Jakob Ignaz Hittorff

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Portrait of Jakob Ignaz Hittorff, drawn by Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres in 1829

Jakob Ignaz Hittorff (born August 20, 1792 in Cologne , † March 25, 1867 in Paris ) was a French architect of German origin. His main works are the church of St-Vincent-de-Paul in Paris, which he built together with his father-in-law, the French architect Jean-Baptiste Lepère , and the Paris Nordbahnhof ( Gare du Nord ).

childhood

The parents Franz Alexander (1767–1823) and Maria Agnes Hittorff (nee Hansmann; 1766–1811) lived with their children Jakob Ignaz, Maria Adelheidis (* 1790), Caecillia (* 1795) and Maria Margeretha (* 1797) in Cologne on Hay market near Klein St. Martin . His father Franz was a tin hammer and building contractor , known in Cologne as the "Blecherne Alexander", whose preference for the Cologne churches made his son Jakob Ignaz Hittorff an architect. After graduating from high school in Cologne, which was occupied by the French troops, Hittorff began an apprenticeship with the Cologne master mason Franz Leisten (1754-1833) around 1808. In 1804, after secularization, he acquired the complex of the monastery of the Cologne Cross Brothers in Kreuzgasse, which he had widened in 1808. Some of the new buildings at the corner of Schildergasse No. 84 were designed by his apprentice Jakob Ignaz Hittorff. Then Hittorff moved to Paris in 1810 with a recommendation from Ferdinand Franz Wallraf and his Cologne friend Franz Christian Gau . Both were French citizens as a result of the annexation of the left Rhineland by France.

Architect in Paris

While Gau was opening an architect's studio in Paris, Hittorff was admitted to the École des Beaux-Arts in August 1811 and was immediately used by his teacher François-Joseph Bélanger for the planning of the Rochechouart slaughterhouse. As his assistant, Hittorff took part in the reconstruction of the dome of the "Halle-au-blé" ( French wheat hall ; today's Bourse de commerce ) in the Hallenviertel in 1811 . Gau and Hittorff both courted the daughter of the French architect Jean-Baptiste Lepère ; when Hittorff got it, the friends separated forever. He married Rose Élisabeth Lepère (1804–1870) on December 2, 1824. The marriage resulted in 2 children, Charles Joseph Hittorff (1825–1898) and Isabelle Hittorff (1830–1889).

Église Saint-Vincent-de-Paul

Another teacher was Charles Percier , who shaped the style of Hittorff's later work. Hittorff played a key role in the construction of the reception buildings for the restitution of the Bourbons that took place in 1814 and was awarded the title “Inspecteur du Roi pour les fêtes et cérémonies”. At the Congress of Vienna in 1815, Hittorff lost his French citizenship and was again German. In 1818 he succeeded his teacher Bélanger as "Architecte de la ville de Paris et du Gouvernement"; he held this position as court architect until 1848. Between 1822 and 1824 he stayed in Sicily for 18 months, where he worked on archaeological research and recorded ancient buildings that had previously been insufficiently researched. Still connected to his home in Cologne, Hittorff designed the first construction plan for the Wallraf-Richartz-Museum in 1828 .

Until the July Revolution of 1830 , Hittorff was the fashion architect of the distinguished world of Paris. Among other things, he restored the Salle Favart theater (1824) and built the Théâtre de l'Ambigu-Comique (1827–1828), the most outstanding theater in Paris of the time. After the revolution he lost his position as court architect of the king, but King Louis-Philippe I appointed him “Architecte en chef” for government buildings. Between 1826 and 1830 he published three volumes of his “Architecture antique de la 5ème siècle”, in 1830 his article “Architecture polychrome chez les Grecs” appeared, which took up a long-standing dispute as to whether ancient architecture was once marble white or polychrome ; Hittorff's Sicilian research had clearly demonstrated polychromy. From Hittorff's considerations on polychromy in 1834, Gottfried Semper developed his own, even more extensive theory.

