Chase

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

As a chase or the hunter language baiting one is hunting technique of predators and people referred. An opposite hunting technique is the ambush hunt .

The potential prey is pursued until it is either completely exhausted, is no longer able to escape and is therefore caught, or it is trapped, i.e. H. by hauling in, holding on and bringing them to the ground by the hunter (s). Which of the variants occurs depends on several factors; this includes the time of day (and thus the ambient temperature), the endurance of the prey, the experience of the hunter and their hunting strategy. It is also possible that the prey is able to flee or proves so healthy and strong that the hunters give up or target another victim.

Forms of chase

Roughly there are two different forms of chase: that of a classic endurance hunt and that of a short chase, the latter following sneaking up on the prey. Hunt in the form of a classic endurance hunt v. a. the larger canids wolf, African wild dog and red dog, as well as the hyenas , especially the spotted hyena . Although high speeds can be achieved, the prey is usually only brought down after a long pursuit. The African wild dog is an extreme example. It hunts smaller antelopes and gazelles in particular , and the prey is often pursued until it is completely exhausted. The other variant, which usually ends in a shorter chase, is v. a. carried by cheetahs and lions. Since these are neither hunters like the other big cats nor have the stamina of dogs, in addition to the surprise effect and rapid acceleration, they rely on very high speeds (cheetah) or hunt in packs (lion) in order to be successful . Since neither lions nor cheetahs can maintain their top speed over long distances, it is important for their hunting success to reach the prey quickly and bring it to the ground. To make this possible, these species usually combine chasing with a stalking phase to get as close as possible to the prey. Canids and spotted hyenas, on the other hand, show this behavior much less often when hunting larger prey, instead they often open the hunt in a clearly visible manner by suddenly switching to a higher speed.

Hunting animals

procedure

Hunting is carried out either by individual hunters or by and in groups or packs. Often prey animals are faster at short distances, but the hunting predators are more persistent, at least when the hunt is carried out by canids or hyenas. With big cats, on the other hand, the opposite is true: the hunters rely on the surprise effect and their strong acceleration, but usually have to give up the hunt after a relatively short distance, as the prey is more persistent and faster over long distances. The leading chasers alternate constantly so that individual individuals occasionally master certain routes particularly quickly. This is interpreted by behavioral researchers in such a way that the agitation can be maintained with the lowest possible energy consumption. A baiting does not always have to lead to success. Cheetahs in particular often break off a hunt because they are quickly exhausted as short-range hunters.

Hunting hunters tend to have a higher success rate in hunting than stalking and stalking hunters. African wild dogs , for example, are distinct hunters and are considered to be the most successful predators of all. The cheetah is considered to be the most successful single rushing big cat.

Animal species

The hunt occurs as endurance hunt in pack hunting dog-like and feline predators .

Hunt for example

The cheetah is a lone hunter.

Regarding the hunting behavior of barracudas and some other predatory fish as well as toothed whales , it is discussed whether their hunting behavior should also be regarded as chase.

Chase by people

Original type

Hunting as endurance hunt for animals is very old simply by people and on foot . Even today this form of hunt is practiced by various indigenous peoples. For example, the San hunters in southern Africa still hunt their prey to death today. The hunters select a specific animal at sunrise and watch it from a distance for several hours. If it moves towards a watering hole in the heat of the morning, the hunt begins. The wild animals are much faster than the hunters, so their selected prey easily escapes them. But the hunters follow the trail and come closer again after a short time, before the animal can drink. This hunt lasts for several hours, during which the hunters remain in constant motion, put themselves in the shoes of the prey and try to guess their escape route in order to cut off the path of the animal. Due to its speed, the prey can repeatedly increase the distance to the hunter, but cannot shake off its pursuer - and cannot drink. It therefore does not flee in a straight line into the distance, but tends more and more to stay close to the waterhole, thus keeping the area manageable that the hunters must cover and traverse. These carry a supply of water with them and drink on the way. They sweat through their skin and cool their bodies, while their prey cannot cool down through constant movement in the heat of the day. Often the animal just stands there in the afternoon, completely exhausted, is no longer able to escape and is then killed by the hunters. If the prey persists in the chase until sunset, it can escape. Therefore the hunters try everything to hunt them to death beforehand.

