Chandelier flowers

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Chandelier flowers
Climbing candlestick flower (Ceropegia sandersonii)

Climbing candlestick flower ( Ceropegia sandersonii )

Systematics
Order : Enzianartige (Gentianales)
Family : Dog poison family (Apocynaceae)
Subfamily : Silk plants (Asclepiadoideae)
Tribe : Ceropegieae
Sub tribus : Stapeliinae
Genre : Chandelier flowers
Scientific name
Ceropegia
L.

The candlestick flowers ( Ceropegia ) are a genus of plants in the subfamily silk plants (Asclepiadoideae) within the dog poison family (Apocynaceae). The common German name Leuchterblume refers to the candelabra - like appearance of some flowers .

description

Vegetative characteristics

Ceropegia species grow as perennial herbaceous plants . Often they are leaf and / or stem succulents . They are mostly climbers , twists, or the plants have creeping runners . Only the few species of the Canary Islands have upright growth forms. Among the numerous species there are also many succulent forms with leaf, stem or root succulence . They usually contain clear, rarely white, milky juice . Depending on the species, they form tubers or rhizomes as permanent organs. They are evergreen or shed their leaves in the dry season.

Ceropegia woodii ,
the species most commonly found as a houseplant

Inflorescences and flowers

Ceropegia affinis
Exception in the structure of the flower: Ceropegia stapeliiformis

The inflorescences are structured differently.

The relatively large flowers are hermaphroditic and five-fold with a double flower envelope . The five sepals are fused at their base.

According to their shape and function, the flowers of the candlestick flowers are among the most complicated flowers that evolution has produced. According to their shape, the flowers of most candlestick flowers can be called window blossoms . The five petals are mostly fused together at the tips (exception: Ceropegia stapeliiformis and its subspecies). The more or less filigree petals leave more or less large gaps on the flanks. In some species the petals are very thin and curved outwards and give the flowers a lampion-like appearance. The secondary or inner crown is enclosed in the bulbous part of the corolla tube. The five stamens are fused to the short stamens to form a tube.

ecology

In terms of flower ecology, the flower is also known as a trap trap or sliding trap . The insects are attracted by their smell and hair into the distended rear part of the flower and are caught there by hairs or bristles that are raised to the rear. There, the female sexual organs have matured first, which are pollinated by the pollen packets brought with them. As a rule, only then does the pollen ripen, which the insects pick up when they move around in the trap. Then the hairs in the throat relax and the insects are released again. So far, however, it has only been clarified for a few species how the mostly very small (around 3 mm long) flies are attracted. In the case of Ceropegia dolichophylla , the fragrance of the flowers was carefully analyzed. Its composition resembles certain insect pheromones . The milichiid flies that are attracted by the scent of the flower of Ceropegia dolichophylla are kleptoparasites that feed on the hemolymph or other excretions of the prey of predatory arthropods . They are lured to their prey by the scent. The scent of the flower of Ceropegia dolichophylla mimics a potential prey of these kleptoparasitic flies.

distribution

The occurrence extends from the Canary Islands in the west across Africa , Madagascar , the Arabian Peninsula , India and China to the Philippines as well as New Guinea and Australia .

Systematics

The genus Ceropegia was established in 1753 by Carl von Linné in Volume 2 of Species Plantarum on page 211. The type species is Ceropegia candelabrum . The botanical generic name Ceropegia is probably derived from the Greek words κέρος kéros for wax and πηγή pegé for source.

A synonym for Ceropegia is Obesia Haw.

Currently, around 383 species are recognized as valid Ceropegia species. Individual, mostly newer species not (yet) included in the Plant List and Checklist have been added.

Species of the genus Ceropegia :

