Aurignacia

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Aurignacia
Age : younger Paleolithic
Absolutely : about 40,000 to 31,000 years ago

expansion
Western, Central and Southern Europe
Leitforms

Blades, high and keel scrapers, bullet tips made of bone, cabaret made of ivory,

The eponymous Abri by Aurignac
Approximate extent of the Aurignacien

The Aurignacien (pronunciation [ orɪnjaˈsi̯ɛ̃ː ]) is the oldest archaeological culture of the European Upper Paleolithic , and at the same time as the spread of anatomically modern humans (Homo sapiens) in large parts of Western, Central and Eastern Europe. The term “Aurignac cultural stage” was introduced in 1867 by Gabriel de Mortillet , initially in the structure of the permanent exhibition of the Musée des Antiquités Nationales in Saint-Germain-en-Laye (published in 1869). The type locality is the Abri von Aurignac ( Département Haute-Garonne ), where Édouard Lartet first demonstrated stone tools in connection with clearly Pleistocene animal bones in 1860 .

According to Thomas Higham et al. (2012) the Aurignacia begins in the Swabian Alb approx. 40,000  BP and extends to around 31,000 BP, see also Young Pleistocene .

The subsequent archaeological culture was the Gravettian .

Human remains from aurignacia layers

The Aurignacian was preceded by Neanderthal cultures such as the Moustérien and the Szeletien (also called leaf-tip groups ). In the Aurignacia, Neanderthals and modern humans ( Homo sapiens ) sometimes lived side by side in Europe. The culture of Châtelperronien (formerly Périgordien  I ) that existed during this period is still attributed to the Neanderthals. Decorative objects of this culture speak for a cultural influence by the Cro-Magnon humans (synonym for the Ice Age Homo sapiens ). Scenarios of the replacement of the Neanderthal by Homo sapiens are often created using 14 C-dated first records of modern humans, which are compared to the last records of Neanderthals on maps of Europe. The Belgian prehistorian Marcel Otte favors the migration of anatomically modern humans as carriers of the Aurignacian culture from Central Asia . Due to the small number of human remains and the error-related spread of 14 C data in this time range, which is far beyond the span of a human life, the interpretation of spatial mobility remains unprovable.

After the 14 C dating of accompanying finds of the human remains of Cro-Magnon in Gravettia , the direct dating of the skulls from the Vogelherd cave to the Neolithic and a revision of incorrect dates on German fossil finds, the authorship of the Aurignaciens was presented by some experts as an open question or even explicitly that Attributed to Neanderthals. The secure connection between Aurignacien and Homo sapiens. is based on a number of old and new finds - also due to human remains that have only been dated or scientifically examined in recent years:

  • Some isolated teeth from Brassempouy ( Département Landes ) from the excavations carried out by H. Delporte between 1981 and 1996 come from lower Aurignacian layers. In a study published in 2005, their characteristics could be clearly assigned to Homo sapiens , which is at the same time a sound argument for the sponsorship of anatomically modern humans also for the older Aurignacia.
  • Direct dating of the Homo sapiens skulls from the Boček cave near Mladeč ( Moravia ) with an age of approx. 31,000 BP is evidence of the connection with artifacts of the younger Aurignacia ( Aurignacien typique ).
  • Homo sapiens remains from Aurignacia layers are found in the Isturitz cave ( Département Pyrénées-Atlantiques ).
  • Teeth of Homo sapiens in the Les Rois cave (near Mouthiers-sur-Boëme ) have been sedimented directly with Aurignacian artifacts.
  • Of three isolated teeth from the Aurignacia layer E of La Ferrassie , which were previously assigned to the Neanderthals, at least one could be identified as Homo sapiens . Another has intermediate features.

An argument for the in principle unambiguous assignment of Homo sapiens to the Aurignacia and Neanderthals to the late Middle Paleolithic (here especially Châtelperronia ) is offered by a study published in 2009 in which 95 Neanderthal teeth and 63 Homo sapiens teeth from a proven context (i.e. with archaeological remains) were examined. The expected cultural assignment could be confirmed to 89%: of 34 individuals who were associated with Aurignacia or other early Paleolithic industries (“Non-Châtelperronia”), 29 are anatomically modern people ( Homo sapiens ).

