Italians in Germany

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Italian emigrants in Germany (so-called "guest workers") received instruction in 1962

The community of Italians in Germany ( Italian Italo-tedeschi ), also called Italo-Germans or German- Italians , consists of ethnically Italian migrants in Germany and their descendants and is one of the largest and oldest immigrant communities in Germany today.

Italian workers in a chocolate factory in Cologne
Relative frequency of Italian citizenship at district level in 2014 in relation to other foreign population groups

Most of the Italians who settled in Germany over time left their homeland to find work. 552,943 (2013) Italian citizens live in Germany, making Germany the country with the most Italian citizens outside Italy after Argentina . There are significant Italian populations in the areas of responsibility of the consulates Stuttgart (145,467), Cologne (131,739), Frankfurt am Main (116,404), Dortmund ; the largest Italian municipality in Germany is located in Munich .

history

A large number of Italians, especially craftsmen and merchants, have found residence in Germany since the early Middle Ages . Many Italians came to Germany during the late Middle Ages and early modern times . This has been beneficial for both companies and relations between the two countries. Political relations were intertwined, as the Holy Roman Empire stretched from southern Italy to northern Germany. During the Renaissance , many Italian bankers, architects and artists came to Germany. The parents of the Frankfurt-born painters Mateo Cristiani (1890–1962) and Lino Salini (1889–1944) had already come to Frankfurt in the second half of the 19th century.

At the beginning of the great Italian emigration of the 20th century, only a few Italians moved to the German Empire under Prussian rule. Even during the Weimar Republic, only a few Italians came to Germany.

Only with the economic boom ( economic miracle ) in post-war Germany did a large wave of immigration from Italy to Germany begin. Many found work in the coal and steel industries in the Ruhr area.

Italy and Germany were founding members of the European Coal and Steel Community , established jointly in 1951 (later the European Economic Community). On the basis of the German-Italian recruitment agreement concluded in 1955 , which was the first in a series of recruitment agreements in the FRG and at the same time the last in a long series of bilateral labor agreements between Italy, numerous Italians took up work in Germany. The Treaty of Rome of 1957 establishing the European Economic Community (EEC) provided for freedom of movement for workers, which then gradually came into force from 1961 to 1968. On the basis of the introduction of the free movement of workers within the EEC in 1961, EEC workers no longer required a visa to enter the country from January 1, 1962, but an identity card. Since then, the importance of the recruitment agreement and the German commission, which coordinated the recruitment, has decreased significantly for Italian employees (see table). Further simplifications were the abolition of the priority of domestic workers (1964) and the abolition of the requirement for a work permit (1968) within the EEC.

Labor migration from Italy to the FRG from 1961 (entry via the recruitment commission, free entry, total entry)
year 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972
Entry through the Commission 107.030 76,732 31,874 26,537 26,579 13,469 3,985 10,470 10.206 7,367 4,327 2,092
free entry 58,763 88,518 103.038 115,583 177,709 152.071 54,525 119,766 126.019 160.933 154,398 152.092
total 165.793 165,250 134.912 142.120 204.288 165,540 58,510 130.236 136.225 168,300 158.725 154.184

Between 1956 and 1972 alone, according to the Federal Employment Agency, two million Italians came to the FRG as workers, with a peak in 1965 with over 204,000 new arrivals. In Saarland , Italians form the largest foreign population group, ahead of Turks.

The city of Wolfsburg had the highest proportion of Italian migrants in the population of the districts and urban districts in the Federal Republic of Germany in the 2011 census.

Social integration

Italians in Germany were and are actively involved in political life, both at the national level and in regional German politics.

Historically, Italians have had a significant influence on the development of the visual arts in Germany, from Romanesque and Gothic to contemporary fashion and design. Since the late 1950s, Italians have also exerted a very large influence on German gastronomy and food culture; many Italian dishes have become everyday dishes in Germany. There were also takeovers at the level of folk culture , such as the establishment of the Bensheim Passion Play or the Via Crucis in Saarlouis .

In contrast to other large immigrant groups in Germany, however, relatively few Italians have taken German citizenship.

