Hugo Rudolph Kruyt

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Hugo Kruyt (1933)

Hugo Rudolph Kruyt , also Krujit, (born June 3, 1882 in The Hague ; † August 31, 1959 ibid) was a Dutch colloid chemist.

Life

Hugo Rudolph was the youngest son of the publishing director of JH Kruyt Johannes Hermanus Kruyt (born September 26, 1839 in Arnhem ; † August 21, 1898 in Bussum) and his wife Maria Ida Perkins (born August 18, 1846 in Rothes (Scotland); † March 28, 1940 in Utrecht). He attended elementary school in Bussum and then the high school in Amersfoort . In 1900 he began studying chemistry at the University of Amsterdam . His teachers in Amsterdam included Frans Maurits Jaeger , Johannes Diderik van der Waals and Johannes van Laar (1860-1938). In 1904 Kruyt passed his candidate examination and in 1906 his doctoral examination. From 1906 he was assistant to Hendrik Willem Bakhuis Roozeboom , received his doctorate in 1908 with the thesis De Dynamische Allotropie der Zwavel (German: The dynamic allotropy of sulfur ) and then worked as a private lecturer at the University of Utrecht , at the side of Ernst Julius Cohen . In 1909 he moved to the University of Groningen as a private lecturer , where he held the teaching position of a lecturer in the academy year 1910/11. After working as a lecturer in Utrecht from 1912, he received a call as extraordinary professor of chemistry there at the beginning of 1916, which task he carried out on May 17 of the same year with the introductory speech Algemeene theorie en bizondere ervaring (German: general theories and special experiences ) started. In May 1921 he switched to the full professorship in chemistry, which he held until his retirement in 1946.

His students include Anton Eduard van Arkel , Hendrik Gerard Bungenberg de Jong (1893–1977), Hendrik Abraham Cysouw (1905–1972), Reijer Hooykaas (1906–1994), Paul Frederic Joseph Alphonse Julien (1901–2001), Margaretha Albertina Maria Klompé , Andreas Gerardus Maria van Melsen , Gerardus Antonius Joseph van Os (1911–2006), Jan Theodor Gerad Overbeek , Henricus Jacobus Charles Tendeloo (1896–1984), Johannes Christiaan Mari Hattinga Verschure (1914–2006) and Evert Johannes Willem Verwey . In the academy year 1940/41 he was elected rector of the Utrecht Alma Mater , for which he was on the educational institution's 305th university anniversary. on March 23, 1941, held the Rector's speech De weg der wetenschap (German: Der Weg der Wissenschaft ). During this phase he tried to keep the university open due to the German occupation without being suspected of collaboration. From 1946 Kruyt still acted as president of the Dutch Organization for Applied Scientific Research (Dutch: Nederlandsche Centrale Organizatie voor Toegepast-Natuurwetenschappelijk Onderzoek (TNO) ) in The Hague and from 1953 as its chairman.

Act

Kruyt is considered to be the founder of the Dutch scientific colloid chemistry. His main literary work is the Inleiding tot de fysische chemie, de colloidchemie in het bijzonder voor biologen en medici (German: Introduction to physical chemistry and colloid chemistry, especially for biologists and medical professionals , also translated into Russian). His book Colloids. A Textbook also received international recognition and was translated into Russian and French. In addition, he wrote over 150 articles on physical chemistry in the scientific journals and journals of his time. He has given guest lectures in the United States of America, England, France, Germany, the USSR, Austria, Belgium and Spain. From 1918 he was president and from 1921 honorary member of the Dutch Chemical Society, making particular efforts to involve industry. In this context, he participated, among other things, in the establishment of the Dutch plastics institute.

Kruyt tried to transfer elements of the American university system to the Netherlands (cf. Hooge School en Maatschappij 1933). From 1947 to 1958 he was a curator at the University of Amsterdam . In the 1920s he was active in the committee for the founding of the Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research and was its president from the 1930s. From 1928 to 1934 he was Vice President and 1947 to 1951 President of the Union Internationale de Chimie Pure et Appliquée. From 1937 to 1945 he was Vice President and 1945/46 President of the International Council of Scientific Unions. From 1947 to 1957 he was President of the Dutch UNESCO Committee. He became International Science Council , honorary member of the Société de Chimie Industrielle de France , honorary member of the Society of Austrian Chemists , honorary member of the Roman Chemical Association, corresponding member of the Koninklijke Vlaamse Academie van België voor Wetenschappen en Kunsten , member of the Provinciaal Utrechtsch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen (German : Provincial Utrecht Society for Arts and Sciences ), honorary member of the English Society of Chemical Industry and since 1922 member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Sciences .

