Break root

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Break root
Ninging root (Carapichea ipecacuanha), illustration

Ninging root ( Carapichea ipecacuanha ), illustration

Systematics
Order : Enzianartige (Gentianales)
Family : Red family (Rubiaceae)
Subfamily : Rubioideae
Tribe : Psychotrieae
Genre : Carapichea
Type : Break root
Scientific name
Carapichea ipecacuanha
( Bread. ) L. Andersson

The ipecac or ipecac ( Carapichea ipecacuanha ), also Ruhr root called, is a flowering plant in the family of the redness plants (Rubiaceae). It is also known by its common Portuguese name Ipecacuanha or Ipecacuana in Spanish . Her "rhizome" ( Radix Ipecacuanhae ) is used in medicine to make Ipecacuana syrup - a powerful emetic .

description

Inflorescence, unripe fruits and leaves

The break-root grows as a shrub to heights of about 50 centimeters. Many roots are formed on the rhizome and are surrounded by thick, curled bark. A single, short trunk is formed that is only leafy in the upper area. The opposite arranged leaves are divided into a petiole and a leaf blade. The simple, leathery, smooth, dark green leaf blade has a smooth edge. There are two whitish stipules at the base of each pair of leaves .

The flowers stand together in terminal, head-shaped inflorescences, which are surrounded by four large, egg-shaped bracts. The delicate, small flower is hermaphrodite, funnel-shaped and white in color. The stamens and carpels are dimorphic, which means that the stamens of some flowers are long and the pistils are short and the other flowers are the other way around. The first purple, later blue-black stone fruit is fleshy.

distribution

The breakroot occurs in the tropical lowland rainforests of Central and South America from Nicaragua to Brazil . It grows slowly, so that it is actually not suitable for a plantation culture. Occasionally, however, it has been cultivated in South America, but also in India. There are sites in Costa Rica , in southeastern Nicaragua, Panama, Colombia as well as in Ecuador (only in Napo) and in Brazil.

use

In medicine, the "rhizome" is used, which branches a few times. Different varieties are available on the market (gray, red, brown) that come from the same species. Differences in appearance are due to age and watering.

Jean Adrien Helvétius (1661-1727) used the drug as early as 1680 for dysentery . Since, according to Theodor Husemann, it is only effective in tropical dysentery, it was then used as an emetic . When apomorphine , which shows higher emetic potency, was finally discovered, it replaced the emetic root. Ipecacuana is very poisonous and can lead to bloody diarrhea and cramps up to shock or coma. It contains the alkaloids emetine and cephaelin . Medicines prepared from the emetic root require a prescription in Germany.

Ipecacuanha was then used as an expectorant . The emetine was contained in 1817 by Pierre Joseph Pelletier and François Magendie isolated and T. GORDONOFF demonstrated by X-ray contrast agent in the trachea , the differences between the sekretomotorischen and sekreotolytischen Expektoranswirkung. A syrup was chosen as the dosage form , e.g. B. the emetic root syrup ( Sirupus Ipecacuanhae ) from the 6th edition of the German Pharmacopoeia (DAB 6).

Plant species with similar uses

There are also numerous substitutes for the root of the root on the market:

  • "Wild brook root" ( Euphorbia ipecacuanhae ) from North America
  • Sarcostemma glaucum from the Asclepiadaceae family from Venezuela
  • Tylophora asthmatica is used in India
  • "American brood" ( Gillenia stipulata )
  • Richardsonia pilosa , Richardsonia rosea , Psychotria emetica, and various types of Ionidium

History and naming

The Ipecacuanha root was first made known in Europe at the end of the 16th century by a Portuguese Jesuit who discovered the brood in Brazil. In 1648 Willem Piso and Georg Marggraf described the brood in more detail and praised it as a remedy for the dysentery. In 1672 the first samples were brought to Paris by the doctor Legras and after 1680 by Jean Adrien Helvétius they were successfully prescribed as a secret remedy for bloody diarrhea. After the French king was also cured by this drug, Helvétius opened the name of the secret drug in 1688 and received a reward of 1000 Louisdor for it. The Czech physiologist Jan Evangelista Purkyně was one of the researchers into the medical significance of the root in the 19th century .

