Cro-Magnon human

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Cro-Magnon human
Skull of Cro-Magnon I ("old man of Cro-Magnon")

Skull of Cro-Magnon I ("old man of Cro-Magnon")

Systematics
Superfamily : Human (Hominoidea)
Family : Apes (Hominidae)
Tribe : Hominini
Genre : homo
Type : Human ( homo sapiens )
Cro-Magnon human
Scientific name
homo sapiens

Cro-Magnon-Mensch ( ˌkroːmaˈɲɔ̃ ) is a term for the anatomically modern human ( Homo sapiens ) of western Eurasia , who lived during the last glacial period , based on the European research tradition . The epoch of the Cro-Magnon humans is the period from the first detection of Homo sapiens in Europe about 40,000 years ago to the transition from the Pleistocene to the Holocene about 12,000 years ago.

The earlier assumption that the Cro-Magnon man was an evolutionary link between Neanderthals and modern Homo sapiens has been disproved since the mid-1970s. a. on the basis of anatomical features that clearly distinguish Neanderthals and modern Homo sapiens . More recently, this has been confirmed on the basis of genetic and archaeological characteristics (see Europeans ). “Cro-Magnon-Mensch” therefore denotes neither a species nor a subspecies .

Type specimen Cro-Magnon I

The holotype Cro-Magnon I was the first of five skulls and postcranial skeletal remains that were discovered during excavations in 1868 by Louis Lartet, the son of Édouard Lartet , in the Abri de Cro-Magnon ( Dordogne ). Based on these findings, Jean Louis Armand de Quatrefages and Ernest Hamy first described a "Cro-Magnon breed" in 1874. In 1877 there was a comparative presentation in the book L'Espèce humaine ( The human species ).

Attempts in the late 20th century to date human remains directly using the 14 C method failed either because the collagen content was too low or because the postcranial skeletal parts in the collections of the Musée de l'Homme can no longer be clearly assigned to the skulls. So far, the graves have only been dated indirectly through the additions: A pierced sea snail ( Littorina littorea ), which can be assigned to one of the graves of Cro-Magnon as part of a necklace, was determined to be 27,680 ± 270 BP ( Beta 157439 ) using the AMS method. dated. This means that the human remains probably also come from the Gravettia , provided - at the current state of publication - no disturbances in the context of the findings are taken into account. Since the Gravettian was only established as a cultural stage around the middle of the 20th century, it corresponds to the old classification of the Upper Aurignacien and not - as was originally assumed for the human remains of Cro-Magnon - the older Aurignacien typique .

In 1899, the Cro-Magnon I fossil was named by Georges Vacher de Lapouge as a type specimen for the species he proposed, Homo spelaeus ("caveman").

Fossil record

_Position of the Cro-Magnon man in the family tree of the genus Homo

The two oldest fossils of the Cro-Magnon man (in the sense of European Homo sapiens ) come from the Grotta del Cavallo ( Apulia , 45,000–43,000 cal BP ) and the Kents Cavern (England, 44,200–41,500 cal BP).

Two skulls from the same time horizon were also found in the Peștera cu oasis (Romania), but without human tools or hunting remains. Trinkaus (2003) had the lower jaw Oase 1 dated by two independent laboratories with slightly different 14C raw data. If this is calibrated with OxCal, 1σ-limits between about the 386th and 366th century cal. The skull oasis 2 + 3 showed an age of about 35,000 BP.

Other human remains dating back more than 30,000 BP come from Mladeč in Moravia (around 31,000 BP ) and Kostenki am Don (39,000–37,000 cal BP). Two morphological variants of the people of the Upper Paleolithic - one tall and one graceful - can be clearly distinguished. The people of Grotte des Enfants 4, Barma Grande 5, Předmosti 3, Pavlov and Sungir 1 belonged to the very tall type, those of Arene Candide 2, 3, 5 and Riparo Continenza to the extremely graceful type. The Cro-Magnon 2, Předmosti 9, Předmosti 14, Paviland , Ohalo 2 , and Wadi Kubbaniya occupy a middle position and, somewhat smaller, the people from Předmosti 5, Arene Candide 12, Riparo Continenza and the much younger skeleton from the Bavarian Klausen cave (around 18,000 BP ). For this reason, some investigators contrast the Cro-Magnon type with the Brno type (formerly: "Brno breed" ).

