Châtelperronia

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Châtelperronia
Age : Middle / Upper Paleolithic
Absolutely : about 38,000 to 33,000 years ago

expansion
West and South West Europe
Leitforms

Châtelperron points, blades, bone tools, jewelry

The Châtelperronia is an archaeological culture at the transition from the Middle Paleolithic to the Upper Paleolithic , which was dated in 2014 by means of radiocarbon dating to the period between 45,000 and 40,000 years ago ( cal BP ). In the Western European distribution area it is the last culture that is associated with the Neanderthals . Since it overlaps in time with the older Aurignacia and there are approximations in the material legacies, it was interpreted in particular by Jean-Jacques Hublin as evidence of the cultural influence of the Neanderthals by the Cro-Magnon people . This interpretation was initially controversial, but in 2016 it was supported by preserved proteins from several dozen bones found in the cave.

Name and type locality

The name Châtelperronien was introduced in 1906 by Henri Breuil , after the site of the Grotte des Fées near Châtelperron ( Allier department ).

distribution

The Châtelperronien is only common in France and Northern Spain . In France, it is mainly found in the southwest ( department Charente , Dordogne , Lot and Vienne ), in the western Pyrenees room and in the Loire - and in his pelvis .

Timeframe

The Moustérien of the Moustérien de tradition Acheuléen type is considered to be the substrate for the development of Châtelperroniens . In southern France it is referred to as " Périgordien I" (also Périgordien ancien or Périgordien inférieur ) according to the structure of Denis Peyrony . The Châtelperronia existed at the same time as the Lower Aurignacia and was replaced by the Middle Aurignacia.

climate

The Chatelperronien in the time frame 25 to 45 ka

The Châtelperronien is located in a climatically somewhat milder, but very unstable period of the Würm Ice Age due to significant temperature fluctuations . It begins in Huneborg II with the Dansgaard-Oeschger event DO8 , a very significant warm phase. After a marked cooling of 34,000 BC. Another warm phase followed with DO7 , which is already part of the Denekamp Interstadial . DO6 , also from the Denekamp-Interstadial, marks the end of the Châtelperroniens. In France, even the DO5 ( Maisières-Interstadial ) is counted as part of the Châtelperronien.

Human remains

Human remains from Châtelperronia have only been found in two sites in a secured archaeological context: in Saint-Césaire and the " Grotte du Renne " (reindeer cave) of Arcy-sur-Cure . A study that included isolated teeth from Châtelperronia layers as the main source could confirm a relatively reliable assignment of this culture to the Neanderthals. For a long time, the Neanderthal burial of Saint-Césaire was considered uncertain evidence in German-language literature because, in the opinion of Gerhard Bosinski , the surrounding find layer was considered more of a late Moustérien of the MtA type than a Châtelperronien.

Interstratifications of Neanderthals and Cro-Magnon humans were repeatedly discussed in sites with Châtelperronia . B. in El Pendo (Northern Spain), Roc de Combe and Le Piage 15 (France) as well as in the type locality Grotte des Fées near Châtelperron . An upper incisor from Châtelperronia layers from Roches d'Abilly published in 2011, however, shows no Neanderthal features. A publication from 2012 could for the first time rely on a direct 14C dating of a bone from Saint-Césaire, which showed an age of 41,500 BP.

Archaeological inventory

Tools

Redrawing the top of the Châtelperronien industry

The new development of the Châtelperron points (or knives) with curved, blunt backs is characteristic of the tool industry in Châtelperronia .

The Châtelperronien is characterized on the one hand by the occurrence of typical Upper Palaeolithic elements such as bone , antler and ivory tools, blades and jewelry . The use of bone material for the manufacture of weapons and tools has some precursors in the Neanderthal cultures of the Middle Paleolithic, such as the bone tips from Salzgitter-Lebenstedt or the Great Grotto near Blaubeuren . Ivory was used as a material far more often than antlers. On the other hand, inventories from Châtelperronien still show a clear proportion of Middle Paleolithic technologies such as the occurrence of the Levallois technique . In other parts of Europe, there were similar transitional industries, as in Eastern and Central Europe, the Bohunicien and Szeletian , in Italy the Uluzzien .

