Iki (island)
| Iki | ||
|---|---|---|
| Waters | Japanese sea | |
| Geographical location | 33 ° 47 ' N , 129 ° 43' E | |
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| length | 17 km | |
| width | 14 km | |
| surface | 133.92 km² | |
| Highest elevation | Dakenotsuji 212.9 m |
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| Residents | 28,941 (October 1, 2011) 216 inhabitants / km² |
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| main place | Iki | |
 |
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Iki ( Japanese 壱 岐 島 , Iki no shima , literally: "Einkap Island") is a Japanese island located 20 km north-north-west of Kyushu's Higashi-Matsuura peninsula and southeast of the Tsushima islands.
geography
Iki is located on Tsushima Street , the strait between Iki and Higashi-Matsuura being called Iki Canal ( 壱 岐 水道 , Iki-suidō ) or Iki Street ( 壱 岐 海峡 , Iki-kaikyō ).
The area of the island covers 133.92 km² with a north-south extension of about 17, and an east-west extension of about 14 km. Iki has 23 other islands: 4 inhabited and 19 uninhabited.
geology
The average height of the land surface is 100 m above sea level, some hills rise to heights of 200 m. The highest elevation in this gently curved relief is the Dakenotsuji ( 岳 ノ 辻 ) with 212.9 m.
The island is a basalt plateau of effusive origin and equipped with pyroclastic cones , the last of which were active 600,000 years ago. The north-west of the island is still active, here - in the district of Yunomoto ( 湯 ノ 本 , literally: "hot water source ") - there are hot springs .
climate
Iki belongs to the climatic province of Northern Kyūshū, which includes the northern part of Kyūshūs (north of the Kyūshū Mountains ), the western Chūgoku with Shimonoseki and the islands of the Tsushima Strait . It has an exceptional position among the climatic provinces of Japan: Although it is located on the north side of Japan, it counts according to the annual rainfall, not one of the climatic types of the "Japanese backside" ( ura Nihon ), the regions on the Sea of Japan , nor that of the Seto Inland Sea . For the former, there is no winter maximum precipitation, for the latter the annual precipitation sums of 1600 to 2000 mm that can be found here are too high.
The warm Tsushima current ensures mild winters on Iki: the mean January temperature does not drop below 7 ° C. In the hottest month of August, temperatures are around 27 ° C. There are two roughly equally high precipitation maxima, in September with about 267 mm and in June with about 277 mm. The total annual precipitation is over 2000 mm.
Regional authority status
On Iki there was originally the province of Iki , over which and part of the province of Hizen in turn the fiefdom ( Han ) Hirado extended. With the abolition of the Han and the founding of the prefectures in 1871, Iki first came to the Hirado Prefecture - which was developed from the Han Hirado - but was added to the Nagasaki Prefecture in the same year . The originally two districts ( Gun ) were merged in 1896 to form Iki-gun . If, according to the regulations customary in 1889, there were seven villages in the old Iki-gun and five villages in the old Ishida-gun , after further community amalgamations a number of four remained until 1970.
The island retained the status of a district until March 1, 2004. The local administrative seat was the municipality of Iki . The district went in 2004 - as part of the successive reorganization of the Japanese administrative units - in the city ( Shi ), which includes the entire island and is composed of the four "quarters" ( Chō ) Gōnoura , Katsumoto , Ashibe and Ishida .
Due to the remote location, many administrative functions of the prefecture are carried out by the regional office Iki ( 壱 岐 地方 局 , Iki chihō kyoku ) - until 2004 Iki sub-prefecture .
population
The island is inhabited by 28,941 inhabitants (as of October 1, 2011). An additional 436 people live on the surrounding four inhabited islands. Mainly due to the emigration of young people, Iki now has only about half as many inhabitants as in the mid-1950s.
The plateau areas in the interior are dispersed. Agricultural areas alternate with isolated farmsteads. The fishing settlements along the coast, however, show a concentrated settlement pattern.
economy
Agriculture
The island has rich groundwater reserves and reservoirs, which allows rice cultivation on wet fields on the meliorated areas near the coast . In the hinterland, mainly tobacco , watermelons and micanes are planted. The local shōchū is considered a specialty. There are also some smaller beef farms and fisheries.
