Hyles
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| Huebner , 1819 |
Hyles is a genus within the butterfly family of the swarmers (Sphingidae). The genus, the monophyly of which has been well confirmed by mtDNA studies , includes a group of species, subspecies and forms that are all very closely related to the milkweed hawk ( Hyles euphorbiae ) and that even genital examinations , as is otherwise common in butterflies, are practicallyunrelatedlet delimit. For this reason, the number of species or subspecies varies considerably depending on the author.
features
The moths are highly variable in their exterior, especially within the Hyles euphorbiae complex, and show a considerable number of color variants either according to distribution area or inhabited habitat, but all of them look so similar that a species identification based on external characteristics is only partially possible .
The front wings have evenly running edges and a pointed wing tip (apex). The drawing of the forewings is very characteristic and is dominated in most species by a pale cream-colored or white, sloping median stripe. The antennae in both sexes thicken evenly towards the tip, in the females this is clearly thickened in a club-shaped manner. The pilifer , a structure that is derived from the labrum , has long hairs in the middle and short hairs on the sides. The compound eyes are ciliated. The labial palps are finely scaled and do not have any upright hairs, they cover the base of the suction trunk . The tip of the first segment of the labial palps is not evenly scaled on the inside, the second segment lacks the inside tuft at the tip. The abdomen is tapered at the end and has strong thorns on the back, which are usually arranged in three rows. The outer spines on the tarsi of the forelegs are more or less elongated and always longer than the corresponding spines on the inner sides. The crest of the tarsi on the middle and rear pair of legs is only atrophied, the spines are not significantly elongated. The first segment of the tarsi on the hind legs is shorter than the tibia . The inner distal spine on the tibiae of the hind legs is more than twice as long as the outer one and is about half the length of the tibia. The pulvilli are stunted or absent.
The nearly spherical eggs are small and pale green or blue-green in color.
The caterpillars have the typical characteristics of the swarmers. Your thorax tapers slightly towards the head. As a rule, the caterpillars have a number of eye spots on the sides of the back . In many species, the caterpillars have different color variants, whereby these in turn are variable in their basic color, the eye spots. The anal horn can be formed or it can be absent. In contrast to the adults , the characteristics of the caterpillars allow better conclusions to be drawn for the identification of the species, as it is possible with them to group species, subspecies and forms partly based on their characteristics.
In the dolls the proboscis is fused with the body and is neither keel-shaped grooved nor curved over the head. It is light yellowish brown in color, soft and covered with short, fine, dark lines. The Kremaster is large, occasionally curved towards the belly of the doll, and has a pair of spines at its tip. Pupation takes place in a fairly robust cocoon on the ground.
Way of life
The caterpillars feed mainly on herbaceous plants from the families of the milkweed family (Euphorbiaceae), evening primrose family (Onagraceae), red red family (Rubiaceae), yoke family (Zygophyllaceae), olive family (Elaeagnaceae) and lily family.
The behavior of the moths when disturbed is unique for swarmers. They let themselves fall to the ground and curve their abdomen into a hump, the wings are pointed upwards and the antennae stretched forward so far that they touch. During this posture the animals make short hopping jumps.
distribution
The genus probably developed in the Oligocene or Eocene in the Neotropics (South America), making it very young, but nevertheless spreading very quickly worldwide. The main focus of distribution today is in the southern Palearctic , where the moths spread in East Asia, beginning in the Pliocene via the Bering Strait . There are species native to all continents and larger islands; in North America two, in South America three, in Africa south of the Sahara one, in Madagascar two and in Australia one species have been recorded. Another three species are endemic to Hawaii .
Systematics
32 species of the genus are known, 11 species also occur in Europe . The genus is very closely related to the genera Deilephila , Theretra and Xylophanes , based on mtDNA investigations the following cladogram results , which reflects the relationships between these genera:
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Why the species in the Hyles euphorbiae complex are so variable can probably be explained by the fact that natural hybrids occur between this species complex and other Hyles species, such as Hyles hippophaes , Hyles vespertilio and Hyles gallii , which successfully combine with the Hyles euphorbiae -Cross back complex. The other species are in turn protected from such intermingling, since crosses between them and the hybrids are not capable of reproduction.
In the following the species of the genus Hyles are listed according to Kitching / Cadiou (2000), supplemented by Pittaway:
- Hyles annei (Guérin-Meneville, 1839)
- Hyles apocyni (Shchetkin, 1956)
- Hyles biguttata (Walker, 1856)
- Hyles calida (Butler, 1881)
- Hyles centralasiae (Staudinger, 1887)
- Hyles chamyla (Denso, 1913)
- Hyles churkini Saldaitis & Ivinskis, 2006
- Hyles costata (by Nordmann, 1851)
- Hyles cretica Eitschberger, Danner, & Surholt, 1998
- Hyles dahlii (Geyer, 1828)
- Spurge Hawk ( Hyles euphorbiae ) (Linnaeus, 1758)
- Hyles euphorbiarum (Guérin-Meneville & Percheron, 1835)
- Hyles exilis Derzhavets, 1979, Syn . : Hyles chuvilini Eitschberger, Danner & Surholt, 1998
- Bedstraw hawk ( Hyles gallii ) (Rottemburg, 1775)
- Sea buckthorn hawks ( Hyles hippophaes ) (Esper, 1789)
- Hyles lineata (Fabricius, 1775), Neuweltlicher Linienschwärmer
- Line swarmers ( Hyles livornica ) (Esper, 1780)
- Hyles livornicoides (Lucas, 1892)
- Hyles nervosa (Rothschild & Jordan, 1903)
- Hyles nicaea (from Prunner, 1798)
- Hyles perkinsi (Swezey, 1920)
- Hyles renneri Eitschberger, Danner & Surholt, 1998
- Hyles robertsi (Butler, 1880)
- Hyles salangensis (Ebert, 1969)
- Hyles sammuti Eitschberger, Danner, & Surholt, 1998
- Hyles seei (Püngeler, 1903)
- Hyles stroehlei Eitschberger, Danner, & Surholt, 1998
- Hyles Svetlana Shovkoon, 2010
- Hyles tithymali (Boisduval, 1834)
- Bat hawk ( Hyles vespertilio ) (Esper, 1780)
- Hyles wilsoni (Rothschild, 1894)
- Hyles zygophylli (Ochsenheimer, 1808)
supporting documents
Individual evidence
- ^ A b c Anna K. Hundsdoerfer, Ian J. Kitching, Michael Wink: A molecular phylogeny of the hawkmoth genus Hyles (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae, Macroglossinae) , Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 35 (2005) 442-458
- ↑ a b c d e f g h Sphingidae of the Western Palaearctic. AR Pittaway, accessed March 21, 2009 .
- ^ Hyles Huebner, 1819. Sphingidae Taxonomic Inventory, accessed June 29, 2015 .
- ^ Hyles. Fauna Europaea, accessed March 21, 2009 .
- ^ Sphingidae of the Eastern Palaearctic. AR Pittaway, accessed December 27, 2014 .
- ↑ Sphingidae of the Western Palaearctic. AR Pittaway, accessed December 27, 2014 .