Place de la Concorde - fountain
Place de la Concorde - base of the obelisk (drawing by Hittorff 1836; Wallraf-Richartz-Museum collection)
Cirque d'Hiver

The church of St-Vincent-de-Paul (1823–1824, 1833–1844) was probably built by Lepère, the colored preliminary drawings, as well as the polychrome furnishings and the roof structure, came from Hittorff. The start of construction on August 23, 1824 was organized by Lepère, the floor level was not reached until 1831. After the financial crisis in France ended, construction continued in 1833. Hittorff changed his plan of a Corinthian order in the basement and designed an Ionic row of columns, completed into a five-aisled church. What the adaptation of polychromy for contemporary architecture could look like was shown in this church of Saint-Vincent-de-Paul, which Hittorff completed and which was consecrated on October 25, 1844. On April 24, 1835, the city of Paris commissioned him to design the Place de la Concorde with 4 access roads and 4 fountains. On October 25, 1836, the Luxor obelisk was erected there on the base constructed by Hittorff and two fountains were created by him. He built the Cirque d'été (summer circus) in 1841 and the Cirque d'Hiver (winter circus) in 1851 , both festival halls had space for 6,000 people.

City hall of the 1st arrondissement

On April 16, 1842, Hittorff ran initially unsuccessfully for the Académie des Beaux-Arts as the successor to the architect Jean-Marie-Auguste Guénepin, who had died on March 5, 1842. On July 12, 1842, Louis-Philippe I formally issued French citizenship for Hittorff, so that nothing stood in the way of his candidacy for the Académie des Beaux-Arts. Admission to the academies in Berlin and Munich was followed in 1843 by being appointed honorary member of the Imperial and Royal Academy in Vienna. Hittorff's goal was only achieved in 1853 when he was granted one of the highest dignities in France, membership of the Académie des Beaux-Arts as the successor to the architect Jean Jacques-Marie Huvé - at a time when he was growing up an urban rival in Georges-Eugène Haussmann .

Between 1844 and 1850 he built the town hall of the 5th arrondissement on Rue Soufflot; on April 12, 1855, Hittorff received the order for the “Mairie du Louvre”; For the church of Saint-Germain-l'Auxerrois , he delivered seven renovations on September 1, 1855. On January 24, 1854, he was accepted as a foreign member of the Prussian order Pour le Mérite for science and the arts. In June 1853 he designed the connecting road between the Bois de Boulogne and the Place de l'Etoile, today's avenue Foch - at 120 meters the widest street in Paris - which was opened to traffic on March 31, 1854. A decree of August 13, 1854 entrusted him with the structural development of the Place de l'Étoile. As a result, he renewed the city plan with the "king axis" from the Place de la Concorde via the Champs-Élysées and Place de l'Étoile to the Bois de Boulogne .

The town hall of the 1st arrondissement was built between 1858 and 1860 . With his last major building, the Gare du Nord , he made a significant contribution to the still young iron structure from the start of construction in May 1861. The colossal building with an area of ​​32,000 m² and a magnificent facade was completed in December 1865. In 1865 he traveled to Italy and studied the latest excavations in Pompeii . After that he did not take any more construction contracts. He lived with his family in a small house in the Notre-Dame-de-Lorette neighborhood where riots broke out in 1866. He died here on March 25, 1867, when Haussmann had long since risen to become the chief architect of Paris. He was buried in the Cimetière de Montmartre cemetery in Paris . It was only Baron Georges-Eugène Haussmann - who saw an enemy in Hittorff and fought him intensely - was able to push through even more radical urban renewals in the second half of the century as Prefect of Paris, partly by appropriating Hittorff's designs.