The specific epithet ipecacuanha and the common names come from the Tupi language , in which i-pe-kaa-guéne means something like "plant by the wayside that makes you sick".

Other common names include: "Colombian nugget" ( Cartagena or Panama commodity), "Brazilian nibble root" ( Rio or Mato Grosso commodity). Other colloquial terms are "Ipecac" or "Brazilian root".

Taxonomy

The first publication of this species took place in 1802 under the name ( Basionym ) Callicocca ipecacuanha by Felix de Silva Avellar Brotero in Transactions of the Linnean Society of London , 6, pp 137-141, plate 11. The genus Carapichea was 2002 by Bengt Lennart Andersson in Re-establishment of Carapichea (Rubiaceae, Psychotrieae) , in: Kew Bulletin , Volume 57, 2002, pp. 363-374, since then this species has been called Carapichea ipecacuanha . Other synonyms for Carapichea ipecacuanha (bread.) L.Andersson are: Cephaelis acuminata H.Karst. , Cephaelis ipecacuanha (bread.) Tussac , Cephaelis ipecacuanha (bread.) A.Rich. , Psychotria ipecacuanha (bread.) Stokes , Evea ipecacuanha (bread.) Standl. , Uragoga acuminata (H.Karst.) Farw. , Uragoga ipecacuanha (bread.) Baill.

literature

  • Theodor Husemann . Handbook of the entire pharmacology. 2nd edition, Springer, Berlin 1883, Volume II, pp. 582–589 (digitized version )
  • Koehler's medicinal plants. Gera 1887, Volume II, No 105 (digitized version)
  • John Uri Lloyd: Cephaelis Ipecacuanha , Engelhard, 1897 PDF

Individual evidence

  1. ^ A b John Uri Lloyd: Cephaelis Ipecacuanha , Engelhard, 1897 PDF
  2. Rafaël Govaerts (ed.): Carapichea ipecacuanha. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved June 2, 2020.
  3. ^ A b Carapichea ipecacuanha in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
  4. ^ A b Wolf-Dieter Müller-Jahncke , Christoph Friedrich , Ulrich Meyer: Medicinal history . 2., revised. and exp. Ed. Wiss. Verl.-Ges, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 978-3-8047-2113-5 , pp. 184 .
  5. structural formula of emetine, online
  6. IUPAC nomenclature (2S, 3R, 11bS) -2 - {[(1R) -6,7-dimethoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolin-1-yl] methyl} -3-ethyl-9.10 -dimethoxy-2,3,4,6,7,11b-exahydro-1H-pyrido [2,1-a] isoquinolines
  7. a b Ipecacuanha at Botanical.com ("Home of the electronic version of A Modern Herbal by Maud Grieve, originally published in 1931")
  8. Wolf-Dieter Müller-Jahncke : Breaking root. In: Werner E. Gerabek , Bernhard D. Haage, Gundolf Keil , Wolfgang Wegner (eds.): Enzyklopädie Medizingeschichte. De Gruyter, Berlin / New York 2005, ISBN 3-11-015714-4 , p. 207.
  9. Willem Piso and Georg Marggraf: Historia naturalis Brasiliae in qua non tantum plantae et animalia, sed et indigenarum morbi, ingenia et mores describuntur et iconibus supra quingentas illustrantur , Lugdun. Batavorum: Apud Franciscum Hackium; et Amstelodami: Apud Lud. Elzevirium 1648, p. 101 (digitized version)
  10. ^ Theodor Husemann . Handbook of the entire pharmacology. 2nd edition, Springer, Berlin 1883, Volume II, pp. 582–589 (digitized version )
  11. Köhler's medicinal plants. Gera 1887, Volume II, No 105 (digitized version)
  12. JE Purkinje: Relation about some attempts to determine the vomiting property of various preparations of the Ipecacuanha root. In: The chemical laboratory at the Imperial and Royal University of Prague. 1820 b, pp. 149-156.
  13. ^ Ipecacuanha at Henriette's Herbal Homepage, cited by Harvey Wickes Felter: The Eclectic Materia Medica, Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1922)
  14. ^ Carapichea ipecacuanha at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis

Web links

Commons : Breaking root  - album with pictures, videos and audio files
Wiktionary: break root  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations