Silk plants
Silk plants | ||||||||||||
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Indian milkweed ( Asclepias curassavica ) |
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Systematics | ||||||||||||
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Scientific name | ||||||||||||
Asclepiadoideae | ||||||||||||
R.Br. ex Burnett |
The silk plant family (Asclepiadoideae), also called swallow root family, are a subfamily of the dog poison family (Apocynaceae).
Well-known representatives of this subfamily are the carrion flowers of different genera: Stapelia , Hoodia , Huernia and Orbea , whose flowers give off a carrion odor , the wax flowers ( Hoya ), the swallowweed ( Vincetoxicum hirundinaria ) and the silk plants ( Asclepias ).
description
Vegetative characteristics
They are usually perennial herbaceous plants or woody plants: shrubs , lianas or rarely trees . Part of the taxa are stem succulent plants. Some species are climbing plants. The plants often contain a whitish or, more rarely, clear milky sap .
The mostly opposite leaves are well developed or greatly reduced. The leaves usually have a smooth leaf edge. Stipules may be present or absent.
Generative characteristics
The flowers are solitary or in zymose , rarely racemose inflorescences .
The hermaphrodite flowers are mostly radial symmetry and fünfzählig double perianth (perianth). The five sepals are only fused at their base. The five petals are fused. A secondary crown is often formed from the petals or the stamens ( ligula ). There is only one circle with five stamens , the stamens being short or missing. The stamens and carpels are fused together to form a so-called " gynostegium ". The pollen is usually combined into one unit, the " pollinium ". The “pollinium” is connected to the “clamp body” via two so-called “translators”. Each flower contains two upper carpels .
Usually two follicles develop per flower , rarely only one. The follicles contain many seeds. The seeds usually have silky hairs (coma), hence the name.
ecology
The gynostegium specializes in insect pollination ( entomophilia ).
Systematics and distribution
The former family Asclepiadaceae was set up in 1797 by Moritz Balthasar Borkhausen in Botanical Dictionary , Volume 1, p. 31. For practical reasons, Robert Brown divided the "Asclepiads" Jussieu's (1789) Apocineae in 1810, and with the scope of his own family Asclepiadaceae. The name of the Asclepiadaceae family - still known as "Asclepiadeae" - goes back to Gilbert Thomas Burnett in 1835. Type genus is Asclepias L. It has to molecular biological findings to the rank of subfamily Asclepiadoideae within the family of the Apocynaceae (Endress & Bruyn 2000). Other synonyms for Asclepiadaceae R.Br. ex Burnett are: Cynanchoideae Luerss. , Marsdenioideae Luerss.
The species of the subfamily Asclepiadoideae are widespread in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world, especially in Africa and southern South America. In northern and southeast Asia there are few species, but many small genera. In Central Europe only is milkweed ( Vincetoxicum hirundinaria ) native, originally from North America Milkweed ( Asclepias syriaca ) is in Central Europe wild and partly naturalized before.
The subfamily Asclepiadoideae includes 164 to 172 genera .
The subfamily Asclepiadoideae was created by Endress et al. 2007 divided into four tribes with a total of twelve sub - tribus . It has been used since Endress et al. 2014 divided into five tribes with a total of 15 sub-tribuses:
- Tribus Asclepiadeae (R.Br.) Duby : It has been divided into eleven sub- tribus since 2014 and contains around 87 genera:
- Untertribus Asclepiadinae Endl. ex Meisn. : It contains about 25 genera:
- Aidomene stop : Only one species belongs here, Aidomene parvula stop , which some authors call Asclepias aurea (Schltr.) Schltr. to Asclepias .
- Asclepias L. (Syn .: Acerates Elliott , Acerotis Raf. , Anantherix Nutt. , Anthanotis Raf. , Asclepiodella Small , Asclepiodora A. Gray , Biventraria Small , Crassa Ruppius , Dassovia Neck. , Oligoron Raf. , Onistis Raf. , Otanema Raf . , Otaria Kunth , Oxypteryx Greene , Podostemma Greene , Podostigma Elliott , Polyotus Nutt. , Schizonotus A.Gray nom. Illeg., Solanoa Greene , Solanoana Kuntze orth. Var., Stylandra Nutt. ): The approximately 203 species come in the Neotropis and in southern Africa.
- Aspidoglossum E. Mey . : The approximately 37 species are distributed from tropical to southern Africa .
- Aspidoglossum E. Mey . : This subheading includes about 37 species from tropical to southern Africa.
- Aspidonepsis Nicholas & Goyder : The five or so species occur in southern Africa.
- Calciphila Liede & Meve : It was set up in 2006. The only two species occur only in Somalia .
- Calotropis R.Br. : The threeor sospecies occur in Macaronesia , from tropical to subtropical Africa and from tropical to subtropical Asia.
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Cordylogyne E. Mey . : There is only one type:
- Cordylogyne globosa E. Mey . : It occurs in southern Africa.
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Fanninia Harv. : There is only one type:
- Fanninia caloglossa Harv. : It occurs from the Eastern Cape to KwaZulu-Natal .
- Glossostelma Schltr. : The approximately twelve species occur from Gabon to Tanzania and in southern tropical Africa.
- Gomphocarpus R.Br. : The approximately 20 species occur from tropical to southern Africa and on the Arabian Peninsula .
- Kanahia R.Br. : The roughly two species occur from tropical to southern Africa and on the Arabian Peninsula.
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Margaretta Oliv. : There is only one kind, Margaretta rosea Oliv. with eight subspecies:
- Margaretta rosea olive. subsp. rosea : It occurs from Cameroon to southern Sudan and Tanzania .
- Margaretta rosea subsp. bidens Bullock : It occurs in Tanzania.
- Margaretta rosea subsp. corallina Goyder : It only occurs in western Tanzania.
- Margaretta rosea subsp. cornetii (Dewèvre) Goyder : It occurs from western Tanzania to Zambia .
- Margaretta rosea subsp. kilimanjarica Goyder : It occurs from southern Kenya to northern Tanzania.
- Margaretta rosea subsp. occidentalis Goyder : It occurs from northern Nigeria to Cameroon.
- Margaretta rosea subsp. orbicularis (NEBr.) Goyder : It occurs from southwestern Tanzania to Zambia.
- Margaretta rosea subsp. whytei (K.Schum.) Mwany. : It occurs from southern Tanzania to southern tropical Africa.
- Miraglossum Kupicha : The seven or so species occur in southern Africa.
- Odontostelma Rendle Both species included here are also placed together as Asclepias minor (S.Moore) Goyder to Asclepias .
- Oxystelma R.Br. The roughly two species are distributed in tropical and subtropical Africa, Asia and Australia .
- Pachycarpus E. Mey. : The approximately 39 species occur from tropical to southern Africa.
- Parapodium E. Mey. : The three or so species occur in southern Africa.
- Pergularia L .: There are about two species from tropical to southern Africa, on the Sinai Peninsula , on the Arabian Peninsula and from Iran to India and Indochina .
- Schizoglossum E. Mey. (Syn .: Lagarinthus E. Mey . ): The approximately 28 species occur from tropical to southern Africa.
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Solenostemma Hayne : There is only one type:
- Solenostemma oleifolium (Nectoux) Bullock & EABruce ex Maire : It comes from the Sahara to northwestern Saudi Arabia .
- Stathmostelma K.Schum. : The approximately 14 species of occur from Cameroon to Ethiopia and Botswana .
- Stenostelma Schltr. : The two or three species occur in southern Africa.
- Trachycalymma (K.Schum.) Bullock There are up to ten species in tropical Africa. They are classified by some authors in the genus Asclepias .
- Woodia Schltr. : The three or so species occur in southern Africa.
- Xysmalobium R.Br. : The approximately 42 species occur from tropical to southern Africa.
- Untertribus Astephaninae Endl. ex Meisn. : It contains only three genera and occurs only in South Africa:
- Astephanus R.Br. : The approximately three species occur in the South African provinces of the North, Eastern and Western Cape .
- Microloma R.Br. : The eleven or so species occur in southern Africa.
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Oncinema Arn. : There is only one type:
- Oncinema lineare (L. f.) Bullock : It occurs in the capensis .
- Subertribus Cynanchinae K.Schum. : It contains about 13 genera:
- Adelostemma Hook. f. : The three species are also put to Cynanchum .
- Cynanchum L. (Syn .: Seshagiria Ansari & Hemadri ): It comprises about 255 species. They occur in the tropics and subtropics and from Ukraine to the temperate zones of Asia.
- Glossonema Decne. : It isposedby some authors to Cynanchum .
- Graphistemma (Champ. Ex Benth.) Champ. ex Benth. : It includes only one species, which is also put to Cynanchum .
- Holostemma R.Br. : The species are also put to Cynanchum by some authors.
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Mahawoa Schltr. : There is only one type:
- Mahawoa montana Schltr. : It occurs in Sulawesi .
- Metaplexis R.Br. : The species are also put to Cynanchum by some authors.
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Odontanthera Wight : There is only one type:
- Odontanthera radians (Forssk.) DVField : It occurs from northern Somalia to the southwestern Arabian Peninsula.
- Pentarrhinum E. Mey . : The species are also put to Cynanchum by some authors.
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Pentastelma Tsiang & PTLi : There is only one type:
- Pentastelma auritum Y.Tsiang & PTLi : It occurs on Hainan .
- Raphistemma Wall. : The species are also put to Cynanchum by some authors.
- Schizostephanus Hochst. ex Benth. : The roughly two species occur from Eritrea to southern Africa.
- Sichuania M.G.Gilbert & PTLi : This heading covers only one type that occurs in Sichuan and as Cynanchum alternilobum (MGGilbert & PTLi) songs & Khanum to Cynanchum is provided.
- Subertribus Diplolepinae Liede & Meve : It was set up in 2014 and contains only one genus:
- Diplolepis R.Br. (Syn .: Sonninia Rchb. , Grisebachiella Lorentz ): The approximately 14 species are common in Chile and Argentina . They are climbing subshrubs with white milky sap.
- Untertribus Gonolobinae (G.Don) Liede : Since 2015 it contains about 15 genera with about 300 species:
- Anemotrochus Mangelsdorff, Meve & Liede : It was set up in 2016 and only occurs on Caribbean islands. Of the three species, one occurs in the Bahamas , Cuba , Jamaica , Hispaniola and as well as on many small islands, another occurs only in Cuba and a third only on Hispaniola.
- Fischeria DC. : This subheading includes about eight species, which occur from Mexico to tropical America.
- Gonolobus Michx. : This subheading includes about 119 species that range from the United States to tropical America.
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Gyrostelma E. Fourn . : Only one species belongs here:
- Gyrostelma oxypetaloides E. Fourn . : It occurs only in central Brazil.
- Ibatia Decne. : This subheading includes about 26 species. They occur from Panama to tropical South America and the Caribbean.
- Lachnostoma Kunth : This subheading includes about 11 species. They occur from Venezuela to western South America.
- Macroscepis Kunth : This subheading includes around 16 species. They occur from southern Mexico to tropical America.
- Matelea Aubl. (Syn .: Matella Bartl. Orth. Var., Amphorella Brandegee , Austrochthamalia Morillo & Fontella , Callaeolepium H.Karst. , Chthamalia Decne. , Coelostelma E. Fourn . , Cyclodon Small , Dictyanthus Decne. , Edisonia Small , Heliostemma Woodson , Himantostemma A.Gray , Jacaima Rendle , Labidostelma Schltr. , Lhotzkyella Rauschert , Malinvaudia E.Fourn. , Microdactylon Brandegee , Odontostephana Alexander , Omphalophthalma H.Karst. , Pachystelma Brandegee , Peckoltia E.Fourn. , Poicilla Griseb. , Poicillopsis Schltr. , Prosthecidiscus Donn.Sm. , Pulvinaria E. Fourn . Nom. Illeg., Pycnobregma Baill. , Rothrockia A. Gray , Rytidoloma Turcz. , Tetracustelma Baill. , Trichosacme Zucc. , Tympananthe Hassk. , Urostephanus B.L.Rob. & Greenm. ) Belong here about 279 species. They occur in the New World.
- Phaeostemma E. Fourn . : This subheading includes about seven species. They occur in northern South America and from southern and southeastern Brazil to northeastern Argentina.
- Pherotrichis Decne. : There are four types. They occur from Mexico to Guatemala.
- Pseudolachnostoma Morillo : This subheading includes about eight species. They occur from Nicaragua to Brazil and Peru.
- Rhytidostemma Morillo : This subheading includes about eight species. They occur from Panama to tropical South America.
- Rojasia Malme : Only two species belong here. They occur from Bolivia to northeast Argentina.
- Schubertia Mart. nom. cons. non Mirb. : This subheading includes about six species. They occur from Colombia to Brazil and northeastern Argentina.
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Stelmagonum Baill. : Only one species belongs here:
- Stelmagonum hahnianum Baill. : It only occurs in the Mexican state of Guerrero .
- Tylodontia Griseb. : Of the four species, one is endemic to western Cuba and three are endemic to eastern Cuba.
- Subertribus Metastelmatinae Endl. ex Meisn. : It shows the greatest biodiversity in the mountainous regions of northern South America, in central Brazil and on the Caribbean islands. It contains about 12 genera with up to 260 species:
- Barjonia Decne. : The sevenor sospecies occur from Bolivia through Brazil to Suriname .
