumme and Viola Hach-Wunderle: Venen Chirurgie - Operative, Interventional and Conservative Aspects , Stuttgart 2013, 3rd edition, p. 229
  17. ^ 56th conference of the German Society for Surgery from April 19 to 22, 1932: Photo evening 1st lecture Fründ: Lecture on the advantages of "avertine anesthesia in connection with nitrous oxide". Three films: 1. Superficiality of avertine sleep, 2. Rapid transition from half-sleep to deep anesthesia (reference to clock) 3. Reference to completely excitation-free sleep. In: Negotiations of the German Society for Surgery, conference reports (in connection with: Archive for Clinical Surgery , Volume 173, p. 42)
  18. ↑ Heinrich Fründ: Experiences with Evipannarkose In: Chirurg , 1933, Jg./Bd. 5, pp. 249-252
  19. ↑ Heinrich Fründ: Considerations on Evipannarkose , In: Chirurg , 1938, Jg./Bd. 10, pp. 501-505
  20. ↑ 52nd Conference NWdCh. from June 19 to 20, 1936, lecture 2 Fründ: 'Anesthetic problems with consideration of the war-surgical conditions. In: Bruns' contributions to clinical surgery , vol. 165, p. 653 ff.
  21. ^ "Bayer" Leverkusen, Evipan sodium, publication D 493. / H 0092 /
  22. ↑ J. Schütter (Ed.): 50 Years of the German Society for Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine , Berlin / Heidelberg, 2003
  23. ^ Heinrich Fründ: Operations and surgical interventions on the lower extremity , In: R. Stich and M. Makkas (Ed.): Errors and dangers in surgical operations , Jena, 2nd edition, Fischer Verlag, 1932, pp. 992-1076
  24. ↑ 46th conference of the German Society for Surgery from April 19 to 22, 1922: Lecture 56 Fründ: For the treatment of Osteochondritis coxae juvenilis. In: Negotiations of the German Society for Surgery, conference reports (in connection with: Archive for Clinical Surgery, Volume 121 ff.) P. 216 and: 51st Conference of the German Society for Surgery from April 20 to 23, 1927: Under discussion on joint surgery Fründ (in detail): Late results of hip joint mobilization in osteochondritis coxae juvenalis. In: Negotiations of the German Society for Surgery, conference reports (in connection with: Archive for Clinical Surgery , Volume 148) pp. 144–146
  25. ^ 59th conference of the German Society for Surgery from April 24 to 27, 1935: Lecture 50 Fründ: The operative treatment of femoral neck fractures. In: Negotiations of the German Society for Surgery, conference reports (in connection with: Archive for Clinical Surgery , Volume 183) p. 137
  26. ^ 62nd meeting of the German Society for Surgery from April 21 to 23, 1938: Discussion of the nailing of femoral neck fractures. In: Negotiations of the German Society for Surgery, conference reports (in connection with: Archive for Clinical Surgery , Volume 193) p. 179
  27. ^ Heinrich Fründ: Traumatic chondropathy of the patella - an independent clinical picture . In: Zentralblatt für Chirurgie , 1926, Jg./Bd. 53, pp. 707-710
  28. ↑ Radon M. and Thomas M .: Histological and histochemical studies to characterize degenerative cartilage changes using the example of chondropathia patellae , In: Klinische Sportmedizin , 2002, 3 (3): 55–60 Cartilage histochemistry / -histology (PDF file)
  29. ↑ Wolfgang Pförringer and M. Pitzl: The Patella: from an orthopedic and sports medicine perspective , Schattauer Verlag, Stuttgart, 2005, p. 45
  30. ^ Heinrich Fründ: Experiences with the X-ray treatment of surgical tuberculosis , In: Contributions to clinical surgery , 1913, Vol. 87 B, pp. 202–222
  31. ↑ J. Kastert: The tuberculostatic focus treatment of vertebral column tuberculosis , In: Advances in the field of X-ray radiation , 1951, vol. 74, p. 535
  32. ^ Heinrich Fründ: Advances in the treatment of vertebral column tuberculosis , In: The review in science and technology , 1951, Vol. 51, p. 750
  33. ↑ From a letter dated August 2, 1952. Estate of Heinrich Fründ, private property
  34. Jump up ↑ Heinrich Fründ: Replacement for the staple patches association in harelip surgery . In: Zentralblatt für Chirurgie . Jg./Bd. 48, p. 1426
  35. ↑ Heinrich Fründ: Cleft palate operations according to Schönborn-Rosenthal , In: Zentralblatt für Chirurgie , Jg./Bd. 54, pp. 3206-3210
  36. ^ Heinrich Fründ: The Reich-Mattische operation of the double harelip , In: Münchner medical Wochenschrift , Jg./Bd. 75, pp. 1067-1070
  37. ^ Heinrich Fründ: Surgical treatment of the asthma bronchial . In: Bruns' Contributions to Clinical Surgery , 1926, Jg./Bd. 136, pp. 581-590
  38. ↑ 36th meeting of the NWdCh. from 22./23. June 1928: Discussion on: Asthma operation. Summary in: Zentralblatt für Chirurgie, 1928, p. 2861
  39. ↑ Heinrich Fründ: About operating while sitting: Comments on the treatise of the same name by H. Flörcken , In: Zentralblatt für Chirurgie , 1929, Jg./Bd. 56, pp. 2894-2895
  40. ^ Theodor Naegeli: Heinrich Fründ (obituary) . In: Der Chirurg 24, June 1953, p. 288.
personal data
SURNAME Fründ, Heinrich
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German surgeon
DATE OF BIRTH December 28, 1880
PLACE OF BIRTH Algermissen
DATE OF DEATH 7th December 1952
Place of death Stuttgart