Trinkets

32 millimeter earrings made of bone by Arcy-sur-Cure

The question of who was the bearer of Châtelperronia and to what extent such interstratifications can be proven plays a major role in the discussion on the genesis of the Upper Paleolithic small art . The safest place to find Neanderthal jewelery objects has so far been the “Grotte du Renne” (reindeer cave) excavated by André Leroi-Gourhan between 1949 and 1963 , part of the caves of Arcy-sur-Cure , Yonne department . With the proof that the isolated teeth are remnants of Neanderthals, it also seemed certain that the jewelry items found in the Châtelperronien layers (earrings, pierced and grooved teeth as jewelry pendants, fossils and other things) were associated with the Neanderthals Should be connected. In 1996 the journal Nature titled this article: "Neanderthal Fashion" . The only open question was whether this happened through acculturation of anatomically modern humans ( Cro-Magnon humans ) in Europe, or whether Neanderthals brought about this development independently of immigrant modern humans.

However, new 14 C data (31 AMS data with ultrafiltration ) were able to show that the Châtelperronia layers of Arcy show a data spread between about 21,000–49,000 BP, which, according to the authors, suggests a considerable intermingling of the find horizon. Some modified bones have been directly dated and, at less than 30,000 BP, are clearly younger than the last known Neanderthals in southwestern Europe. In the opinion of the authors, despite the association with Neanderthal remains, it is no longer certain that the layers are undisturbed. Rather, the mixture with artifacts and jewelry is likely that the anatomically modern man (Cro-Magnon man) made. This contradicts a series of new 14 C dates, which still allow the Neanderthal man to be associated with the Châtelperronia of the Grotte du Renne.

Despite the uncertainty about Arcy-sur-Cure , for example , similar jewelry items from the Châtelperronien layers are known from the sparsely documented cave of Quinçay , Vienne . These are perforated canines of wolf, fox and red deer. Ornaments have also been found in the type locality Châtelperron , in Roche au Loup and other sites. In addition to actively altered ornamental objects and fossils, play a role as the dentalia of Saint-Césaire. A pointed questioning of Neanderthal jewelry as a whole does not seem appropriate.

Find places

France

Northern Spain

literature

  • Ofer Bar-Yosef and Jean-Guillaume Bordes: Who were the makers of the Châtelperronian culture? In: Journal of Human Evolution . Volume 59, No. 5, 2010, pp. 586-593, doi: 10.1016 / j.jhevol.2010.06.009
  • Henri Breuil : Études de morphologie paleolithique. II. L'industrie de la grotte de Châtelperron (Allier) et d'autres gisements similaires. In: Revue de l'École d'Anthropologie de Paris. Volume 21, pp. 29-40 and 66-76 (1911)
  • Henri Delporte : L'industrie de Châtelperron et son extension geographique. In: Congrès Préhist. Fr. Volume 14, pp. 233-250 (1955)
  • Henri Delporte: Les fouilles des grottes paléolithiques de Châtelperron (Allier). In: Gallia . Volume 13, pp. 79-84 (1955)
  • Henri Delporte: La Grotte des Fées de Châtelperron (Allier). In: Congrès Préhist. Fr. Volume 15, pp. 452-477 (1957)
  • André Leroi-Gourhan : Les fouilles d'Arcy-sur-Cure (Yonne). In: Gallia Préhistoire. Volume 4, pp. 3-16 (1961)