Human remains from the Aurignacian time horizon

In addition to the listed evidence of anatomically modern humans that were found directly in the Aurignacian find layers, there are other human remains in Europe that are to be placed in the same time horizon, but without a characteristic archaeological inventory or with other than Aurignacian artifacts:

  • The oldest remains of modern man in Europe from the Grotta del Cavallo ( Apulia ) are associated with stone artifacts of the Uluzzien , which is considered the Italian counterpart to Châtelperronien . The two deciduous teeth found in 1964 could be clearly assigned to Homo sapiens in a new analysis based on the anatomical features of the tooth crowns and roots . 14 C-dated mussel shells from the same stratum are between 42,000 and 40,000 BP. The authors indicate the teeth using a Bayesian model with a calendar age of 45,000–43,000 calBP . These teeth would be at least 3000 years older than the earliest Aurignacia.
  • A part of a human upper jaw (fossil name KC 4 ) from the English Kents Cavern found in 1927 was described in the first publication as an anatomically modern human , but its value was later questioned for a long time. An AMS Direct dating in 1989 yielded an uncalibrated date of 30,900 ± 900 BP, which has been calibrated at that stand at 36,400 to 34,700 calBP. AMS data obtained with ultrafiltration in 2011 from the entire sequence of layers of the cave also included animal bones from the layer found in the upper jaw. A Bayesian model of the data series shows that the find layer with the traditional position of the maxilla can instead be dated to 44,200–41,500 calBC . As a result of the early excavation, however, the location within the sequence of layers is not conclusively proven. Adaptable fragments of animal bones, however, indicate a vertical rearrangement of finds, as is typical of cave sediments.
  • The skull oases 1 and 2 from the Romanian Peştera cu oasis were dated to about 36,000 BP, which corresponds to about 40,000 calendar years after calibration. They were found without an archaeological inventory.
  • In Kostenki am Don ( Voronezh Oblast , Russia) there are isolated Homo sapiens teeth from early Paleolithic layers that can be dated to around 35,000 BP. The grave of the discovery site Kostenki 14 ( “Markina Gora” ) found in 1954 and assigned to the Upper Paleolithic Gorodsovia Layer III was confirmed as authentic in the course of an investigation of the mtDNA , the 14 C data of the layer context assign it to the time window between 33 and 30,000 BP . Accordingly, the burial coincides with the younger Aurignacien in Western Europe. A human bone from the Kostenki 1 site was directly dated and found to be 32,600 ± 1100 BP (OxA-7073).
  • In 2011, a dating of a human bone from Buran-Kaya III ( Crimea ) became known, which with 31,900 + 240 / -220 BP represents the oldest evidence in Southeastern Europe, provided Romania is included in Central Europe. The assignment of the layers to the Gravettian is problematic because the date is older than the time frame of this culture.
  • The so-called Red Lady of Paviland ( Gower Peninsula ), a male grave strewn with ocher (the sex was only correctly determined later), has been dated to around 31,000 BP based on new AMS data from additional finds. The fund association is uncertain, however, a more recent classification in the time horizon of the Gravettien is also possible. The ocher sprinkling typical of Gravettias would also speak for this. Four AMS data collected directly from human bones resulted in an average age of 29,000-28,000 BP.
  • Two skulls were found in the Romanian caves Peştera Muierii (approx. 30,000 BP) and Cioclovina Cave (approx. 29,000 - 28,000 BP) without confirmed archaeological findings , which were dated to the time horizon of the younger Aurignacia by means of direct radiocarbon dating.

The grave of Combe Capelle , which was long attributed to the Aurignacien ancient (Châtelperronien), was dated directly by AMS in 2011 , according to which the burial can be classified into the Mesolithic and thus much younger.

Level structure

Shortly after the establishment of the Aurignacian culture stage in 1867, Mortillet rejected it again. The reason was that he saw a genetic relationship between the two cultures because of the similarity of older leaf tips of the leaf tip groups with those of the Solutréens . In the evolutionist understanding of prehistoric tool types at that time, the Aurignacien stood in the way because of the lack of leaf tips. It was not until 1906 that Henri Breuil prevailed with the reintroduction of the Aurignacia as a cultural stage. In 1912 Breuil proposed the following threefold:

  • Aurignacien ancien (also Aurignacien inférieur ; with Châtelperron tips, cf. today Châtelperronien )
  • Aurignacien typique (or middle Aurignacien)
  • Aurignacien supérieur (with several lower stages, which are characterized by Gravette points and Font-Robert points ; corresponds today to the Gravettien ).