- Blepharodon Decne. : In 2012 it only contains two species in South America.
- Ditassa R.Br. (Syn .: Calathostelma E. Fourn . , Husnotia E. Fourn . ): About 112 species are common in tropical South America.
- Hemipogon Decne. : The approximately 14 species occur from Paraguay to Peru and Brazil.
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Hypolobus E. Fourn. : It contains only one type:
- Hypolobus infractus E. Fourn . : It occurs only in the Mata Atlântica in the Brazilian state of Bahía .
- Metastelma R.Br. (Syn .: Acrocoryne Turcz. , Basistelma Bartlett , Decastelma Schltr. , Epicion (Griseb.) Small , Esmeraldia E. Fourn . , Irmischia Schltdl. , Stelmation E. Fourn . , Tainionema Schltr. ): There are about 102 species in the Neotropic widespread.
- Minaria T.UPKonno & Rapini : It was set up in 2006. The approximately 12 species occur from Bolivia through Brazil to northeast Argentina.
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Nautonia Decne. : It contains only one type:
- Nautonia nummularia Decne. : It occurs from Brazil to northeast Argentina.
- Nephradenia Decne. : The five or so species are common in tropical South America.
- Peplonia Decne. (Syn .: Gonioanthela Malme , Macroditassa Malme ): It contains 6 to 14 species occur from Bolivia to Peru and via Paraguay to Brazil.
- Petalostelma E. Fourn. non R.Br : The seven or so species occur in Brazil and Argentina.
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Rhyncharrhena F. Muell. : There is only one type:
- Rhyncharrhena linearis (Decne.) KLWilson : It occurs in Australia.
- Untertribus Orthosiinae Liede & Rapini : It was established in 2005 and contains about four genera with about 80 species:
- Jobinia E. Fourn. : It contains about 25 species. They occur from Mexico to Honduras and from western and southern South America to Brazil.
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Monsanima Liede & Meve : It was set up in 2013 and since 2014 contains two types:
- Monsanima morrenioides (Goyder) Liede & Meve : This endemic occurs only at Pico das Almas in the Brazilian state of Bahía.
- Monsanima tinguaensis R. Santos & Fontella : It was first described in 2014 from the Brazilian state of Rio de Janeiro.
- Orthosia Decne. : The 38 or so species are widespread from Florida and Mexico to Argentina and Uruguay.
- Scyphostelma Baill. : It contains 28 to 50 species. They occur from Costa Rica to Venezuela and Bolivia.
- Untertribus Oxypetalinae K.Schum. : In 2014 it contained about seven genres, two of which became synonyms in 2015, so only five genres; with about 150 to 185 species:
- Araujia bread. (Syn .: Choristigma Kurtz ex Heger nom. Illeg., Hickenia Lillo , Lagenia E. Fourn . , Pentaphragma Zucc. Ex Rchb. Nom. Nud., Physianthus Mart. , Stuckertia Kuntze ): The approximately six species are from Bolivia via Brazil spread to Argentina.
- Funastrum E. Fourn. : The approximately 21 species arewidespreadfrom the United States to South America.
- Oxypetalum R.Br. (Syn .: Gothofreda Vent. Nom. Rej., Amblyopetalum (Griseb.) Malme , Bustelma E. Fourn . , Calostigma Decne. , Corollonema Schltr. , Cystostemma E. Fourn . , Dactylostelma Schltr. , Metoxypetalum Morillo , Morrenia Lindl. Pachyglossum Decne. , Rhyssostelma Decne. , Schistogyne Hook. & Arn. , Schizostemma Decne. , Widgrenia Malme ): The 132 species since 2015 arewidespreadin the Neotropic .
- Philibertia Kunth (Syn .: Amblystigma Benth. , Aphanostelma Malme nom. Illeg., Brachylepis Hook. & Arn. Nom. Illeg., Lugonia Wedd. , Fontellaea Morillo , Melinia Decne. , Mitostigma Decne. , Pentagonium Schauer , Podandra Baill. , Steleostemma Schltr. , Stelmatocodon Schltr. , Stigmamblys Kuntze orth. Var., Zosima Phil. Nom. Illeg.): The approximately 41 species are distributed from Ecuador, Bolivia via Peru to Chile and Argentina.
- Tweedia Hook. & Arn. (Syn .: Turrigera Decne. ): The six or so species are distributed from Bolivia to southern South America.