The Cambridge reference sequence of the mtDNA of a Cro-Magnon human was created on the Paglicci 23 skeleton from the Paglicci Cave (Italy) . Another mtDNA sequence is available from the grave from Kostenki 14, which belongs to haplogroup U2 . In 2013 the genome of the approximately 24,000 year old boy from Malta was published in Siberia.

For a long time, the assignment of the grave of Combe Capelle, discovered in 1909, to the Châtelperronien was considered certain, as artefacts in the vicinity of the skeleton were interpreted as grave goods . In 2011 new AMS data were published that date the burial much more recently to the Mesolithic .

Tool finds from Willendorf , Austria , attributed to the Cro-Magnon humans, have been dated to 43,500 years cal BP.

According to a calculation by Isabell Schmidt and Andreas Zimmermann ( University of Cologne ) from 2019, a maximum of 3300 individuals lived in Western and Central Europe in the period from around 42,000 to around 33,000 years ago ( cal BP ). “According to these estimates, only five areas in Europe had a viable population of around 150 people or more: Northern Spain, southwest France, Belgium, parts of the Czech Republic and the upper Danube region. The fact that the centers of these viable populations were about 400 kilometers apart is a Europe-wide uniform pattern. ”In addition, other areas of Europe were at least cyclically settled - during certain seasons. They were "highly mobile hunter-gatherer groups", "who regularly covered distances of 200 km and were also adapted to different habitats."

description

Homo sapiens originatedas a taxon in Africa around 200,000 to 150,000 years ago (see archaic Homo sapiens ). The use of the term Cro-Magnon-Mensch in the sense of a chronospecies istenableneither with anatomical features nor on the basis of the investigation of ancient DNA . Despite a so-called genetic bottleneck in the Homo sapiens populations during the last ice age, a study on the human genome published in 2011showed that a genetic exchange of populations in Europe, Asia and Africa took place up to around 40,000 to 20,000 years ago.

Cro-Magnon people were hunters and gatherers and were mostly nomadic . Many sites show only short-term or over a longer period of time seasonally used storage places of humans. Camp sites that were probably permanently inhabited for more than a year have been known since the Gravettian era at the earliest, e.g. in Dolní Věstonice and Pavlov (both Moravia ).

A study on the genetics of skin pigmentation published at the beginning of 2013 showed that the first settlers of Homo sapiens in Europe probably had darker skin than today's Central Europeans. According to the researchers, the skin color of the early Europeans was a little darker than that of today's North Africans (such as the Berbers ). In 2017, a refined genetic analysis provided evidence that the genes coding for light skin color also had their origin in Africa, since the relatively light-skinned San in South Africa have the same variants of the HERC2 and OCA2 genes as those with the light skin and eye color of Europeans be associated. In an accompanying article in the journal Science , it was considered that the people who emigrated from Africa had both gene variants for light and dark skin tones and that the dark variants were later lost in Eurasia, so that for this reason too, Homo sapiens was classified on the basis of skin pigmentation in races is just as nonsensical as the division based on body size would be.

Replacement of the Neanderthals

Skull of a Cro-Magnon man, Museo civico di Scienze Naturali, Milan

The complete replacement of the Neanderthals ( Engl. Replacement ) by anatomically modern humans between about 40,000 and 30,000 years ago is now the subject of numerous theories. In 2012 a study of the aDNA of Neanderthals was published, which suggests that the Neanderthal population had already been thinned out before the appearance of modern humans in Europe, which is attributed to environmental and other stress factors. The low traceability of Neanderthals younger than 40,000 BP is supported by the re-evaluation of 14 C dates. According to researchers of the CalPal working group, data without sample preparation with ultrafiltration should only be regarded as a minimum age. Accordingly, the fossils from the Caucasian Mesmaiskaja Cave (39,700 ± 1,100 BP) and from the Croatian Vindija Cave mark the most recent Neanderthal finds with a confirmed 14 C date.

Neanderthal genome in Homo sapiens

Older reconstruction of a Cro-Magnon woman in the Neanderthal Museum .
More recent reconstruction of an early European in the Neanderthal Museum based on the findings from the Peştera cu Oase cave (Romania). However, an investigation of the DNA has shown that the population of Peștera cu oasis (oases 1 and 2) was genetically still between East Asians and Europeans and made no significant contribution to later humans in Europe.