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Tom Higham , Katerina Douka et al .: The timing and spatiotemporal patterning of Neanderthal disappearance. In: Nature. Volume 52, No. 7514, 2014, pp. 306–309, doi: 10.1038 / nature13621
    Neanderthals died out 39,000 years ago at the latest. On: idw-online from August 20, 2014.
  2. ^ A b Shara E. Bailey, Timothy D. Weaver, Jean-Jacques Hublin , Who made the Aurignacian and other early Upper Paleolithic industries? In: Journal of Human Evolution 57, 2009, pp. 11-26 doi : 10.1016 / j.jhevol.2009.02.003
  3. ^ A b Jean-Jacques Hublin , F. Spoor, M. Braun, F. Zonneveld, S. Condemi: A Late Neanderthal Associated with Upper Palaeolithic Artefacts. In: Nature. Volume 381, 1996, pp. 224-226 doi : 10.1038 / 381224a0
  4. ^ Jean-Jacques Hublin et al .: Radiocarbon dates from the Grotte du Renne and Saint-Césaire support a Neandertal origin for the Châtelperronian. In: PNAS . Volume 109, No. 46, 2012, pp. 18743–18748, doi: 10.1073 / pnas.1212924109 , full text (PDF)
  5. ↑ a b d'Errico, FD, Zilhão, J., Julien, M., Baffier, D. and Pelerin, J .: Neanderthal Acculturation in Western Europe? A Critical Review of the Evidence and It's Interpretation. In: Current Anthropology Supplement to Vol. 39, 1998, S. S1-S44 doi : 10.1086 / 204689 , full text (PDF; 1.26 MB)
  6. ↑ Michael Balter: Neandertal Champion Defends the Reputation of Our Closest Cousins. In: Science . Volume 337, No. 6095, 2012, pp. 642–643, doi: 10.1126 / science.337.6095.642 , full text (PDF; 711 kB)  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically defective marked. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / 211.144.68.84  
  7. ↑ Frido Welker, Mateja Hajdinjak, Sahra Talamo, [...] and Jean-Jacques Hublin: Palaeoproteomic evidence identifies archaic hominins associated with the Châtelperronian at the Grotte du Renne. In: PNAS. Volume 113, No. 40, 2016, pp. 11162–11167, doi: 10.1073 / pnas.1605834113
  8. ^ D. Peyrony: Les industries “aurignaciennes” dans le bassin de la Vézére. In: Bulletin de la Société Préhistorique Française 30, 1933, pp. 543-559
  9. ^ F. Lévêque, B. Vandermeersch: Découverte de restes humains dans le niveau Castelperronien à Saint-Césaire (Charente-Maritime). In: Comptes rendus de l'Académie des sciences 291, 1980, pp. 187-189
  10. ^ A. Leroi-Gourhan: Les fouilles d'Arcy-sur-Cure (Yonne). In: Gallia Préhistoire 4, 1961, pp. 3-16
  11. ^ Bordes, J.-G .: Les interstratifications Châtelperronien / Aurignacien du Roc-de-Combe et du Piage (Lot, France). Analysis taphonomique des industries lithiques; implications archéologiques. Université de Bordeaux I, 2002
  12. ^ Wil Roebroeks : Time for the Middle to Upper Paleolithic transition in Europe . In: Journal of Human Evolution 55, 2008, pp. 918-926 doi : 10.1016 / j.jhevol.2008.08.008
  13. ↑ B. Gravina, P. Mellars, C. Bronk Ramsey, radiocarbon dating of interstratified Neanderthal and early modern human occupations at the Chatelperronian type-site . In: Nature 438 (7064), 2005, pp. 51-56 doi : 10.1038 / nature04006
  14. ↑ Paul Mellars, Brad Gravina, Christopher Bronk Ramsey: Confirmation of Neanderthal / modern human interstratification at the site Chatelperronian the type. In: PNAS 104, 2007, pp. 3657-3662 doi : 10.1073 / pnas.0608053104
  15. ↑ Thierry Aubry et al .: Stratigraphic and technological evidence from the middle palaeolithic-Châtelperronian-Aurignacian record at the Bordes-Fitte rockshelter (Roches d'Abilly site, Central France). In: Journal of Human Evolution 2011, pp. 116-137. doi : 10.1016 / j.jhevol.2011.10.009
  16. ^ A b Jean-Jacques Hublin et al .: New Radiocarbon Dates from the Grotte du Renne and Saint Césaire support a Neanderthal Origin for the Châtelperronian. In: PNAS, October 29, 2012. Executive summary
  17. ↑ João Zilhão , Francesco D'Errico, Bordes, J.-G., Lenoble, A., Texier, J.-P. et Rigaud, J.-P .: Analysis of Aurignacian interstratification at the Châtelperronian-type site and implications for the behavioral modernity of Neandertals. In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103/33, 2006, pp. 12643-12648 doi : 10.1073 / pnas.0605128103
  18. ↑ Nature , Volume 381, 1996, front cover
  19. ↑ Chris Stringer , Clive Gamble: In Search of the Neanderthals: Solving the Puzzle of Human Origins Thames and Hudson, London, 1993 ISBN 978-0500278079
  20. ↑ a b Thomas Higham , Roger M. Jacobi et al .: Chronology of the Grotte du Renne (France) and implications for the context of ornaments and human remains within the Châtelperronian. In: PNAS . Volume 107, No. 47, 2010, pp. 20234-20239, doi: 10.1073 / pnas.1007963107
  21. ↑ J.-M. Granger and F. Lévêque: Parure castelperronienne et aurignacienne: étude de trois séries inédites de dents percées et comparaisons. In: Comptes rendus de l'Académie des sciences 325, 1997, pp. 537-543
  22. ↑ Randall White: Personal Ornaments from the Grotte du Renne at Arcy-sur-Cure. In: Athena Review 2 (2000) (4), pp. 41-46 full text
  23. ↑ a b Francesco d'Errico et al .: Neandertal acculturation in Western Europe? A critical review of the evidence and its interpretation. In: Current Anthropology 39, 1998, pp. 1-44