Fishing and whaling
The island, surrounded by the warm Tsushima Current , a slowly flowing branch of the Kuroshio , has always offered rich fishing grounds. The first fishing settlements can be traced back to the Yayoi period . Commercial fishing is limited. Nevertheless, fishing and seafood are harvested on a small scale . The bluefin tuna is mostly caught in the traditional way with a line and fishing rod. However, the amount of tuna landed in Katsumoto, the island's main fishing port, fell from 358 tons in 2005 to 138 tons in 2015. Sardines ( Sardinops melanostictus , 鰯 , iwashi ), mackerel ( Seriola quinqueradiata , 鰤 , buri ) and octopus ( イ カ , ika ) go into the nets of fishermen . In addition, be of Ama -Taucherinnen and -Tauchern mussels , snails and Kombu harvested, especially abalone , sea urchins (and so-called turban snail Turbo (Batillus) cornutus , サザエ , sazae ). Sea urchins and buri are the main maritime culinary delights on the island.
whaling
Whaling used to be practiced on the islands. In the 1970s and 1980s, the fishing operations in the town of Katsumoto hit the headlines. The local minke whale and dolphin populations had been severely decimated to eliminate a natural competitor in commercial fishing. After 1982 the city government banned the commercial fishing of Buri . In 1977 local fishermen invited television companies to film a mass slaughter of dolphins. The recordings led to harsh condemnations from environmental activists . There is no commercial whaling on Iki today.
tourism
The island advertises as a tourist location with onsen , hotels , beaches , golf courses and campsites . There is a dolphinarium on the north coast of the island . Together with the neighboring island of Tsushima, parts of the island have formed the Iki-Tsushima quasi-national park since 1968 , which is woven into the tourism concept.
history
The islands of Iki and Tsushima have always been important bridges between Japan and the Korean peninsula . However, their proximity to mainland Asia has repeatedly made them a sensitive target for continental invasion attempts .
antiquity
In the Weizhi Worenchuan (Japanese 魏志 倭人 伝 , Gishi Wajinden , Eng . "Record of Wei : Lives of the People of Wa"), part of the Chronicles of the Three Kingdoms , a Chinese account of the one written at the end of the third century Wa people living in the vast archipelago east of the Korean peninsula , a "Land Iki" ( 一支 国 , Iki-koku ) is listed as one of the lands ruled by the Kingdom of Yamatai . But since the distance information in the report excludes the island as the location of this land, there are doubts whether the Iki of the Yayoi period coincides with the island of today. Through archaeological excavations in the Taisho and Showa period were discovered in several large Yayoi Age settlements, the probability of this agreement again came within reach.
Harunotsuji - The main settlement of the country Iki during the Yayoi period?
In December 1995, the "Committee for Education, Nagasaki Prefecture" ( 長崎 県 教育 委員会 , Nagasaki-ken kyōiku iinkai ), responsible for evaluating the findings and findings , published that the Harunotsuji site ( 原 の 辻 ) was the main settlement in Gishi Wajinden mentioned country Iki was. This thesis would be supported by the fact that the distance information in the chronicle is extremely imprecise. The geographical position could therefore not be determined precisely. Apart from the inconsistent distance information, there is hardly any reason to doubt that the island is that ancient Iki. Harunotsuji is also the second largest Yayoi period settlement after the Tōko ( 唐 古 ) excavation in Nara Prefecture . The evaluation of the excavated artifacts , including magatama , weapons , ceramics , bones and glass jewelry, indicate a close contact with the Japanese islands and the Asian mainland during the Yayoi period.
In addition to Harunotsuji , two other excavations at the Karakami ( カ ラ カ ミ 遺蹟 ) and Kurumade ( 車 出 遺蹟 ) sites unearthed artifacts from the Yayoi period.
Middle Ages to early modern times
After the Toi invasion (1019), private trade relations between Goryeo , Tsushima, Iki and Kyūshū relax . The island was subordinated to the rule of the Matsuura clan ( 松浦 党 , Matsuura-tō ). During the Kamakura period , the Mongolian invasion attempts in 1274 and 1281 broke off trade again. The invaders attacked the poorly defended islands of Iki and Tsushima both times before they moved on to Hakata Bay . Later the island became a main base for the Wokou pirates alongside Tsushima and Matsuura .