Although up to 4% of Neanderthal-specific genes were found in the genome of anatomically modern people in Eurasia, this is considered irrelevant for taxonomic questions.

  • However, genetic analysis carried out between 2013 and 2015 on the Homo sapiens finds from Peştera cu Oase in Romania and Ust-Ischim in Siberia yielded further findings on the subject of hybridization : Neanderthal DNA was detected in both fossils .
  • In the case of the lower jaw of Oase1 , a proportion of 5 to 11 percent of DNA sections of the Neanderthal was detected and it was estimated that the hybridization took place four to six generations before the date of the find (40,000 vh) - even if it appears to be a line acts without descendants detectable today. When Ust-Ishim was found, 2 percent of Neanderthal DNA was found. The time of gene flow was dated to around 7,000 to 13,000 years before the individual's lifetime (around 45,000 years ago) - with genetic proximity to the people living in Eurasia.
  • Even if the studies do not say anything about whether the gene flow occurred in the vicinity of the sites or whether the hybrids migrated from more distant areas, they do show that matings between Neanderthals and Cro-Magnons (or early Eurasian Homo sapiens ) are not only actually took place in the Levant , but also in Eastern Europe and Siberia.

The European Cro-Magnon man appears in his material culture as the bearer of the Upper Paleolithic with the blade culture of the Aurignaciens . This is proven with the Ahmarium in the Middle East a few thousand years earlier than in Central Europe. Modern humans probably first invaded Europe about 36,000 years ago BP ( calibrated 40,000 to 42,000 BC). There was a strong decline in population during the cold maximum of the Vistula Ice Age (or Worm Ice Age in the Alpine region) about 22,000 to 18,000 years ago.

The assumption that the Cro-Magnon humans, coming from the south-east, would have displaced the “cold-accustomed” Neanderthals into northern refuges in the time before this temperature minimum, however, seems erroneous, since Neanderthals are only recorded in southern Europe shortly before their extinction Settlements of the Cro-Magnon people are often occupied north of the Alps . In Western Europe there was an early settlement area of ​​Cro-Magnon people in southern France and northern Spain, while the Neanderthals settled the south of the Iberian Peninsula as far as Gibraltar . In Eastern Europe , a similar picture emerges with relatively northerly found sites of modern humans near Kostenki am Don from the Early Upper Palaeolithic (EUP). At this time, the previously proven settlement areas of the Cro-Magnon people were in the border area between tundra , cold steppe and coniferous vegetation , while the Neanderthals settled in the warmer border area between coniferous and deciduous vegetation.

nutrition

Investigations of stable isotopes ( 13 C - and 15 N content) in the collagen of the bones of Cro-Magnon humans could show that the food supply has increased in comparison to the Neanderthals. While Neanderthals mainly ate the meat of large herbivores , an increased proportion of fish and mussels has been measured in Cro-Magnon humans of the Middle Upper Palaeolithic ( Gravettian ). A prominent case is the analysis of the “Prince” from the Arene Candide cave (near Finale Ligure ). This young person (dating 23,440 + 190 BP ) was able to demonstrate diet with fish species from the Mediterranean that are only found in the Atlantic today. The proportion of fish in the overall diet is estimated at 20 to 25%. A diet with a high proportion of large game and fish ( salmon ) was also found at the Magdalenian funeral of a woman from Saint-Germain-de-la-Rivière .

At the British sites of Gough's Cave and Sun Hole Cave from the late Paleolithic Creswellia , the share of marine resources (fish, mussels) was around 30%. The same applies to the Spanish site Balma Guilanyà in the southeastern foothills of the Pyrenees .

Archaeological cultures

Scratches, Abri Cro-Magnon (Louis Lartet Collection, Toulouse Museum ).

With the appearance of “modern man” the period of the Upper Paleolithic begins. While the coexistence with the Neanderthals is usually estimated at around 10,000 years between 40,000 and 30,000 years, 14 C data, including calibration models , indicate only a relatively short coexistence of tool cultures from the later Neanderthals and the early Upper Palaeolithic in a time window of two to three thousand years on.

The tools and weapons of the Cro-Magnon people of the Aurignacien were not significantly superior to those of the last Neanderthals ( Szeletien , Châtelperronien up to about 35,000 BP ), but they have specifically new features. A mutual influence of the material culture (stone tools, jewelry) is discussed, but can only be proven in the case of the type locality Châtelperron ( Département de l'Allier ) by interstratification of the layers.