- Untertribus Pentacyphinae Liede & Meve : It was set up in 2014 and contains only one genus:
- Pentacyphus Schltr. (Syn .: Tetraphysa Schltr. ): The only three types are distributed from western South America to northwestern Venezuela . They are climbing subshrubs with white milky sap.
- Untertribus Tassadiinae Liede & Meve : It was set up in 2014 and contains only two genera. They are climbing subshrubs with white milky sap .:
- Stenomeria Turcz. : It contains about four types. Some authors also place them in the genus Tassadia .
- Tassadia Decne. : Up to 31 species are distributed from Mexico to Trinidad and tropical South America.
- Untertribus Tylophorinae (K.Schum.) Liede : Type genus is Tylophora R.Br. Since 2014 it only contains four genres:
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Merrillanthus Chun & Tsiang : It includes only one species:
- Merrillanthus hainanensis Chun & Tsiang : It occurs in Cambodia and in the Chinese provinces of Guangdong and Hainan.
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Pentastelma Tsiang & PTLi : There is only one type:
- Pentastelma auritum Y.Tsiang & PTLi : This endemic occurs only in Boating in Hainan.
- Pentatropis R.Br. : The fouror sospecies occur from tropical West Africa to Tanzania and Egypt, from Sinai to the Indian subcontinent, on islands in the western Indian Ocean and in Vietnam .
- Vincetoxicum Wolf : For a long time the scope of the genera of this sub-tribus was controversial. Vincetoxicum is onlymonophyleticif most of the genera of this tribe are grouped into one genus. For reasons of priority, this comprehensive genus must becalled Vincetoxicum . Synonyms for Vincetoxicum Wolf non T.Walter sl are since 2012: Biondia Schltr. , Blyttia Arn. non Fries , Diplostigma K.Schum. , Goydera Liede , Pleurostelma Baill. non Schlechter , Rhyncharrhena F. Muell. , Tylophora R.Br. : The 119 to 300 species arewidespreadin the Old World .
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Merrillanthus Chun & Tsiang : It includes only one species:
- Untertribus Asclepiadinae Endl. ex Meisn. : It contains about 25 genera:
- Tribe Ceropegieae Decne. ex Orb. : It is divided into four sub-tribus and contains about 47 categories:
- Untertribus Anisotominae Meve & Liede : It contains about five genera:
- Anisotoma Fenzl : There are about two species in southern Africa.
- Emplectanthus N.E.Br. : The three or so species occur in southern Africa.
- Neoschumannia Schltr. : The three or so species occur in tropical Africa.
- Riocreuxia Decne. : The ten or so species occur from Tanzania to southern Africa.
- Sisyranthus E. Mey . : The approximately 13 species occur from eastern Zimbabwe to southern Africa.
- Subertribus Heterostemminae Meve & Liede : It contains only one genus:
- Heterostemma Wight & Arn. : The approximately 38 species occur from tropical and subtropical Asia to the islands in the southwestern Pacific.
- Untertribus Leptadeniinae Meve & Liede : It contains four genera:
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Conomitra Fenzl : There is only one type:
- Conomitra linearis Fenzl : It occurs from Niger to southern Ethiopia and northern Kenya.
- Leptadenia R.Br. : The approximately five species occur from northern and western tropical Africa to Tanzania, Madagascar and from the Arabian Peninsula to Myanmar .
- Orthanthera Wight : The roughly six species occur from the Democratic Republic of the Congo to southern Africa and the Indian subcontinent.
- Pentasacme Wall. ex Wight : The fouror sospecies occur from the Himalayas to southern China and the Malay Peninsula .
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Conomitra Fenzl : There is only one type:
- Untertribus Stapeliinae G.Don : It contains about 37 genera:
- Anomalluma Plowes : With only two species, which are also part of Pseudolithos .
- Apteranthes J.C. Mikan : With about seven species that occur on the Canary Islands and from the Mediterranean region to the Indian subcontinent.
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Australluma Plowes : With only one species:
- Australluma peschii (Nel) Plowes : It occurs from Angola to northwestern and north-central Namibia.
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Baynesia Bruyns : With only one species:
- Baynesia lophophora Bruyns : It occurs only in northwestern Namibia.
- Boucerosia Wight & Arn. : The approximately seven species occur from the Indian subcontinent to Myanmar.
- Brachystelma Sims : The species are also assigned to Ceropegia by some authors.
- Caralluma R.Br. : The approximately 32 species occur in tropical Africa, on the Arabian Peninsula, in India, Sri Lanka and Myanmar.