Kruyt received the Honoris Causa in 1936 from the University of Ghent , the University of Glasgow in 1951 and the Sorbonne in Paris in 1950 . In 1937 he received the Lavoisier Medal and in 1955 the international medal of the Society of Chemical Industry. He was appointed Commander of the Order of the Spanish Republic in 1934 , Commander of the Order of Leopold II of Belgium in 1936 , Commander of the Order of Orange-Nassau and Knight of the Order of the Dutch Lion . A building at Utrecht University is named after him. His brother Willy Kruyt (1877–1943) was a communist and resistance fighter against the National Socialists (he was captured from England after a parachute jump over Belgium and shot in Berlin).

family

Kruyt has been married twice. His first marriage was on March 21, 1907 in Amsterdam with Maria Frederika Paris (born January 23, 1881 in Amsterdam; † November 26, 1970 in Utrecht), the daughter of Hendrik Jan Paris (born April 25, 1850 in Amsterdam; † June 17, 1919 in Amsterdam) and the Geertruida Maria Sophia Eilers (born September 16, 1852 in Amsterdam, † August 4, 1881 in Amsterdam). The marriage resulted in two sons and four daughters. After the divorce of the first marriage on March 27, 1942, he went on April 30, 1942 in Utrecht, his second marriage to Jacoba Maria Kramer (born September 7, 1907 in Kortgene, † January 4, 2000 in Utrecht), the daughter of Hendrik Adriaan Kramer (born April 24, 1872 in Kortgene; † November 23, 1961 in Zeist) and his wife Maria de Looff (born October 16, 1871 in Kortgene; † June 28, 1953 in Kortgene). The marriage remained childless. From the children we know:

  • Yda Kruyt (born March 28, 1908 in Utrecht; † October 27, 1998 in Hilversum) married on March 3, 1934 in Utrecht with Rutger Schoute (born June 27, 1908 in De Bilt; † April 21, 1983 in Hilversum),
  • Johanna Kruyt (born January 19, 1910 in Utrecht; † April 18, 1964 in Utrecht) married on July 17, 1933 in Utrecht with Prof. Klaas Christiaan Winkler (born May 22, 1908 in Amsterdam; † December 6, 1994 in Utrecht)
  • Truus Kruyt (born September 17, 1912 in Utrecht; † March 28, 2012 in IJlst) married on November 10, 1939 in Utrecht with Jan de Vries (born June 24, 1910 in Ubbergen; † May 28, 1995 in Isle of Coll ( Great Britain))
  • Wilhelmine Charlotte Elsabeth Kruyt (born June 2, 1914 in Utrecht; † May 14, 2006 in Heerde) married on May 24, 1941 in Utrecht Jan Hendrik Lichtenbelt (born April 23, 1908 in Utrecht; † February 7, 1997 in Utrecht)
  • Hendrik Jan Kruyt (* July 4, 1916 in Utrecht; † September 21, 1991 in Zeist) married on March 25, 1943 to Sophia Maria Ferman (* February 8, 1920 in Zeist; † January 2, 1999 ibid)
  • Hugo Rudolph Kruyt (born June 22, 1920 in Utrecht; † July 11, 2006 in Bloemendaal) married on April 2, 1951 in Enschede with Gesina Amesz (born August 17, 1926 in Enschede; † July 9, 2013 in Bloemendaal)

Works (selection)