On December 26, 1893, a 66 m long street, the Rue Hittorf , in the 10th arrondissement of Paris was named after him. The street sign incorrectly writes “Hittorf” only with an “f” - like a large part of the French specialist literature. Hittorfstrasse , named after him in Cologne-Riehl on January 9, 1896 , also adopted this typo.

reception

Hittorff was involved in important buildings of the French imperial era and a prominent Parisian architect. His plans for the “King's Axis” were groundbreaking for the Parisian street layout. As an architect of the Wilhelminian era, the representative appearance of his works follows the historicism prevailing in the 19th century . Sulpiz wrote: "Hittorff is - (everyone suspects by women protection) - a happy architect of the joys of the king, behaves very neatly and sensibly and has learned enough to keep himself in his position with intelligence." Alexander von Humboldt , who himself was temporarily Having lived in Paris, Hittorff first met on May 11, 1826 in Paris. Humboldt brought seven pen drawings by Hittorff with watercolors and depictions from antiquity and the present for Friedrich Wilhelm IV. To Berlin. The art historian Gustav Friedrich Waagen wrote in a letter dated November 5, 1833: “So I visited Hittorf a few days ago and found the old warm welcome from him and his lovely family, which is particularly beneficial in Paris. Commissioned by the government to decorate the Place de la Concorde … I found him busy with this important matter. ”On January 9, 1896, his hometown Cologne named Hittorfstrasse in Cologne-Riehl after him.

estate

Jacques Ignaz Hittorff's tomb on the Cimetière de Montmartre

His son Charles-Joseph Hittorff had most of Hittorff's estate transferred to Cologne in 1898, where it was included in the graphic collection of the Wallraf-Richartz Museum . The almost 8,000 graphic works and documents from this estate are a panorama of international antiquity research , architecture and urban design of the 19th century . It also contains groups of works by other important artists of the time (such as Louis-François Cassas (1756–1827), Jean-Baptiste Lepère or Jean-François-Joseph Lecointe (1783–1858)).

The albums with architectural drawings from the estate are in the University and City Library of Cologne .

Works (selection)

Fonts

Jacob Ignaz Hittorf (1792–1867) ( Félix-Joseph Barrias , 1869?)
  • De l'architecture polychrôme chez les Grecs, ou restitution complète du temple d'Empédocles dans l'acropolis de Sélinunte . In: Annali dell'Instituto di Corrispondenza Archeologica , Vol. 2, 1830, pp. 263–284 digitized version (Arachne) ; (Hathi Trust - University of Michigan) .
  • Restitution du temple d'Empédocle à Sélinonte, ou L'architecture polychrome chez les Grecs (1851), text volume (HEIDI) , table volume (HEIDI) ,
  • with L. Zanth : Architecture antique de la Sicile, ou, Recueil des plus intéressans monumens d'architecture des villes et des lieux les plus remarquables de la Sicile ancienne mesurés et dessinés par J. Hittorff et L. Zanth , 1826–1830 booklet ( ARACHNE) (only volume 1 of three planned volumes published).
    • 2nd edition = Recueil des Monuments de Ségeste et de Sélinonte mesurés et dessinés par J. Hittorff et L. Zanth, suivi de recherches sur l'origine et le développement de l'architecture religieuse chez les Grecs , Paris 1870 text volume (HEIDI) , Table tape (HEIDI)
  • Architecture Moderne de la Sicile (1826–1835) (Gallica) .
  • On the Arabesques of the Ancients as compared with those of Raphael and his school , in: Lewis Gruner: Descriptions of the Plates of Fresco Decorations and Stuccoes of Churches and Palaces in Italy, during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries . Murray et al., London 1844, pp. ix – xvi ( digitized in Google book search).

