Hessian cadastral descriptions

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Hessian cadastral descriptions (including special descriptions , location descriptions or introductions ) are important components of cadastres or rectification files of Hessian settlements. The cadastral descriptions contain the results of the investigations made during the rectification and were mostly created in the first half of the 18th century. Due to the strictly schematic structure, the Hessian cadastral descriptions provide comparable information for every location.

Structure and content

On state instruction and according to a uniform structure, descriptions were created for each place of the Landgraviate of Hessen-Kassel and later the Electorate of Hesse , which give precise information on topographical, legal, ecclesiastical, demographic, social and economic conditions. These so-called warehouse, piece and tax books of Hessian localities are called cadastres or rectification files. These and the preliminary descriptions contained therein were therefore financial administration files. Mainly for fiscal reasons, the tax state recorded a wealth of data on the employment and economic performance of its taxable subjects in order to be able to exploit the tax power of the country optimally and as fairly as possible.
Cadastral specifications consist of around 50 paragraphs and regulate the submission obligation of the settlements in question in detail. They stand “in front of” the cadastre and consist partly of formulated text, partly in tabular form. Starting with the location and the historical development, paths and waters as well as fishing justice are dealt with. This is followed by a list of all the landlords who are wealthy in the place with the extent of their possessions and rights. Church , school, hospital and patronage relationships are described in detail with consideration of the salary relationships. In addition, the community property , the wood, fattening and hedge justice , the sheep and the building rights are mentioned. In summary, the value and rent of the houses, the number of their residents according to men, women, children, servants , maidservants and traders are listed. Furthermore, mills and farms are dealt with, the value and yield of the agriculturally used areas and their legal status are summarized, as well as information about fruit size, services, interest, tithe ratios, serfdom , hunting justice, court relationships and customs. Finally, the preliminary description contains information on the boundary description, including the area of the place and its demarcation .
Structure of a Hessian cadastral description using the example of Borken 1777.

  • § 1 Situation, streams and wells, fishing justice
  • § 2 passage
  • § 3 Manorial and noble goods only taxable to the knight's treasury
  • § 4 Church and ius patronatus
  • § 5 Free church and caste goods
  • Section 6 Hospitalia
  • § 7 Free parsonage, goods, salaries and accidents
  • § 8 Free Rector's House, Goods, Pay and Accidentals
  • § 9 Free school building, goods, salaries and accidents
  • § 10 Mineralia
  • § 11 City Customs
  • § 12 Active and passive debts with the city
  • § 13 Construction and firewood
  • § 14 Groves and masts
  • § 15 Hude and pasture justice
  • Section 16 Shepherd Justice
  • § 17 Brewing Justice
  • § 18 Construction, value and rent of their houses
  • § 19 Number [of] houses and the people in them
  • Section 20 Mills
  • Section 21 Economy, consumption and blowing brandy
  • § 22 Situation: Qualitas intrinseca, Casus fortuiti, Qualitas moralis
  • Section 23 Description of boundaries
  • Sections 24–28 Fruit sowing and harvest, as well as the value and rent of the same
  • Section 29 Meadow wax , its value and rent
  • § 30 Fruitful
  • Section 31 Interest
  • Section 32 Tithes
  • Section 33 Services
  • Section 34 Army Car
  • Section 35 measurements
  • § 36 Complete content of the city and its field mark
  • Section 37 Serfdom
  • Section 38 Customs and Excise
  • Section 39 Civil and criminal jurisdiction, high and low hunting
  • Section 40 Tax capital from one house to another
  • Section 41 Tax capital of one field, land and meadows in the other
  • Section 42 Land and meadow varieties, including their classification
  • Section 43 Tax capital of their handling and businesses
  • § 44 Circumstances that are particularly remarquable, so not contained in the previous paragraphis

History of origin

The beginnings of the Hessian cadastral descriptions can be found for Hessen-Kassel as early as the 16th century. In the state parliament approval, the "Treysa attacks" of December 19, 1576, Haab and Guth had to be named to the tax collector. This information was put into registers by the sovereign's officials, which collectively were referred to as the tax stock . From 1656 this was called Catastrum .
The Hessian cadastral descriptions as we have them today go back to the second half of the 18th century. Like other early modern states, the Landgraviate of Hessen-Kassel also tried to make its administration more effective and therefore tried to make a precise geographical, statistical and economic record of the current situation. In an ordinance of May 5, 1769, and again on June 17, 1828, it says on the creation and updating of the cadastre:
The landscape cadastre consist of several copies, the original, the duplicate and, with regard to the rural communities, the triplicate. The original cadastre is in the custody of the higher tax authority, the duplicates are in the custody of the tax inspectors and / or the city councilors, who are responsible for the writing and writing, and the triplicates are in the custody of the municipal superiors.
In an ordinance of 1769 it is also said: In the cities twice a year, in the villages once the changes should be written off and ascribed and in which duplicates should be noted; but in the triplicate, which is in the village, the grebe or judge can copy and write every place upon request.
Unfortunately, the sources about the creation of cadastres are missing all instructions about the origin of the preliminary descriptions of the places, so that only the texts themselves can be used. The work of the tax authorities did not end in the 18th century, because they continued into the Hessian era until the middle of the 19th century.