supporting documents

literature

  • Herbert FJ Huber : Revision of the genus Ceropegia. In: Memorias da Sociedade Broteriana. Volume 12, Coimbra, 1957, pp. 1-203.
  • MA Hyde, BT Wursten, P. Ballings: Ceropegia in the Flora of Zimbabwe , 2011.
  • Dennis de Kock, Ulrich Meve: A Checklist of Brachystelma, Ceropegia and the genera of the Stapeliads. International Asclepiad Society, Ansty, West Sussex 2007, 125 pp.
  • Bingtao Li, Michael G. Gilbert, W. Douglas Stevens: Asclepiadaceae. Ceropegia . In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven (Ed.): Flora of China . Volume 16: Gentianaceae through Boraginaceae . Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 1995, ISBN 0-915279-33-9 , pp. 266 (English). (Section description).
  • Ulrich Meve: Ceropegia. In: Focke Albers, Ulli Meve (Hrsg.): Succulent lexicon. Volume 3: Asclepiadaceae (silk plant family). Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2002, ISBN 3-8001-3982-0 , pp. 60-107.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ A. Heiduk, I. Brake, T. Tolasch, J. Frank, A. Jürgens, U. Meve, S. Dötter: Scent chemistry and pollinator attraction in the deceptive trap flowers of Ceropegia dolichophylla. In: South African Journal of Botany. Volume 76, No. 4, 2010, pp. 762-769, doi: 10.1016 / j.sajb.2010.07.022 .
  2. ↑ Ceropegia at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
  3. ^ According to Wallich: Description of Ceropegia elegans Plate 3015, first page of text, footnote
  4. ↑ a b c d e f g h Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Ceropegia - World Checklist of Selected Plant Families of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Last viewed on January 1, 2020.
  5. ^ A b Ulrich Meve: Ceropegia Checklist. A guide to alternative names used in recent Ceropegia classification. In: Dennis de Kock, Ulrich Meve: A Checklist of Brachystelma, Ceropegia and the genera of the Stapeliads. International Asclepiad Society 2007, pp. 83-113.
  6. ^ Rafael Govaerts (ed.): World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (in review): Ceropegia. Published in: The Plant List. A working list of all plant species. Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Missouri Botanical Garden, accessed December 2, 2011.
  7. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o H. J. Beentje (Ed.), D. Goyder; T. Harris; S. Masinde; U. Meve; J. Venter: Flora of Tropical East Africa, Apocynaceae (Part 2). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, 2012, ISBN 978-1-84246-396-3 , pp. 115-530.
  8. ↑ a b Manit Kidyoo: Two new species of Ceropegia (Apocynaceae, Asclepiadoideae) from eastern Thailand. Phytotaxa, 162 (2): 091-098, 2014, doi: 10.11646 / phytotaxa.162.2.3
  9. ↑ SR Yadav, SM Shendage: Ceropegia bhatii, a new species of Apocynaceae: Ceropegieae from Karnataka, India. In: Kew Bulletin. Volume 65, No. 1, 2010, pp. 107-110. doi: 10.1007 / s12225-010-9189-0
  10. ↑ SS Kambale, AN Chandore, SR Yadav: Ceropegia concanensis, a new species (Apocynaceae: Ceropegieae) from Western Ghats, India. In: Kew Bulletin. Volume 67, No. 4, 2012, pp. 843–848 ( doi: 10.1007 / s12225-012-9406-0 )
  11. ↑ a b Mats Thulin: New species of Caralluma and Ceropegia (Apocynaceae: Asclepiadoideae-Ceropegieae) from eastern Ethiopia. In: Kew Bulletin. Volume 64, No. 3, 2009, pp. 477-483. doi: 10.1007 / s12225-009-9125-3
  12. ↑ Zhi-Kun Wu, Jie Cai, Lei Cai and De-Tuan Liu. 2019. Ceropegia jinshaensis (Apocynaceae), A New Species from northwestern Yunnan, China. PhytoKeys. 130: 41-48. DOI: 10.3897 / phytokeys.130.34311
  13. ^ Rajeev Kumar Singh, Arti Garg, Paramjit Singh: Lectotypification and a new synonym of Ceropegia kachinensis (Apocynaceae). Phytotaxa, 197 (3): 215-221, 2015, doi: 10.11646 / phytotaxa.197.3.5
  14. ^ M. Rodda & U. Meve: Ceropegia laotica (Apocynaceae, Asclepiadoideae): the first new species of Ceropegia described from Laos. Gardens' Bulletin Singapore 69 (2): 285-293. 2017 doi : 10.26492 / gbs69 (2). 2017-07
  15. ↑ AP Dold: Ceropegia macmasteri (Apocynaceae-Asclepiadoidese-Ceropegieae), a new species from Eastern Cape, South Africa. In: South African Journal of Botany. Volume 72, 2006, pp. 144-146, doi: 10.1016 / j.sajb.2005.06.005
  16. ↑ P. Sujanapal; PM Salim; N. Anil Kumar, N. Sasidharan: A new species of Ceropegia (Apocynaceae: Asclepiadoideae) from India with notes on rare and threatened Ceropegia in Nilgiris of Western Ghats. In: Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas , Volume 7, Part 1, 2013, pp. 341-345
  17. ^ A b Ramesh Kumar, Sachin Sharma, Mayank D. Dwivedi: Ceropegia mizoramensis and C. murlensis (Asclepiadaceae) - Two new species from Northeast India with Phylogenetic and morphological evidence support. Taiwania 63 (2): 163–170, 2018 doi: 10.6165 / tai.2018.63.163163 PDF (at ResearchGate)
  18. ↑ K. Madhavan Manudev, Sharad Suresh Kambale, C. Pramod, PS Prakash: A new species of Ceropegia (Apocynaceae: Ceropegieae) from a midland lateritic hill of Kerala, India. International Journal of Advanced Research, 4 (5): 1408–1414, 2016 PDF
  19. ↑ Sachin A. Punekar, Suresh D. Jagtap, Subash S. Deokule: A new variety of Ceropegia oculata Hook. (Apocynaceae: Asclepiadoideae) from Satpuda hill ranges of Maharashtra, India. In: Current Science. Volume 91, No. 9, 2006, pp. 1142–1145, (PDF file; 279 kB).
  20. ↑ Kusom Raja Kullayiswamy, S. Sandhyarani and Subbiah Karuppusamy: Ceropegia pullaiahii sp. nov. (Apocynaceae, Asclepiadoideae) from India. Nordic Journal of Botany, Volume 30, 2012, 001-004 doi: 10.1111 / j.1756-1051.2012.01557.x
  21. ↑ MA Hyde, BT Wursten, P. Balling: Ceropegia sobolifera var. Nephroloba in the Flora of Zimbabwe 2011.
  22. ↑ Manit Kidyoo: Ceropegia suddeei sp. nov. (Apocynaceae, Asclepiadoideae) from northeastern Thailand. Nordic Journal of Botany, 32 (5): 569-574, 2014, doi: 10.1111 / njb.00418
  23. ↑ U. Meve: Ceropegia thailandica (Asclepiadoideae-Ceropgieae), a spectacular new Thai species. In: Bradleya. Volume 27, 2009, pp. 161-164.
  24. ↑ " vincaefolia " written in the original publication ( Curtis's Botanical Magazine , vol. 66, plate 3740 online at Botanicus.org ) ; this must be corrected in vincifolia according to ICBN Art. 60.8 .

further reading

  • PV Bruyns, C. Klak, P. Hanáček: A revised, phylogenetically-based concept of Ceropegia (Apocynaceae) . In: South African Journal of Botany . Volume 112, pp. 399-436, 2017 ( doi: 10.1016 / j.sajb.2017.06.021 ).

Web links

Commons : Candlestick flowers ( Ceropegia )  - album with pictures, videos and audio files