With canids

Prehistoric

About 32,000 years ago today , according to an assumption by Pat Shipman and other researchers, the Cro-Magnon humans worked with semi-domesticated "Wolf-Dogs" ("Wolf-Dogs"). According to Shipman, these "wolf dogs" need not have been direct ancestors of today's domestic dog. In any case, the haplogroups of the mitochondrial DNA of comparable canid finds showed no agreement with those of modern dogs or wolves. Shipman's assumption is based on sites in Central and Eastern Europe as well as Asia with many mammoth relics (Mammoth Megasites), on which relics of large canids were often found. Statistical evaluations seem to show that the number of mammoths killed by humans increased sharply over time. Based on these evaluations, the thesis is based that the partnership between man and wolf-dog could have led to the extinction of the mammoths by hunting them down. In addition, the "wolf-dog" as a hunting companion - in addition to the better projectile technology of its hunting weapons - could also have been a decisive "competitive advantage" of anatomically modern humans ( Homo sapiens ) over the Neanderthals .

Historical forms

Incomplete overview:

In the Middle Ages, hunting as a form of hunt was mainly practiced by the nobility . The legend of St. Hubertus tells how he was converted by a stag with a cross between his antlers during a hunt on horseback with dogs .

In the 17th and 18th centuries, the par force hunt , which can be distinguished from the conventional hunt and which was developed in England and France, also became popular at German royal courts.

A variant of the hunt is by greyhounds run hare coursing . In addition to rabbit baiting, sight hunts with sighthounds have historically also been used as a method of hunting larger animals - for example deer ( Deerhound , Staghound ) and wolves ( Borzoi , Irish Wolfhound ).

today

Greyhounds are still used to hunt coyotes in the American West today.

According to Section 19 (1) No. 13 BJagdG , hunting is prohibited in Germany. As a (legal) definition for hunt in the sense of the BJagdG is offered: a hunting practice in the form that the hunted animal is held by the chasing animal before it is killed by the hunter . The game of heavily hunted game is legally unfit for human consumption.

In Germany, the Animal Welfare Act forbids chasing one animal on another. Hunting is understood to mean any request directed at an animal to pursue or actively grasp another animal, regardless of whether this can actually be dangerous to the other animal. Hunting according to the principles of pasture-friendly hunting is exempt from this general prohibition . With regard to game that can be hunted, this hunting privilege permits, for example, the use of griffins to hunt , ferrets to drive rabbits and earth dogs to drive foxes out of their burrows , or other hunting dogs, provided this is necessary for the legitimate pursuit of hunting or for training these animals . The Nachsuche with a bloodhound or another hound to be interleaved or raised at Danger game to spare this unnecessary by quickly as possible killing suffering can mean baiting in this sense, but even imperative weidgerecht and the hunters.

Brackier hunting, as a kind of hunt, is prohibited according to the BJagdG on an area of ​​less than 1000 hectares, but beyond that it is suitable for pasture. Driven hunts are also suitable for pasture, but in contrast to chase, the aim is to move the game only in one movement that should be as slow as possible so that the shooters can recognize ( address ) it well and kill it safely.

Figurative meaning

In a figurative sense, it is also spoken of a hunt or hunt for "the pursuit, hunting of a person" when people are hunted for example by a mob or other gatherings, usually with the threat or the goal of physical damage, by press organs ( hate campaign ) or be repeatedly defamed on the Internet ( cyber bullying ) and given with full name, photo and possibly address. Sometimes the term is used in an even more abstract way, especially by the media. The journalist Heribert Prantl described the events that led to Christian Wulff's resignation as Federal President as a "unique hunt". In contrast to incitement or sedition is hounding but no legally defined term. Particularly after the riots in Chemnitz in 2018 , a political and media debate developed as to whether “hunted down” had taken place, as well as about the terminology as such.