literature

  • Leonard Ennen :  Hittorf, Jakob Ignaz . In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Volume 12, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1880, pp. 504-506.
  • Erich Schild : The estate of the architect Hittorff . Dissertation, RWTH Aachen, Aachen 1957 (unpublished).
  • Karl Hammer: Jakob Ignaz Hittorff. A Parisian builder 1792–1867 . Anton Hiersemann Verlag, Stuttgart 1968 ( digitized version ).
  • Karl Hammer:  Hittorff, Jakob Ignaz. In: New German Biography (NDB). Volume 9, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1972, ISBN 3-428-00190-7 , p. 270 f. ( Digitized version ).
  • Donald David Schneider: The Works and Doctrine of Jacques Ignace Hittorff 1792-1867 . 2 volumes. Garland, New York 1977, ISBN 0-8240-2727-2 (= Princeton dissertation 1970).
  • Jakob Ignaz Hittorff. An architect from Cologne in 19th century Paris . Wallraf-Richartz-Museum Cologne. Graphic collection January 21 to March 22, 1987. Locher, Cologne 1987.
  • Michael Kiene : Inventory of the drawings by Jakob Ignaz Hittorff in the University and City Library Cologne (series of writings from the University and City Library Cologne ISSN  0938-7765 )
    • Volume 1: The building projects, 1821–1858. 1996, ISBN 3-931596-07-9 .
    • Volume 2: The albums of Jean-François-Joseph Lecointe (1783-1858). Architectures, sketches and visions. 2005, ISBN 3-931596-27-3 .
    • Volume 3: The Italian Journey, 1822–1824 (Paris – Rome). 2012, ISBN 978-3-931596-66-8 .
    • Volume 4: The album “Sicile Moderne” Drawings from a pilgrimage to the true paradise of the arts. 2013, ISBN 978-3-931596-74-3 .
    • Volume 5: "Sicile Ancienne" Hittorff and the architecture of classical Sicily. 2016, ISBN 978-3-931596-94-1 .
    • Volume 6: "Homage for Hittorff" - 1792–1867 - pictures, books and appreciations. 2020, ISBN 978-3-946275-06-0 .
    • Volume 7: Color into life. Hittorff's laves émaillées, 1834–1841. 2018, ISBN 978-3-931596-95-8 .
  • Michael Kiene: Jakob Ignaz Hittorff, précurseur du Paris d'Haussmann. Éditions du Patrimoine, Center des Monuments Nationaux, Paris 2011, ISBN 978-2-7577-0153-9 .

Web links

Commons : Jakob Ignaz Hittorff  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Church of Jesus Christ, Germany: Geburten / Taufen 1558–1898 , film no. 187146 indexing C96959-5, film no. 187146 indexing C73968-2.
  2. ↑ Stolberg-Wernigerode: New German Biography Vol . 9 . Ed .: Hess Hüttig 1972. Volume 9 .
  3. ^ Hiltrud Kier , Ulrich Krings , Stadtspuren: Denkmäler in Köln , Volume 1 / Volume 9, 1984, p. 117.
  4. ↑ Anne-Marie Hecker, Susanne Röhl: Monastic Life in Urban Context , 2010, p. 54.
  5. ↑ Allgemeine Zeitung Munich , May 9, 1867, p. 2113 f.
  6. ^ Albert Verbeek: The first Wallraf-Richartz Museum , in: Wallraf-Richartz-Jahrbuch 23, 1961, pp. 7-36.
  7. ^ Georg Kaspar Nagler: New General Artist Lexicon , 1838, pp. 199-200 .
  8. ↑ Anke Reiss: Reception of early Christian art in the 19th and early 20th centuries , 2008, p. 96 .
  9. ^ Hanno-Walter Kruft: History of Architectural Archeology , 1991, p. 317 .
  10. ^ Pierre Lavedan: Un Allemande à Paris au XIX siècle: JI Hittorff . In: Journal des savants 1969, pp. 173-188 .
  11. ↑ The order pour le merite for science and the arts., The members of the order , Volume 1 (1842–1881), Gebr. Mann-Verlag, Berlin, 1975, p. 180.
  12. ↑ Joachim Brokmeier: Köln-Riehl: Ein Blick in die Geschichte , 2013, p. 8 .
  13. ^ Letter from Raoul-Rochette Johann Sulpiz to Melchior Sulpiz Boisserée dated October 24, 1820.
  14. ↑ Karl-Heinz Klingenburg, The King as an Architect , in: Peter Krüger, Julius H. Schoeps (Eds.), The misunderstood Monarch , 1997, p. 227.
  15. ^ Gustav Friedrich Waagen, Artworks and Artists in Paris , 1839, p. 176 .
  16. ^ Bernard Comment: The Panorama , Reaction Books, 2003, pp.?.
personal data
SURNAME Hittorff, Jakob Ignaz
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Hittorff, Jacques Ignace
BRIEF DESCRIPTION French architect
DATE OF BIRTH August 20, 1792
PLACE OF BIRTH Cologne
DATE OF DEATH March 25, 1867
Place of death Paris