- Caudanthera Plowes : The fouror sospecies occur from Niger to Israel and north-western India.
- Candlestick flowers ( Ceropegia L. ): There are about 383 species. They occur from Africa to northeastern Australia.
- Desmidorchis Ehrenb. : The approximately 14 species occur from the Sahara and the Sahel zone to tropical East Africa and the Arabian Peninsula.
- Duvalia Haw. : The 18 or so species occur from northeastern tropical Africa to the Arabian Peninsula and from southern tropical Africa to southern Africa.
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Duvaliandra M.G.Gilbert : There is only one way:
- Duvaliandra dioscoridis (Lavranos) MGGilbert : This endemic occurs only on Socotra .
- Echidnopsis Hook. f. : The approximately 36 species occur in northeastern and eastern tropical Africa and on the Arabian Peninsula.
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Edithcolea N.E.Br. : There is only one type:
- Edithcolea grandis N.E.Br. : It occurs from Ethiopia to Tanzania, in Yemen and on Socotra.
- Hoodia Sweet ex Decne. : The approximately 13 species occur from Angola to South Africa.
- Huernia R.Br. : The approximately 77 species occur from Eritrea to South Africa, in Nigeria and on the Arabian Peninsula.
- Larryleachia Plowes : The six or so species occur in southern Africa.
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Lavrania Plowes : There is only one type:
- Lavrania haagnerae Plowes : It occurs only in northwestern Namibia .
- Monolluma Plowes : The five or so species come from northeastern tropical Africa to Kenya and the Arabian Peninsula.
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Notechidnopsis Lavranos & Bleck : There is only one species:
- Notechidnopsis tessellata (Pillans) Lavranos & Bleck : It occurs in the South African provinces of the Northern and Western Cape .
- Ophionella Bruyns : The two species occur only in the South African province of Eastern Cape .
- Orbea Haw. : The approximately 60 species occur in Africa and on the Arabian Peninsula.
- Orbeanthus L.C. Leach : The two species are also placed with Orbea .
- Pectinaria Haw. : The four or so species occur in the South African provinces of the Northern and Western Cape.
- Piaranthus R.Br. : There are about nine types; they occur in southern Africa.
- Pseudolithos P.ROBally (Syn .: Anomalluma Plowes ): The eight or so species occur in northeastern tropical Africa and on the Arabian Peninsula.
- Quaqua N.E.Br. : The approximately 20 species occur from southwestern Namibia to South Africa.
- Rhytidocaulon P.ROBally : The approximately 17 species occur from Kenya to Ethiopia and on the Arabian Peninsula.
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Richtersveldia Meve & Liede : There is only one type:
- Richtersveldia columnaris (Nel) Meve & Liede : This endemic occurs only in the central mountains of the Richtersveld from Kodas Peak to Eksteenfontein in the South African province of North Cape. The stocks are decreasing.
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Socotrella Bruyns & AGMiller : There is only one type:
- Socotrella dolichocnema Bruyns : It was first described in 2002. This endemic occurs only in the western part of the island of Socotra .
- Stapelia L .: There are about 31 species; they occur in southern Africa.
- Stapelianthus Choux ex ACWhite & B.Sloane : The seven or so species occur in Madagascar.
- Stapeliopsis Pillans : The eight or so species occur from Namibia to South Africa.
- Tavaresia Welw. : The roughly three species occur in southern and southern tropical Africa.
- Tridentea Haw. : The eight or so species occur in southern Africa.
- Tromotriche Haw. : The eleven or so species occur from Namibia to South Africa.
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White-Sloanea Chiov. : There is only one type:
- White-Sloanea crassa (NEBr.) Chiov. : It occurs in northern Somalia.
- Untertribus Anisotominae Meve & Liede : It contains about five genera:
- Tribus Eustegieae Rchb. ex Liede & Meve : It was validly drawn up in 2014 and only contains two genres in Mozambique and South Africa. The six or so species are herbaceous plants with a clear milky sap.
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Emicocarpus K. Schum. & Schltr. : There is only one type:
- Emicocarpus fissifolius K.Schum. & Schltr. : It occurs in Mozambique .
- Eustegia R.Br. : The five or so species occur in South Africa .
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Emicocarpus K. Schum. & Schltr. : There is only one type:
- Tribus Fockeeae H.Kunze, Meve & Liede : It contains only two genera in Africa and the Arabian Peninsula:
- Cibirhiza Bruyns : The three or so species occur from Ethiopia to Zambia and on the Arabian Peninsula .
