Frankfurt phase
|
Glacial / interglacial |
Stadiale / Interstadiale |
Period (BC) |
|---|---|---|
| Vistula late glacial | ||
| Younger dryas period | 10,730-9,700 | |
| Alleröd Interstadial | 11,400-10,730 | |
| Older dryas period | 11,590-11,400 | |
| Bölling-Interstadial | 11,720-11,590 | |
| Oldest dryas period | 11,850-11,720 | |
| Meiendorf-Interstadial | 12,500-11,850 | |
| Vistula high glacial | ||
| Mecklenburg phase | 15,000-13,000 | |
| Pomeranian phase | 18,200-15,000 | |
| Lascaux-Interstadial | 19,000-18,200 | |
| Laugerie-Interstadial | 21,500-20,000 | |
| Frankfurt phase | 22,000-20,000 | |
| Brandenburg phase | 24,000-22,000 | |
| Tursac Interstadial | 27,000-25,500 | |
| Maisières-Interstadial | 30,500-29,500 | |
| Denekamp-Interstadial | 34,000-30,500 | |
| Huneborg Stadium | 39,400-34,000 | |
| Hengelo Interstadial | 41,300-39,400 | |
| Moershoofd Interstadial | 48,700 | |
| Glinde Interstadial | 51,500 | |
| Ebersdorf Stadium | 53,500 | |
| Oerel-Interstadial | 57,700 | |
| Vistula early glacial | ||
| Schalkholz Stadium | 60,000 | |
| Odderade Interstadial | 74,000 | |
| Rederstall-Stadial | ? | |
| Brörup-Interstadial | ? | |
| Amersfoort-Interstadial | ? | |
| Herning Stadium | 115,000 | |
| Eem warm period | ||
| 126,000 |
The Frankfurt phase is the second advance of the Scandinavian inland ice in the Late Glacial Vistula . It dates roughly to the period 22,000 to 20,000 BC. Chr.
Naming and conceptual history
The term Frankfurt phase, also known as the Frankfurt advance or Frankfurt outskirts , was first introduced into the specialist literature by Paul Woldstedt in 1928 . In 1926, however, he had already referred to the same phase as Posensche phase , as it forms a distinctive terminal moraine immediately north of Poznań . In line with the terminology used in the Alpine region, the same year it was renamed to the Frankfurt Stadium . The terminal moraine crossing near Frankfurt on the Oder was chosen by Woldstedt in 1929 as the type locality of the Frankfurt phase .
Geographical course
The Frankfurt-phase follows in Denmark ( Jutland ) the so-called main stagnation line ( Engl. Main Stationary Line ). In Schleswig-Holstein it is represented by the Bordesholm Advance ( qw2 ). In Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania , the edge of Frankfurt runs more or less parallel to the terminal moraine of the Brandenburg phase and is only offset a few kilometers to the northwest. It moves from the south of Lübeck to Schwerin and then turns in the southeast direction and reaches Brandenburg north of Wittstock . It then sets course for Oranienburg , crosses the Barnim south of Eberswalde in the direction of Frankfurt an der Oder. In Poland it goes east towards Poznań and meets in Konin in the Lobus of the Vistula Glacier on the edge of the Brandenburg phase. From here, instead of the Brandenburg phase, the Frankfurt phase now forms the maximum peripheral position of the Vistula high glacial. At Płock there is a change of direction to the north ( Rypin east of Toruń ), then to the northeast to Nidzica . After crossing the southern Mazury peripherality is continued in the south of Lithuania in a terminal moraine, which left Merkys follows shore ( Žiogeliai phase of Gruda Stage). In northern Belarus it then changes to the Bologoe terminal moraine and finally crosses northern Russia in a northeast direction , frames Arkhangelsk and reaches the White Sea at Kojda .
In the western Norway the ice stage following shelf edge north to Svalbard (Islands) , was therefore at this time of the Barents Sea ice sheet yet integrated. The British Ice Sheet may also have been connected to the main ice mass via the northern North Sea .
