Indian admiral
| Indian admiral | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Indian admiral ( Vanessa indica ) |
||||||||||||
| Systematics | ||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||
| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Vanessa indica | ||||||||||||
| ( Autumn , 1794) |
.jpg)
.jpg)
The Indian admiral ( Vanessa indica ) is a butterfly ( butterflies ) of the genus Vanessa from the family of noble butterflies ( Nymphalidae), which is widespread in large parts of Asia.
description
The moths reach a wingspan of 50 to 60 millimeters. In the apex of the forewing are the white spots typical of the genus on a black background and from the costa to the outer end of the cell there is the white bar. This is followed by an orange-red band beginning at the Costa loader between the center and the base, which goes to the inner corner and has black spots. Basally the wing is brown. The hind wings are mostly brown with a red border. Black dots are embedded in the edge zone, which are much larger than in the admiral ( V. atalanta ). The rear edge of the hind wing is slightly cupped.
The underside of the forewing looks more like the admiral than Vanessa tameamea . The width of the orange band lies between the narrower one of V. atalanta and the wider one of V. tameamea . The underside of the hind wing is very similar to V. atalanta , but has more white in the marbled part.
The hemispherical egg has 14 ribs in the longitudinal direction in contrast to the egg of the admiral ( V. atalanta ) and the Canary admiral ( V. vulcania ), which only has 10 ribs each.
The caterpillar has a black and yellow body that is covered with dark spines.
Similar species
- Canarian admiral ( Vanessa vulcania ) ( Godart , 1819) occurs in the Canary Islands , Madeira and in the extreme southwest of the Iberian Peninsula . The distal white spot is divided into a row of dots in the indica vein. The more proximally located white spots are somewhat larger in the Indian admiral. The red band is a bit narrower and mostly bright red instead of orange-red. On the hind wings the black spots in the red zone are a little stronger.
- Admiral ( Vanessa atalanta ) ( Linnaeus , 1758) occurs in North America to Guatemala , on Haiti , New Zealand and in North Africa and Europe to western Asia . It is easy to distinguish from the Indian admiral, as the black zone of the fore wing is much larger. The white spots in it are also significantly larger. But the red band is much narrower and without black spots.
- Vanessa buana ( Fruhstorfer , 1898) occurs only on the Indonesian island of Sulawesi . The black zone on the forewing is wider and the red stripe is narrower. The black markings on the outer edge of the hind wings are stronger and coherent.
- Vanessa dejeanii ( Godart , [1824]) occurs in Indonesia and the Philippines . The wings have a light brown base color and are poured over with greenish-gold.
- Vanessa tameamea ( Eschscholtz , 1821) occurs only in Hawaii . The forewing is basal light orange-brown to the orange band, the hind wing is also light orange-brown from the base to the submarginal orange band. The submarginal orange band is interrupted and separated from the wing edge by a dark brown marginal band.
distribution and habitat
The nominate form V. indica indica is widespread in Southeast Asia from North India , the Himalayas, over China to Japan ( Okinawa ), Taiwan , the mountains east of Burma , Laos , Vietnam to Thailand and the north of the Philippines ( Luzon , Mindoro and Palawan ). In summer, the moths migrate far north to southern Siberia from Lake Baikal in the west to Yakutia and the Kamchatka peninsula in the north. The subspecies V. indica pholoe in southern India and V. indica nubicola in Sri Lanka have disjoint occurrences .
Open land such as grasslands, meadows, roadsides and gardens are inhabited.
Way of life
The caterpillars feed on Urtica thunbergiana , Urtica angustifolia , Himalayan nettle ( Girardinia heterophylla ), Boehmeria densiflora and Ramie ( Boehmeria nivea ). Of the subspecies nubicola , the nettle plants Girardinia heterophylla , Girardinia heterophylla var. Palmata and Urtica neilgherriensis are known. The caterpillars spin the leaves of their forage plants into a bag, in which they also pupate at the end.
Flight times
The moth flies in the southern range throughout the year in continuously successive generations. Further north from July to September and again from April to May after the moths have overwintered.
Taxonomy
Taxonomic status
Some authors consider the Canary Admiral ( V. vulcania ) and Vanessa buana , which occurs on Sulawesi , only as a subspecies of the Indian admiral, as the differences, especially in the former, are very small. DNA analysis has shown that V. buana is sufficiently differentiated from V. indica to be classified as a species. In V. vulcania the status is not adequately secured as art even after DNA analysis.
Subspecies
The subspecies differ only very slightly in the male genitals.
- V. indica indica is the nominate form
- V. indica pholoe ( Fruhstorfer , 1912). The orange on the top of the fore wing, which surrounds the brown bar in the cell, is much narrower or is sometimes absent entirely in the Cu 2 space near the cell.
- V. indica nubicola ( Fruhstorfer , 1898) has the same deviations on the upper side of the fore wing as pholoe , only the edge on the upper side of the hind wing is completely dark brown.
Synonyms
- Papilio atalanta indica autumn , 1794
- Pyrameis indica Kirby , 1871
- Hamadryas callirhoe Huebner , 1806
- Pyrameis callirrhoe Dixey , 1890 misspelling of callirhoe
status
As a rule, he can be found frequently.
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e f g h William D. Field: Butterflies of the Genus Vanessa and of the Resurrected Genera Bassaris and Cynthia (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). In: Smithsonian Contributions To Zoology. Number 84, 1971, p. 19ff.
- ↑ a b Felipe Gil -T., Rafael Obregón: Notes on the preimaginal stages of Vanessa vulcania (Godart, 1819) and differences in the structure of the egg with respect to Vanessa indica (Herbst, 1794) (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae) . In: Society for the promotion of research into insect migration eV (Hrsg.): Atalanta . tape 43 , no. 1/2 , 2012, ISSN 0171-0079 , p. 87 ( researchgate.net [PDF]).
- ↑ a b c Elizabeth Balmer: Butterflies: Recognize and determine. Parragon Books, 2007, ISBN 978-1-4075-1203-7 , p. 129.
- ↑ a b Richard I. Vane-Wright, Harold WD Hughes: Did A Member Of The Vanessa Indica Complex (Nymphalidae) Formerly Occur In North America? In: Lepidopterists 'Society (Ed.): Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society . tape 61 , no. 4 , December 14, 2007, ISSN 0024-0966 , p. 202 ( online ).
- ↑ a b c d e VK Tuzov, PV Bogdanov, SV Churkin, AV Dantchenko, AL Devyatkin, VS Murzin, GD Samodurov, AB Zhdanko: Guide to the Butterflies of Russia and adjacent territories. Libytheidae, Danaidae, Nymphalidae, Riodinidae, Lycaenidae . tape 2 . Pensoft, Sofia 2000, ISBN 954-642-095-6 , pp. 25 .
- ↑ Niklas Wahlberg, Daniel Rubinoff: Vagility across Vanessa (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae): mobility in butterfly species does not inhibit the formation and persistence of isolated sister taxa . In: Systematic Entomology . tape 36 , no. 2 . Wiley, April 2011, p. 367 , doi : 10.1111 / j.1365-3113.2010.00566.x ( online [accessed January 13, 2013]).