- Fockea Endl. : The approximately six species are distributed from Kenya to southern Africa .
- Tribe Marsdenieae Benth. : It contains about 26 genera:
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Anatropanthus Schltr. : There is only one type:
- Anatropanthus borneensis Schltr. : It occurs on Borneo .
- Anisopus N.E.Br. : The roughly two species are common in tropical West Africa.
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Asterostemma Decne. : There is only one type:
- Asterostemma repandum Decne. : It occurs in eastern Java.
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Campestigma Pierre ex Costantin : There is only one type:
- Campestigma purpurea Pierre ex Costantin : It occurs in Laos and Vietnam.
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Cionura Griseb. : There is only one type:
- Cionura erecta (L.) Griseb. : It occurs from southeastern Europe to southwestern Afghanistan.
- Clemensiella Schltr. : The two species are also put to Hoya .
- Cosmostigma Wight : The three or so species are distributed from tropical Asia to Hainan.
- Dischidia R.Br. : The approximately 118 species are distributed from tropical and subtropical Asia to the islands in the western Pacific.
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Dolichopetalum Tsiang : There is only one species:
- Dolichopetalum kwangsiense Tsiang : It occurs in China.
- Gongronema (Endl.) Decne. : The ten or so species are distributed from the Indian subcontinent to southern China and western Malesia.
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Gunnessia P.I. Forest . : There is only one type:
- Gunnessia pepo P.I. Forest . : It occurs only in northern Queensland .
- Gymnema R.Br. : The approximately 34 species are distributed from the tropics to the subtropics of the Old World.
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Heynella Backer : There is only one type:
- Heynella lactea Backer : This endemic occurs only in western Java.
- Hoya R.Br. : The approximately 495 species come from tropical and subtropical Asia to the islands of the western Pacific.
- Jasminanthes flower : The six or so species are distributed from temperate East Asia to southern China and Thailand and Borneo.
- Lygisma Hook. f. : The four or so species occur from southeastern China to the Malay Peninsula.
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Marsdenia R.Br. nom. cons. (Syn .: Cathetostemma Blume ): The approximately 70 species are common in the Neotropic, including:
- Bush banana ( Marsdenia australis (R.Br.) Druce )
- Kondurango shrub ( Marsdenia cundurango (R.Br.) Druce )
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Oreosparte Schltr. : There is only one type:
- Oreosparte celebica Schltr. : This endemic occurs only on Mount Mahawu in Sulawesi .
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Pycnorhachis Benth. : There is only one type:
- Pycnorhachis maingayi Hook. f. : It occurs on the Malay Peninsula.
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Rhyssolobium E. Mey . : There is only one type:
- Rhyssolobium dumosum E. Mey . : It occurs only in southern Namibia and in the Gariep Valley east of Alexander Bay in the South African province of North Cape.
- Sarcolobus R.Br. : The approximately 20 species are distributed from tropical Asia to the islands in the western Pacific.
- Stephanotis Thouars : The four or so species occur in the Cape Province and Madagascar.
- Stigmatorhynchus Schltr. : Of the only two species, one occurs in northern Namibia and the other in Tanzania.
- Telosma Coville : The eight or so species occur in tropical and subtropical Asia, in tropical and southern Africa and on the Arabian Peninsula.
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Treutlera Hook. f. : There is only one type:
- Treutlera insignis Hook. f. : It occurs from Nepal to Assam .
- Wattakaka Hassk. : The roughly two species are distributed from tropical Asia to southern China.
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Anatropanthus Schltr. : There is only one type:
swell
- The Asclepiadoideae in the Apocynaceae family on the AP website . (Sections systematics and description)
- The Asclepiaceae family at DELTA. (Section description, there still as a family)
- Bingtao Li, Michael G. Gilbert, W. Douglas Stevens: Asclepiaceae , p. 189 - online with the same text as the printed work , Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven (ed.): Flora of China. Volume 16: Gentianaceae through Boraginaceae. Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 1995, ISBN 0-915279-33-9 . (Section description, there still as a family)
- Datasheet in the Western Australian flora . (Section description)
- Doris Wolff, Ulrich Meve, Sigrid Schumann-Liede: Pollination ecology of Ecuadorian Asclepiadoideae (Apocynaceae): How generalized are morphologically specialized flowers? , In: Basic and Applied Ecology , Volume 9, Issue 1, 2008, pp. 24-34. doi: 10.1016 / j.baae.2007.06.013
- Mary E. Endress, Sigrid Schumann-Liede, Ulrich Meve: An updated classification for Apocynaceae. In Phytotaxa , Volume 159, Issue 3, February 14, 2014, pp. 175-194. doi: 10.11646 / phytotaxa.159.3.2 full text PDF.
