Internet exchange

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In Internet file-sharing services is websites that the exchange of goods or services between participants allow.

General

Internet file sharing networks are one of the file exchanges on which barter trading is carried out. The prerequisite for a real barter is that each barter partner loses ownership of his barter object and receives ownership of the barter object from the other party in return . This means that market participants do not have to use a means of payment such as money , but rather exchange goods or services with a similar or identical exchange value . In the case of different exchange values, some Internet portals provide complementary currencies , the credit of which can only be used for exchange. The exchanged goods include, for example, used items or media such as audiovisual media , books , files or sound carriers . As traded services, valid, transferable admission tickets , travel tickets or other tickets come into question.

Exchange exchanges are not real exchanges because the market participants present their exchange objects to each other in order to be able to examine them and to be able to hand them over during the exchange process, while the objects of exchange are not available on exchanges.

An exchange contract is also concluded with Internet exchange sites, for which the provisions on the purchase contract ( § 433 ff. BGB) are to be applied accordingly in accordance with Section 480 BGB . This means that each Party on ownership of the to be replaced things or rights shall have to make this the other party transfer ownership to. Step by step , the other party then transfers their consideration.

history

As the first worldwide instant messaging Service applies the launched in November 1996 ICQ ( homophone for English I seek you , "I seek you"). Here two or more participants exchange messages with each other . This is peer-to-peer - networks , where participants both as data transmitter ( english server () and as a data receiver English client ) act. This system was also the basis of the first music exchange platform Napster , founded by Shawn Fanning in May 1999 , which registered over 57 million users annually and offered more than 1.7 million music files for download based on a client-server model . The business model was that of an under peer-to-peer system's users a user account einrichteten while at least one MP3 - audio file users to "exchange" had to offer. For this one was folder to create ( english shared folder ) containing the music files and was associated with the platform. When the user logged in, this platform read in the music files offered by him and transferred them to its search list on a central server. In return, users were allowed to download music files from other users free of charge using a search function . In January 1999, the Audiogalaxy music exchange went online with a similar configuration . As early as December 1999, the RIAA (Association of the Music Industry in the USA) held this data exchange of music titles to be illegal and filed a lawsuit against Napster for damages of US $ 20 billion. From April 2000, the US music industry started a wave of lawsuits against Napster because the free downloads violated international copyright law. In March 2001 Napster was ordered to delete all copyrighted files.

This wave of processes did not prevent other file sharing sites from making technical modifications to complicate the tracking of illegal downloads by law enforcement agencies . The client Morpheus started offering its services in April 2001. In May 2002 Napster went bankrupt, and other peer-to-peer networks had to gradually close due to massive violations of international copyright law. Napster has been working as a legal payment service since October 2003 .

In the meantime, product exchanges have also emerged . For example, Bambali , which was founded in August 2004, exchanges goods and services free of charge for the exchange currency "Bambali Taler", which can be used to purchase other exchange objects. Tauschticket was founded in September 2004 under the name of Buchticket as a free exchange platform for books and audio books , expanded to include other products in July 2005 and has been chargeable since October 2010. As a free alternative, exchange gnome went online in November 2010 with the exchange currency "token"; since July 2011 he has also been present in Austria and Switzerland. Peerflix started in January 2004, but ended its services in April 2008. Hitflip went online in February 2005, but has not been available since May 2016.

species

A distinction can be made between product exchanges and music exchanges:

  • Product exchanges exist with both comprehensive product offerings and limited product offerings. Their counterparts in the mail order business are accordingly the universal mail order companies and special mail order companies . Since products can usually be offered indefinitely and are visible on the website, the file sharing sites are particularly suitable for widely available items with a relatively low monetary value or with low demand , for which interested parties can be found even after a long waiting period. Typical item categories include books and other audiovisual media, as well as clothing and toys . In addition to free Internet file sharing sites, there are a number of commercial file sharing sites where the website operator does not pay fees by requesting an article.
Lending and rental portals for living space ( online community ) and for motor vehicles ( car sharing ) are not file sharing platforms, but rather belong to the sharing economy , because the focus is on arranging temporary use ( private car sharing ) for money.
  • The largest number of participants was recorded by the music exchange platforms that emerged in 1999 and enabled the illegal exchange of music files. In addition to Napster and Audiogalaxy, this also included file sharing platforms such as eDonkey2000 (from September 2000), BearShare (December 2000), Kazaa (March 2001), Morpheus (April 2001), eMule (May 2002) or LimeWire (October 2010) and others. With them, however, there was no real exchange in which someone surrenders his or her exchange object and receives another in return. The supposed exchange object (mostly MP3 audio files) was not given up by the provider, but served permanently as a master copy for other willing exchange.

With all types of Internet exchange platforms, the exchange partners can only present their exchange objects virtually , so that an assessment and a direct handover are not possible.

economic aspects

File-sharing exchanges give buyers with a lack of money the opportunity to purchase goods or services without using means of payment. To do this, they have to offer their own goods for exchange that have roughly the same exchange value. If this is not the case, complementary currencies ("exchange currencies") ensure that an exchange can still take place through acquired credit. File sharing exchanges enable market access for groups of consumers who otherwise could not appear as buyers, which means that more transactions can take place in an economy . Legally, nothing was exchanged at music exchanges, but free downloads massively violated copyright law and thus damaged the copyright holders and the recording companies . Throughout Germany, pirated copies resulted in damage totaling more than 680 million euros in 2012, with 524 million euros attributable to the music industry and 156 million euros to the film industry .

The distinction to internet auctions and classified ads is the use of a complementary currency as a medium of exchange instead of payment with means of payment.

See also

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ The actual data exchange within a peer-to-peer network is called file sharing .
  2. ↑ Alexander Lang, Filesharing und Strafrecht , 2009, p. 49
  3. ↑ SPIEGEL ONLINE of March 2, 2001, Brief, Wilde Geschichte
  4. ↑ Dale Dougherty / Kelly Truelove / Clay Shirky / Rael Dornfest / Lucas Gonze, 2001 P2P Networking Overview , 2001, p. 74
  5. ↑ Alexander Lang, Filesharing und Strafrecht , 2009, p. 13
  6. ↑ Andreas Huber, Internet exchange , 2006, p. 4
  7. ↑ MeinMMO of August 16, 2013, study puts economic damage from pirated copies at over 680 million euros per year