In 1933, Denis Peyrony divided the Aurignacien into five levels based on the stratigraphy of La Ferrassie and Laugerie-Haute , which are also only relevant to research history today. He correlated the Aurignacian classification with seven stages of the Périgordien , which describe the entire Upper Palaeolithic before the fully developed Magdalenian . Peyronys Périgordien I and Aurignacien 0-I correspond roughly to Breuil's Aurignacien ancien , Aurignacien II-IV to the Aurignacien typique . Peyrony referred to today's Gravettia as Périgordien levels IV-V. For Peyrony, bullet tips made of bones played a key role:

  • Périgordien I (later Châtelperronien )
  • Aurignacien 0 ( Périgordien II ): Aurignacien scraper, Dufour slats
  • Aurignacien I : bullet tips with split base ( Aurignac tips ), constricted blades, keel scrapers
  • Aurignacien II : diamond-shaped bullet points with a flat-oval cross-section, nose scraper, arch stylus
  • Aurignacien III : bullet points with oval cross-section, nose scraper, arch stylus
  • Aurignacien IV : Double-conical bullet points with a thick oval cross-section, arched graver

The modern structure divides the Aurignacien into three levels and various regional characteristics. Since the Protoaurignacia , which was introduced in 1966 by Georges Laplace (1918-2004), is not identical with the Châtelperronia , this terminology corresponds only partially to the understanding of H. Breuil:

  • Protoaurignacia (approx. 40,000 / 37,000–34,000 BP): Occurrence mainly in southern Europe, but also, for example, in the old site of Krems-Hundssteig
  • Aurignacien ancien (34,000–31,000 BP) in Central Europe, Southwest France, Asturias and Central Italy
  • Aurignacien récent (31,000–28,000 BP) throughout Central Europe

In addition, there is an epi-aurignacia with 14 C data around 22,000 to 18,000 BP, for which there seems to be evidence mainly in Ukraine today. Features are atypical keel scratches and weakly retouched microliths. To what extent the Eastern European Epi-Aurignacien has relations to Peyronys Aurignacien V of the Dordogne (here following the Périgordien VII. ) Is unclear in view of the large areas without corresponding evidence. However, given the high mobility of nomadic hunters and gatherers , contacts between southwest France and Eastern Europe were very possible. In Central Europe in between there are only a few inventories that show plausible features of an Epi-Aurignacien: Langmannersdorf and Horn- Raabserstrasse in Lower Austria and Dolní Věstonice II-A in Moravia.

Tool molds

Typical for the Aurignacien are projectile points made of bone and ivory , which probably served as the point armor of spears . In addition, there are a number of typical tools (“ guiding forms ”) made of flint , such as keel scrapers , burins and long, narrow blades. These blades are often concave or "waisted" on the long sides by retouching the edges (see second illustration from the left). The leading form of the Aurignacien ancien and Aurignacien typique are so-called Dufour lamellae , which have a dorsal and a ventrally retouched longitudinal edge. Font-Yves- type lamellae and tips , however, are retouched dorsally on both sides. Such lamellas were separated from regular cores and demonstrate a targeted strategy of manufacture.

  • Keel scraper

  • Aurignac blades

  • Dufour slat

  • Bone tip with a split base

  • Blade scraper, Aurignac site

Works of art

Figurative cabaret

Sculpture of bear or lion, Vogelherd cave (40,000 years old, Aurignacia), UNESCO World Heritage " Caves and Ice Age Art in the Swabian Jura ", Museum of the University of Tübingen MUT
Lion man

The oldest known figurative works of art were created in the Aurignacia . Objects made of mammoth ivory from the Swabian Alb , dating between 42,000 and 38,000 BP , are of outstanding importance . The most famous sites in this region are the Vogelherd cave and the Hohlenstein barn with the lion man , both in the Lone Valley . The second important find region is the Achtal between Blaubeuren and Schelklingen with the Hohlen Fels and the Geißenklösterle .

These caves and their finds are part of the UNESCO World Heritage " Caves and Ice Age Art in the Swabian Jura ". 16 artifacts from Vogelherd from the excavation in 1931 and from the subsequent excavations in the overburden are exhibited in the Museum of Ancient Cultures in Hohentübingen Castle. Newly dug fragments of mammoth ivory (since 2005) could even be added to individual old dug objects (1931), such as the sculpture of a lion / bear, whose head only came to light during the overburden excavation.