Individual evidence
- ^ Gilbert Thomas Burnett: Outlines of Botany. London 1835, p. 1012 (online) .
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax Mary E. Endress, Sigrid Schumann-Liede, Ulrich Meve: An updated classification for Apocynaceae. In Phytotaxa , Volume 159, Issue 3, February 14, 2014, pp. 175-194. doi: 10.11646 / phytotaxa.159.3.2 full text PDF.
- ↑ a b Bingtao Li, Michael G. Gilbert, W. Douglas Stevens: Asclepiaceae , p. 189 - online with the same text as the printed work , Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven (eds.): Flora of China. Volume 16: Gentianaceae through Boraginaceae. Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 1995, ISBN 0-915279-33-9 .
- ^ Manfred A. Fischer, Karl Oswald, Wolfgang Adler: Excursion flora for Austria, Liechtenstein and South Tyrol. 3rd improved edition. State of Upper Austria, Biology Center of the Upper Austrian State Museums, Linz 2008, ISBN 978-3-85474-187-9 .
- ^ A b Mary E. Endress, Sigrid Liede-Schumann, Ulrich Meve: Advances in Apocynaceae: The enlightenment, an Introduction. In: Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. Volume 94, number 2, 2007, pp. 259-267 ( doi : 10.3417 / 0026-6493 (2007) 94 [259: AIATEA] 2.0.CO; 2 ).
- Jump up ↑ Sigrid Liede: Subtribes and genera of the tribe Asclepiadeae (Apocynaceae, Asclepiadoideae) - a synopsis. In: Taxon , Volume 46, 1997, p. 241. JSTOR 1224093
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp dq dr ds dt du dv dw dx dy dz ea eb ec ed ee ef eg eh ei ej ek el em en eo ep eq er es et eu ev ew ex ey ez fa fb fc fd fe ff fg Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Apocynaceae. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved November 7, 2018.
- ↑ Species list to Fanninia in the Red List of South African Plants
- ^ List of species on Astephanus in the Red List of South African Plants
- ↑ a b c d e f Uiara Catharina Soares e Silva, Alessandro Rapini, Sigrid Liede-Schumann, Patrícia Luz Ribeiro, Cássio van den Berg: Taxonomic Considerations on Metastelmatinae (Apocynaceae) Based on Plastid and Nuclear DNA. In: Systematic Botany , Volume 37, Issue 3, 2012, pp. 795-806. at Bioone . doi: 10.1600 / 036364412X648733
- ↑ a b Ralph D. Mangelsdorff, Ulrich Meve, Sigrid Liede-Schumann: Phylogeny and circumscription of Antillean Anemotrochus, gen. Nov., And Tylodontia (Apocynaceae: Asclepiadoideae: Gonolobinae). In: Willdenowia , Volume 46, Issue 3, 2016, pp. 443–474. doi: 10.3372 / wi.46.46311
- ↑ Sigrid Liede-Schumann, Ulrich Meve: The Orthosiinae Revisited (Apocynaceae, Asclepiadoideae, Asclepiadeae) , In: Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden , Volume 99, Issue 1, 2013, pp. 44-81. at Bioone doi: 10.3417 / 2010130
- ^ Sigrid Liede-Schumann, Ulrich Meve: Synonymy of three South American genera in Apocynaceae, and new combinations in Oxypetalum and Tassadia. In: Phytotaxa , Volume 202, Issue 1, 2015, pp. 35-44. ISSN 1179-3155 doi: 10.11646 / phytotaxa.202.1.4
- ↑ Sigrid Liede-Schumann, Hanghui Kong, Ulrich Meve, Mike Thiv: Vincetoxicum and Tylophora (Apocynaceae: Asclepiadoideae: Asclepiadeae) - two sides of the same medal: Independent shifts from tropical to temperate habitats. In: Taxon , Volume 61, Issue 4 2012, pp. 803-825. JSTOR 41679310 online.
- ↑ Species list for Pectinaria in the Red List of South African Plants
- ↑ Species list for Richtersveldia in the Red List of South African Plants
- ↑ Species list for Rhyssolobium in the Red List of South African Plants
literature
- Henning Kunze: Structure and function of the Asclepiadacea flower. In: Phyton, Annales Rei Botanicae, Horn. Volume 35, No. 1, 1995, pp. 1-24 ( online ).