See also

literature

Web links

Wiktionary: Hetzjagd  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ agitation , in Duden.de; accessed on August 8, 2018
  2. ↑ The Top Ten: The Top Ten Big Cats. In: The Top Ten. uXl Themes, accessed January 1, 2019 .
  3. ^ The knowledge of the San ( Memento from June 21, 2010 in the Internet Archive )
  4. ↑ a b Pat Shipman: How do you kill 86 mammoths? Taphonomic investigations of mammoth megasites. In: Quaternary International. Volume 359-360, 2015, pp. 38-46, doi: 10.1016 / j.quaint.2014.04.048 .
  5. ↑ on this: Olaf Thalmann et al .: Complete mitochondrial genomes of ancient canids suggest a European origin of domestic dogs. In: Science . Volume 342, No. 6160, 2013, pp. 871–874, doi: 10.1126 / science.1243650
    The dog is a European. On: idw-online.de from November 14, 2013
  6. ↑ "Hunting is a hunt, the game being caught and grabbed by dogs." Stephan Behlen in: Real and Verbal Lexicon of Forestry and Hunting Studies with their auxiliary sciences: T - Z, Volume 6, Sauerländer, 1843, p. 208 (digitized from Google Books)
  7. ↑ "Hare baiting, the catching of hares by large greyhounds, with some hunters following the dogs on horseback." JOH Günther in: Complete pocket dictionary of the hunter's language for hunters and hunting enthusiasts. F. Mauke, 1840, p. 99 (digitized from Google Books)
  8. ↑ "Parforce hunting, or French hunting, is the cruel type of hunting where animals are hunted up and pursued by hunters and dogs on horseback until they succumb from exhaustion." Stephan Behlen in: Real and Verbal Lexicon of Forestry and Hunting with their auxiliary sciences: T - Z, Volume 6, Sauerländer, 1843, p. 208 (digitized from Google Books)
  9. ↑ “Bracking, also called brackier hunt, [..], [is] the original loud hunt for hare and fox by bracken. The hound works the track of the hare or the fox and drives him back to his actual debut where the hunter takes care of him. ” Deutsches-jagd-lexikon.de, entry: Brackieren - accessed on June 6, 2014
  10. ↑ Eric Eliason: Great Plains Coyote Coursing: Biofacts and a new Folkloristic Understanding of Animals . In: Wild games: hunting and fishing traditions in North America , University of Tennessee Press, 2009, ISBN 1-57233-670-6 , pp. 25-45
  11. ↑ Hansjoachim Hackbarth, Annekatrin Lückert: Tierschutzrecht: practice-oriented guide . Hüthig Jehle Rehm, Munich 2002, ISBN 3-7825-0436-4 , pp. 62 ( online ).
  12. ↑ Haseder p. 333
  13. ↑ § 3 S. 1 No. 8
  14. ↑ Hansjoachim Hackbarth, Annekatrin Lückert: Tierschutzrecht: practice-oriented guide . Hüthig Jehle Rehm, Munich 2002, ISBN 3-7825-0436-4 , pp. 62 ( online ). , Lorz / Metzger, Tierschutzkommentar 7th edition, 2019, Verlag CH Beck, on § 3 Rn. 63, but only defined here as an invitation to persecute.
  15. ↑ Section 22a of the Federal Hunting Act
  16. ↑ according to § 19 para. 1 No. 16
  17. ↑ Hetzjagd in duden.de; accessed March 6, 2015
  18. ↑ Heribert Prantl: Satisfaction for a humiliated man. In: Süddeutsche Zeitung. July 12, 2014, accessed February 25, 2019 .
  19. ↑ How the term hunt is disputed ; Spiegel Online from September 7, 2018; Quote: “Courts and law enforcement agencies have repeatedly dealt with cases in the past where a group of attackers chased people through the streets. However, there is no such thing as a 'hunt' offense. [...] The term hunt is not legally defined, "said Chief Public Prosecutor Klein to SPIEGEL:" I mean by a hunt, for example, several people who chase a person through the city in order to beat them up or physically attack them. "