The oldest so-called Upper Palaeolithic " Venus figurines " come from the Aurignacia (today the neutral term "female statuettes" is mostly used): The Venus from Galgenberg and the Venus from Hohlen Fels, found in 2008 .

Flutes made of bone and ivory

Flute made of griffon vulture bones in four views, Vogelherd Cave (40,000 years old, Aurignacien), UNESCO World Heritage " Caves and Ice Age Art in the Swabian Jura ", Museum of the University of Tübingen MUT
Replica of Flute 1 from the Geißenklösterle
Flute from the Divje babe I cave

The first bone flutes , which are unequivocally recognized as such, come from the Aurignacia . Bones from the Middle Paleolithic (e.g. Divje babe I cave near Cerkno , Slovenia) interpreted as flutes, more or less regularly perforated , are controversial.

  • In 1990 a 12.6 cm long flute (Flute 1) from the spoke of a whooper swan ( swan bone flute) was found in the Geißenklösterle . In addition to the well-preserved flute 1, a second, fragmentarily preserved bone flute (flute 2) with two remains of holes was presented, which was also made from a long bone (“probably bird”). Both specimens show carefully laid out notches and flat-cut finger holes, which allow a clear interpretation as flutes. Another flute (Flute 3) from the Geißenklösterle was identified later, which was surprisingly made from two hollowed out mammoth ivory shavings and then glued together. Like both bird bone flutes, Flute 3 was also recovered from the upper Aurignacia layer complex ( Archaeological Horizon II ), which according to the latest findings (2012) is dated to around 42–43,000  BP . A part of Flute 3 had already been published by Hahn in 1988 as an ivory stick fragment decorated with a row of notches, but could not yet be identified as a flute due to missing parts.
  • In 2008 an almost complete bone flute from the spoke of a griffon vulture ( Gyps fulvus ) was found in the neighboring Hohlefels (HF Flute 1). This flute has a length of 21.8 cm and a diameter of about 8 mm. Like the figure of Venus, it comes from the lowest layer Va des Aurignacien and is at least 35,000 BC. To date. Two other flute fragments (flute 2 and 3) were made from mammoth ivory, probably using the same technique as flute 3 from the Geißenklösterle.
  • Fragments of two other flutes come from the Vogelherd cave . Flute 1 was made from bird bones. Flute 2 from Vogelherd is made of mammoth ivory and has been preserved in three unconnected fragments. Only recently a third flute was discovered in the overburden of the Vogelherd cave. It consists of a fragment with two cut handle holes and is made from griffon vulture bones. The flute is part of the UNESCO World Heritage " Caves and Ice Age Art in the Swabian Jura ". Like 15 other art and music artefacts, it is exhibited in the Museum of Ancient Cultures in Hohentübingen Castle .
  • In addition, one of the total of 22 bird bone flutes from the Grotte d'Isturitz ( Département Pyrénées-Atlantiques ) may have come from the Aurignacien, although the stratification of the excavations in the 1920s is not considered to be entirely certain.

Cave painting and petroglyphs

The oldest cave paintings in human history in the Chauvet cave ( Département Ardèche ) date from the younger Aurignacia . Using the 14 C method, images drawn with charcoal on the wall (two woolly rhinos of the so-called black series) could be dated 33,000 to 32,000 BP, as well as fireplaces on the cave floor. Petroglyphs from the Pair-non-Pair cave ( Département Gironde ) are today assigned to Gravettia, contrary to previous assumptions. There is painting with red chalk on limestone blocks from the Aurignacian horizons of the Grotta di Fumane ( Fumane , northern Italy). Various petroglyphs on larger boulders are recognized as works of art of the Aurignacien, as they are secured in the layer context, as in Abri La Ferrassie and Abri Blanchard .

Problem of radiocarbon data in the Aurignacia

Radiocarbon data from Aurignacia sites are controversial in their informative value. First, the atmospheric 14 C content fluctuated considerably between about 32,500 and 35,000 BP (caused by fluctuations in the earth's magnetic field ). This leads to plateaus and inversions of the 14 C data, which could be illustrated in the Aurignacien horizons II to IV of the Geißenklösterle on the basis of data using thermoluminescence dating and ESR . Second, the method is sensitive to contamination: a sample dated 40,000 BP , which is only one percent contaminated with today's carbon, is more than 6,000 years younger. The difference in the sample material (mainly charcoal vs. bones or charcoal ) resulted in very heterogeneous 14 C data in one and the same find horizon up until the 1990s .