With the Gravettian, a considerable technical refinement of the artefacts of the Cro-Magnon man can be recorded, such as the gluing of back knives into spears, which have been thrown with spear throwers at the latest since the Solutréen . The spear thrower was widespread in the Magdalenian Southwest Europe and was the most important hunting weapon at the time. At the end of the Upper Palaeolithic, with increasing forest cover, the bow as a weapon was first proven.

art

While the Neanderthals' decorative and artistic legacies have so far appeared as an exception ( stone circles in the Bruniquel cave ), the Cro-Magnon developed the first works of visual art . This concerns on the one hand the rock paintings ( cave painting , rock painting and petroglyphs ), on the other hand the Upper Palaeolithic small art (for example so-called Venus figurines ).

The oldest cave paintings of Cro-Magnon people are known from the time of the Aurignacien and possibly from the previous period of the Moustérien ( El Castillo cave , Chauvet cave ); mostly these are animal representations. At the same time petroglyphs (rock carvings) appear ( La Ferrassie , cave of Pair-non-Pair ). The quantitative peak of the rock art was reached in Magdalenian (eg Lascaux , Altamira Cave ).

The Upper Paleolithic small art is very diverse. For example, carvings made from mammoth ivory, antlers, bones and stone that can be carved ( steatite , limestone) have been handed down. Works of art made from other organic materials (for example wood) were probably also in use, but cannot be proven archaeologically. On tattoo and / or body paint of some figurative representations can be concluded from the superficial embellishments. Notch patterns on the upper arm of the lion man from the Hohlenstein -Stadel or the Venus from the Hohlefels can be cited as possible examples . The interpretation is uncertain here, as animal figures of the same age from the Vogelherd Cave and the Geißenklösterle also have such ornaments. If the representations of the totem are concerned, the transfer of human characteristics would be plausible.

Cultural stages of the Cro-Magnon man in the early Paleolithic - find representation of the hybridization with Neanderthals in Europe and Siberia - end of the Cro-Magnon period with the expiry of the cave art culture in Magdalena.

In addition to the fine arts, the oldest musical instruments are also known from the Aurignacian period. These are flutes made from animal bones.

The climax and end of the Cro-Magnon phase

During the last cold peak (in northern Germany known as the Brandenburg or Frankfurt phase approx. 25,000 to 20,000 years ago), Europe resembled a treeless tundra right up to what is now southern France. The temperatures were 5 to 13 ° C lower than today. The sea level was around 120 m lower than now, and glaciers , with their ice sheets up to 3000 m thick , stretched as far as Central Europe. In the south, the Alps were glaciated into the foreland, including the Pyrenees. As in Siberia today, the space between the northern ice sheet and the Alps was characterized by permafrost .

In the Younger Dryas period (approx. 12,000 before today) the mean annual temperature fell again sharply. At this time, the cave art and the cabaret (Venus figures) of the Cro-Magnon man were already in decline. There was a great shortage of food and the population density gradually declined. At the end of this phase, large parts of Central Europe were abandoned by Homo sapiens .

It was only with the arrival of the Neolithic economy in Central Europe that the Cro-Magnon humans, who lived in the wild and genetically persisted in the post-glacial Mesolithic , were replaced by immigrated new populations, which can be made plausible by investigations of the mtDNA . As a result, the Late Glacial and Holocene European foragers of the Mesolithic were predominantly from haplogroup U , while haplogroup H dominated in early Neolithic as well as European people today . With the geographically vaguely defined term of the Cro-Magnon man as a Ice Age, European type, it can be deduced that there was a change in population in Central Europe. However, this only refers to populations of modern humans whose haplogroups were reconstructed from skeletal material from the last 20,000 years.

See also

literature

  • Friedemann Schrenk : The early days of man. The way to Homo sapiens (= Beck's series. 2059). CH Beck, Munich 1997, ISBN 3-406-41059-6 , p. 114.
  • Henri-Victor Vallois : La Découverte des hommes de Cro-Magnon, son importance anthropologique. In: L'homme de Cro-Magnon. Anthropology and archeology. 1868-1968. Avant-propos de Gabriel Camps and Georges Olivier. Arts et métiers graphiques, Paris 1970, pp. 11-20.

Web links

Commons : Cro-Magnon-Human  - Collection of Images, Videos, and Audio Files

Individual evidence

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