Stratigraphy and Correlation
The Frankfurt phase W1F , which belongs to marine isotope stage 2 ( MIS 2 ), follows the Brandenburg phase W1B . In turn, it will be replaced by the Pomerania phase W2 . A correlation with the Greenland stage 2c ( GS-2c ) is likely.
Equivalents of the Frankfurt phase are the Bordesholm advance in Schleswig-Holstein and the Polish Poznań phase.
Dating
From lying sediments, Kozarski (1995) extrapolated a radiocarbon age of 18,800 years vh for the Frankfurt phase; this corresponds to 20,615 vh when calibrated (using CalPal). Chr. Marks (2002) determined an age of <21,850 BC on the basis of organic deposits at Konin. And (2005) north of Konin in sediments below the outer edge of the peripheral location a radiocarbon age of 20,050 vh or calibrated 22,027 v. Chr. The Poznań stage was assigned a radiocarbon age of 18,400 years BC (20,084 BC), the two retreat phases Chodziez-Staffel and Krajna-Staffel an age of 17,200 years BC, corresponding to 18,705 BC. Calibrated.
Cultural development
During the Frankfurt phase, the Upper Palaeolithic cultural stage of the Solutréens developed in Western Europe (22,000 to 18,000 BC). Cultural innovations of the people living as hunters and gatherers were, in addition to the characteristic leaf and notch tips, needles made from bones, which were used to sew fur clothing.
Laurentide ice sheet
At about the same time as the Frankfurt phase, the Laurentide Ice Sheet in North America experienced its greatest expansion on Lake Michigan with the Shelby phase , the age of which was determined to be 19,340 to 19,680 radiocarbon years, calibrated this corresponds to 21,161 to 21,561 BC. At Lake Huron the maximum advance took place around 22,000 BC. And almost reached Cincinnati with the Hartwell Moraine of the Miami Sublobe . In general, the last glacial maximum 2 ( LGM-2 ) around 19,000 BC. BC reached the maximum extent of the Laurentid ice sheet.
See also
Individual evidence
- ↑ Thomas Litt, Achim Brauer , Tomasz Goslar, Josef Merkt, Krystyna Bałaga, Helmut Müller, Magdalena Ralska-Jasiewiczowa, Martina Stebich, Jörg FW Negendank: Correlation and synchronization of Lateglacial continental sequences in northern central Europe based on annually laminated lacustrine sediments. In: Quarternary Science Reviews. vol. 20, No. 11, May 2001, pp. 1233-1249.
- ↑ For the sake of standardization, the age data for the climatic stages of the Vistula Late Glacial were converted to v. With the dendrochronological and warven chronological data, the reference point is the year 1950, ie 1950 years have to be subtracted to get BC. Chr. Indications to receive. The ice core data, on the other hand, relate to the reference year 2000. The age information from the Vistula high glacial is the approximate start of the corresponding time interval vh
- ^ Marks, L .: Last Glacial Maximum in Poland . In: Quaternary Science Reviews . tape 21 , 2002, p. 103-110 .
- ^ Marks, L .: Pleistocene glacial limits in the territory of Poland . In: Przegląg Geologiczny . tape 53 10/2 , 2005, p. 988-993 .
- ↑ Curry, BB et al .: The DeKalb Mounds of northeastern Illinois: archives of deglacial history and postglacial environments . In: Quaternary Research . tape 74 , 2010, pp. 82-90 .
- ^ Lowell, TV: The application of radiocarbon age estimates to the dating of glacial sequences: an example from the Miami sublobe, Ohio, USA . In: Quaternary Science Reviews . tape 14, 1 , 1995, pp. 85-99 .
- ^ Dyke, AS, Moore, A. and Robertson, L .: Deglaciation of North America . In: Geological Survey of Canada Open File, 1574 . 2003.