Source value

Since the Hessian cadastral specifications follow a fixed scheme, they make settlements comparable and are therefore a cheap object for historical research. The descriptions of places represent a unique source not only for the history of the country, but also for the economic and social history of the early modern period. They are ideal for "financial sociological model evaluations" because they provide insights into the living conditions of the majority of the population [ give and] [open] social structures that are mostly outside historical consideration. "

Publications

Between 1959 and 1984, the Historical Society of the Werraland published fifteen cadastral descriptions of Hessian villages and small towns in the series "Hessian local descriptions". The following cadastral descriptions have appeared in the series:

Hessian descriptions of places,
publications by the Historical Society of the Werraland

bibliography

  • Heinrich Albrecht (arrangement): Borken 1777 (Hessian place description, vol. 4). Marburg / Witzenhausen 1962.
  • Klaus Greve, Kersten Krüger : Tax state and social structure - financial sociological evaluation of the Hessian cadastral specifications for Waldkappel 1744 and Herleshausen 1748 . In: Helmut Berding (Ed.): Staatsfinanzen und Gesellschaft (special print from History and Society 8 (1982) 3). Göttingen 1982, pp. 295-332. ( Digitized version )
  • Hermann Günzel: Official description of the 18th century in Dagobertshausen. Notes on the location description of the tax cadastre from 1766 . In: Hermann Günzel, Theodor Kreicker, Hermann Ludwig (eds.), Festschrift 750 years of Dagobertshausen (Marburg city publications on history and culture, vol. 94). Marburg 2009, pp. 123-132. ISBN 978-3-923820-94-8 .
  • Walter Heinemeyer : Basic methodological questions of Hessian local and local history . In: ZHG 68 (1957), pp. 11-30.
  • Günter Hollenberg (Ed.): Hessische Landtag Fares 1605–1647 (Political and Parliamentary History of the State of Hesse 33), Marburg 2007. ISBN 978-3-7708-1304-9 .
  • Ulrich Hussong : Ginseldorf in 1835. An official description . In: Magistrate of the university town of Marburg (ed.): Ginseldorf. From Rottland to the brandy. Contributions to the history of the village (Marburger Stadtschriften zur Geschichte und Kultur, Vol. 76). Marburg 2003, pp. 79-130. ISBN 3-923820-76-3 .
  • Ulrich Hussong: Two official descriptions of places . In: Magistrate of the university town of Marburg (ed.): 750 years of Cyriaxweimar. History & Stories (Marburg city publications on history and culture, vol. 89). Marburg 2008, pp. 49-72. ISBN 978-3-923820-89-4 .
  • Kersten Krüger: Development and expansion of the Hessian tax state from the 16th to the 18th century - files of the financial administration as an early modern society mirror. In: Hess.Jb.LG 32 (1982), pp. 103-125. ISSN  0073-2001 .
  • Karl Meers (arrangement): Homberg 1748. The inhabitants and their trades . In: Homberger Hefte. Contributions to local history and family history (1965) 1.
  • Karl Strippel: The currency and mortgage books of Kurhessen, at the same time a contribution to the legal history of the cadastre (work on commercial, industrial and agricultural law 24), Marburg 1914.
  • Annegret Wenz-Haubfleisch: "... so that the country's burdens are borne with the same shoulders." Objectives and implementation of the rectification of the state historical tax stock in the Landgraviate of Hessen-Kassel in the 18th century . In: Hess.Jb.LG 39 (1989), pp. 151-204. ISSN  0073-2001 .

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Heinemeyer, Basic Methodical Questions, p. 20.
  2. ↑ Wenz-Haubfleisch, rectification of the steering stick, pp. 154f.
  3. ^ Greve, Tax State and Social Structure, p. 295f.
  4. ^ Greve, Tax State and Social Structure, p. 295f.
  5. ↑ Wenz-Haubfleisch, rectification of the steering stick , pp. 154f.
  6. ^ Hussong, descriptions of places, p. 49f.
  7. ↑ Hussong, Ginseldorf, pp. 79f.
  8. ↑ Günzel, Official Description, 123f.
  9. ^ Hussong, Descriptions of Places, p. 50.
  10. ↑ Wenz-Haubfleisch, rectification of the steering stick, p. 154.
  11. ↑ Albrecht, Borken, 7.
  12. ↑ § 1-§ 44: Albrecht, Borken, p. 7f.
  13. ^ Hussong, Ginseldorf, p. 79.
  14. ^ Hussong, Ginseldorf, p. 79.
  15. ↑ Meers, Homberg, pp. 1-4.
  16. ^ Hussong, Descriptions of Places, p. 50.
  17. ^ Hussong, Descriptions of Places, p. 50.
  18. ^ Greve, Tax State and Social Structure, p. 295.
  19. ^ Greve, Tax State and Social Structure, p. 295.