  • De dynamic allotropy of the zwavel. Kruyt, Amsterdam, 1908 ( online )
  • General theory en bizondere ervaring. Kruyt, Amsterdam, 1916 ( Online PDF )
  • Inleiding tot de physical chemistry, de colloid chemistry in het bijzonder voor biologen en medici. Paris, Amsterdam, 1924; 2nd edition Paris, Amsterdam, 1925; 3rd edition Paris, Amsterdam, 1926; 4th edition Paris, Amsterdam, 1929; 5th edition Paris, Amsterdam, 1931; 6th edition Paris, Amsterdam, 1936; 7th edition Paris, Amsterdam, 1940; 8th edition Paris, Amsterdam, 1942; 9th edition Paris, Amsterdam, 1944; 10th edition Paris, Amsterdam, 1946; 11th edition Paris, Amsterdam, 1947; 13th edition Paris, Amsterdam, 1952; 14th edition Paris, Amsterdam, 1954; 15th edition Paris, Amsterdam, 1958; 16th edition Paris, Amsterdam, 1961; 17th edition Paris, Amsterdam, 1965; 18th edition Paris, Amsterdam 1969; 19th edition van Goor, Den Haag, 1977 (also in German under the title: Introduction to physical chemistry and colloid chemistry, especially for biologists and medical professionals. Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft, Leipzig, 1926)
  • Colloids. A textbook. Wiley, New York, 1927; 2nd ed. Wiley, New York, 1930
  • Adsorption. van Stockum, The Hague, 1926 (with Ernst Julius Cohen who brought in the part: De gedaanteverwisseling van de stof )
  • Problems of Hedendaag's colloid chemistry. Centen, Amsterdam, 1930
  • High school en maatschappij. Paris, Amsterdam, 1931
  • College empty of phases. Utrecht, 1932-1933
  • Les colloïdes manuel de chimie colloïdale. Alcan, Paris, 1933
  • Report on viscosity and plasticity. Amsterdam 1935 & 1938
  • Zuivere wetenschap, toegepaste wetenschap en wetenschapstoepassing rede ter opening van de honderd-zes-en-zestigste ledenvergadering van het Provinciaal Utrechtsch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen, Gehouden 31 mei 1939. Kemink, Utrecht, 1939
  • De away the wetenschap. Paris, Amsterdam, 1941 (Rector's speech)
  • Hoge School en Maatschappij en Rede tot de universitaire gemeenschap. 2nd edition Paris, Amsterdam, 1946
  • Afscheidscollege gehouden op Vrijdag 20 September 1946 in de collegezaal van het Organisch-Chemisch Laboratorium te Utrecht. Amsterdam 1946
  • Colloid Science. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1949–1952, 1969–1972 (2nd vol.)
  • Het hoger onderwijs op de helling. Leiden 1951
  • Ordening op het gebied van het wetenschappelijk onderzoek. Bohn, Haarlem, 1955
  • An introduction to physical chemistry for biologists and medical students with special reference to colloid chemistry. Heinemann, London, 1960 (together with Jan Theodoor Gerard Overbeek, translated by AJ Mee)

literature

  • Ernst Cohen: Hugo Rudolph Kruyt 1908-1933. In: Chemisch Weekblad. DB Centen's Uitgevers-Maatschappij NV, Amsterdam, 1933, Vol. 30, No. 24, ( Online PDF )
  • Nicolaas Japinske: Persoonlijkheden in het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in woord en beeld. Van Holkema & Warendorf NV, Amsterdam, 1938, p. 865 ( online )
  • Jan Theodoor Gerard Overbeek: Levens report HR Kruyt. In: Jaarboek Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen, 1959-1960. Amsterdam, 1960, pp. 317–327 ( Online PDF; 1.5 MB )
  • HJC Tendeloo: In memoriam Prof. Dr. HR Kruyt. In: Chemisch Weekblad. DB Centen's Uitgeversmaatschappij, Hilversum, 1959, Vol. 55, No. 42 ( Online PDF )
  • HAM Snelders: Kruijt, Hugo Rudolph (1882-1959). In: Biographical Woordenboek van Nederland. The Hague 1979, Vol. 1 ( Online )
  • HAM Snelders: De geschiedenis van de Scheikunde in Nederland. University Press, Delft, 1997, Vol. 2, pp. 71 ff., ( Online )
  • Klaas van Berkel, Albert van Helden, Lodewijk Palm: A History of Science in the Nederlands. Survey, Themes an Reference. Brill, Leiden-Boston-Cologne 1999, ISBN 90-04-10006-7 , p. 506 ff. ( Online PDF )

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Life data, publications and academic family tree of Hugo R. Kruyt at academictree.org, accessed on February 24, 2018.
personal data
SURNAME Kruyt, Hugo Rudolph
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Dutch chemist
DATE OF BIRTH June 3, 1882
PLACE OF BIRTH The hague
DATE OF DEATH August 31, 1959
Place of death The hague