In the Edo period , the island was part of the Hirado fiefdom under the rule of the Hirado- Matsuura clan .
traffic
The island has ferry terminals in Ashibe, Ishida and Gōnoura, which connect Iki to Japan. Iki Airport, located on the east coast, connects the island with the prefecture capital Nagasaki . The state road 382 connects the villages of the island with each other, the public transport is guaranteed by bus lines of the company "Iki-Kōtsū".
literature
Non-Japanese secondary literature
Folklore
- Hermann Bohner : Seven stars and moon and some Iki legends . In: Monumenta Nipponica , Vol. 4, No. 2, 1941, pp. 629-633.
- Hermann Bohner: cock and clock . In: Monumenta Nipponica, Vol. 1, No. 2, 1938, p. 314f.
archeology
- Jane Oksbjerg: Karakami - A Yayoi site in Iki Island . In: Bulletin of the Society of East Asian Archeology , Vol. 1, 2007. ISSN 1864-6018 ( online resource )
- Barbara Seyock: On the trail of the Eastern barbarians. On the archeology of protohistoric cultures in South Korea and West Japan. Lit Verlag, Münster 2004. ISBN 3-8258-7236-X , pp. 169–176.
Japanese secondary literature
archeology
- 岡 崎 敬 ( Okazaki Takashi ): 『魏志 倭人 伝 の 考古学: 対 馬 ・ 壱 岐 篇』 ( Gishi wajinden no kōkogaku: Tsushima, Iki hen ) 東京: 第一 書房 2003.
- (Takashi Okazaki: The archeology of Gishi wajinden: Volume Tsushima and Iki , Verlag Daiichi Shobō, Tokyo 2003, pp. 191–288)
- 大阪 府 立 弥 生 文化 博物館 編 (Ōsaka furitsu Yayoi bunka hakubutsukan hen): 『邪 馬 台 国 へ の 海 の 道: 壱 岐 ・ 対 馬 の 弥 生 文化 平 成 7 年 秋季 特別 展no ( yamki. Umiush michush e no Yayoi bunka.Heisei shichinen shūki tokubetsu hen ), 東京: 和 泉 1995.
- (Municipal Museum for the Culture of the Yayoi Period , Osaka: The Yayo Culture of Iki and Tsushima. Special exhibition in autumn 1995. Izumi Publishing House, Tokyo 1995.)
Web links
- Official Website of the City of Iki (Japanese)
- Iki Tourism Association website (Japanese)
- Ikimonoya - Culinary specialties of the island (Japanese)
- Iki-Brand - Tourism Website (Japanese)
- Iki-Navi - Tourism Guide (Japanese)
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d ８ 島 し ょ . ( MS Excel ; 279 kB) (No longer available online.) In: 長崎 県 統計 年鑑 平 成 ２４ 年 (“Statistical Yearbook of Nagasaki Prefecture, 2012”). Nagasaki Prefecture, formerly in the original ; Retrieved July 14, 2013 (Japanese). ( Page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ Iki Volcano Group. In: Japanese Quaternary Volcanoes database. Archived from the original on July 15, 2012 ; accessed on November 23, 2018 (English).
- ↑ Martin Schwind: Das Japanische Inselreich, Volume 1: Die Naturlandschaft , De Gruyter & Co., Berlin 1967, p. 301
- ↑ Website of the community association ( Memento of the original from September 27, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ a b Patrick Welter: The riches of the sea are not endless. An island in southwestern Japan is fighting against overfishing and aging . In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung of September 11, 2017, p. 22.
- ↑ a b Ōsaka 1995, p. 8
- ↑ The profession was traditionally practiced by women, but nowadays also by men.
- ↑ cf. en: Turbinidae , yes: サ ザ エ
- ↑ Article at Seashepard.org (English) ( Memento of the original from October 6, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Since the introduction of Ritsuryō law , the island has been written with the Kanji used today .
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↑ An annotated German translation of Gishi wajinden can be found in Seyock: On the traces of the Eastern barbarians. On the archeology of protohistoric cultures in South Korea and West Japan. Münster 2004, pp. 50–58.
An editing a the original text can be found in 佐伯有清: 「魏志倭人伝を読む上:邪馬台国への道」東京:吉川弘文館 2000, ISBN 4-642-05504-5 - ↑ See Nagasaki-ken Kyōiki Iinkai 1995
- ↑ Oksbjerg 2007