Today, however, the fact that the 14 C data is partly given as calibrated age (calBP), but partly as uncalibrated raw data (BP), is the main reason for the fact that the age of the Aurignacia differs greatly from one another . The calibration of 14 C data (INTCAL04) authorized by the IntCal Working Group (IWG) in 2004 only reached back to 26,000 BP and thus excluded the Aurignacien's time horizon. Since 2009 an IWG authorized calibration curve up to 50,000 BP has been available, which is based on independent marine archives. This is based on the uranium-thorium -dated speleothems (Hulu Cave, China; the Bahamas ), dated coral reefs and the oxygen isotope analysis of benthic foraminifera . The Cologne laboratory CALPAL and the Quaternary Isotope Lab of the University of Washington offer calibration software for the period older than 26,000 and thus the time range of the Aurignacien. However, the calibration of individual archaeological data> 26,000 BP is still controversial, as calibration curves only give an averaged value of the deviation from solar years, which in individual cases can be much higher.

literature

  • Gerhard Bosinski : The great time of the ice age hunters. Europe between 40,000 and 10,000 BC Chr. In: Yearbook of the Roman-Germanic Central Museum Mainz. 34, 1987, pp. 13-139.
  • Joachim Hahn: Aurignacia. The older Upper Paleolithic in Central and Eastern Europe. In: Fundamenta A / 9. Cologne / Vienna 1977.
  • João Zilhão , Francesco d'Errico: The chronology and taphonomy of the Earliest Aurignacian and its implications for the understanding of Neandertal extinction. In: Journal of World Prehistory. 13, 1999, pp. 1-68.
  • João Zilhão, Francesco d'Errico (Ed.): The Chronology of the Aurignacian and of the Transitional Technocomplexes. Dating, Stratigraphies, Cultural Implications. 14th UISPP Congress Liège 2001. Lisbon 2003.

Web links

Commons : Aurignacien  - collection of images, videos and audio files
Wiktionary: Aurignacien  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Gabriel de Mortillet: Essai d'une classification des cavernes et des stations sous abri fondée surles produits de l'industrie humaine . Materiaux pour l'histoire de l'Homme 5, 1869, Paris, pp. 172-179.
  2. ↑ Édouard Lartet, Henry Christy : Reliquiae Aquitanicae, being contributions to the Archeology and Palaeontology of Perigord and the adjoining provinces of Southern France. London, 1865-1875.
  3. ↑ T. Higham , L. Basell, R. Jacobi , R. Wood, CB Ramsey, NJ Conard: Testing models for the beginnings of the Aurignacian and the advent of figurative art and music: the radiocarbon chronology of Geißenklösterle. In: J Hum Evol. 62, 2012, pp. 664-676, doi: 10.1016 / j.jhevol.2012.03.003 .
  4. ^ Jean-Jacques Hublin , Fred Spoor, Marc Braun, Frans Zonneveld, Silvana Condemi: A late Neanderthal associated with Upper Palaeolithic artefacts. In: Nature. 381, 1996, pp. 224-226, doi: 10.1038 / 381224a0 .
  5. ↑ Nicholas Conard : Did Neanderthals and modern humans meet in the Swabian Alb? In: NJ Conard, S. Kölbl, W. Schürle (Eds.): From Neanderthals to modern people. Thorbecke Verlag, 2005, ISBN 3-7995-9087-0 , pp. 131–152 (illustration p. 134).
  6. ^ Marcel Otte: Argument for population movement of anatomically modern humans from Central Asia to Europe. In: Paul Mellars , K. Boyle, Ofer Bar-Yosef , C. Stringer (Eds.): Rethinking the Human Revolution: New Behavioral and Biological Perspectives on the Origin and Dispersal of Modern Humans. McDonald Institute of Archaeological Research, Cambridge 2007, pp. 359-366.
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  15. ↑ David W. Frayer, Jan Jelínek, Martin Oliva, Milford H. Wolpoff : Aurignacian male crania, jaws and teeth from the Mladeč Caves, Moravia, Czech Republic. In: Maria Teschler-Nicola (Ed.): Early Modern Humans at the Moravian Gate: the Mladeč Caves and Their Remains . Springer, New York 2006, pp. 185-272.
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