According to a study by the weekly newspaper Die Zeit , students of Italian origin in German schools do worse than members of other large immigrant groups. According to this, about 48% of the students of Italian descent attend a secondary school, and 8.6% even only attend a special school. Italians are among the most popular immigrants in Germany, but are often poorly integrated and have little contact with Germans. However, since the media coverage of failed integration and measures to promote integration are mostly limited to immigrants from the Islamic cultural area, integration problems and disadvantages, especially when it comes to education , are often not clearly perceived among Italian migrants.

This may also be due to the fact that Italians, like other southern Europeans, are comparatively well integrated economically and can successfully compensate for their educational deficits in working life. As a result, people with an Italian migrant background almost achieve the values ​​of the local population on some labor market indicators. The youth unemployment rate is even lower than the value of indigenous Germans. The proportion of those who are dependent on public services has also fallen between the first and second generation from over eleven to under eight percent.

literature

  • Carmine Abate ; Meike Behrmann: The Germanesi: History and life of a southern Italian village community and their emigrants . Afterword by Norbert Elias . Frankfurt / Main: Campus, 1984 ISBN 978-3-593-33400-4
  • Johannes Augel: Italian immigration and economic activity in Rhenish cities of the 17th and 18th centuries. Bonn: L. Röhrscheid 1971; 2015 ISBN 978-3-7392-1433-7
  • Claudia Martini: Italian migrants in Germany: transnational discourses: Hamburg: D. Reimer 2001, ISBN 3-496-02496-8 .
  • Edith Pichler: From guest workers to new mobiles. Social milieus of Italian migration , in: Pfeffer-Hoffmann (Ed.): Arbeitsmigration nach Deutschland , Berlin 2014, pp. 417–448.
  • Edith Pichler: About job seekers, indignant and creative precariat. The new Italian immigration to Berlin , Heinrich Böll Foundation 2013. ( online )
  • Edith Pichler: Young Italians between inclusion and exclusion. A case study. Berlin 2010.
  • Edith Pichler: Migration, Community Formation and Ethnic Economy. The Italian traders in Berlin. Berlin: Parabolis, 1997. ISBN 3-88402-192-3
  • Hedwig Richter u. Ralf Richter: The "guest workers" world. Life between Palermo and Wolfsburg. Paderborn: Schöningh, 2012. ISBN 978-3-506-77373-9 .

swell

See also

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Foreign population - Destatis
  2. ↑ Statistical Yearbook of Italy 2009, pp. 121–129 (PDF file; 359 kB)
  3. ↑ italianieuropei.de: Italian citizens in Germany ( Memento of the original from August 12, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (Status 2001; accessed on August 12, 2014)  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.italianieuropei.de
  4. ↑ Grazia Prontera: Italian immigration to Germany. Between institutionalized migration processes and local integration. In: Federal Center for Political Education. November 7, 2017. Retrieved December 25, 2018 .
  5. ↑ Roberto Sala: From "foreign workers" to "guest workers". The recruitment of Italian workers for the German economy (1938–1973). VfZ 1/2007. (PDF) 2007, accessed January 27, 2017 . Pp. 113-119.
  6. ↑ Roberto Sala: From "foreign workers" to "guest workers". The recruitment of Italian workers for the German economy (1938–1973). VfZ 1/2007. (PDF) 2007, accessed January 27, 2017 . Pp. 112-119.
  7. ↑ Roberto Sala: From "foreign workers" to "guest workers". The recruitment of Italian workers for the German economy (1938–1973). VfZ 1/2007. (PDF) 2007, accessed January 27, 2017 . P. 114.
  8. ↑ Arrival in the promised land. In: taz. December 20, 2005, accessed December 25, 2018 .
  9. ↑ Saarbrücker Zeitung of August 6, 2012: Italians remain the largest group of foreigners in Saarland
  10. ↑ Map page, Italians in Germany. Accessed March 31, 2017.
  11. ↑ tagesschau.de: "Time": Italian students poorly integrated ( Memento from September 23, 2008 in the Internet Archive )
  12. ↑ Christopher Onkelbach: The Italians are popular, but live very apart. Funke Mediengruppe GmbH & Co. KGaA, April 6, 2008, archived from the original on December 16, 2015 ; accessed on March 2, 2018 .
  13. ↑ Berlin Institute for Population and Development, http://www.berlin-institut.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Zuwanderung/Integration_RZ_online.pdf Unused Potentials on the Situation of Integration in Germany, p. 40