Japanese helwingie

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Japanese helwingie
Japanese helwingia (Helwingia japonica)

Japanese helwingia ( Helwingia japonica )

Systematics
Asterids
Euasterids II
Order : Holly (aquifoliales)
Family : Helwingiaceae
Genre : Helwingia
Type : Japanese helwingie
Scientific name
Helwingia japonica
( Thunb. ) F.Dietr.

The Japanese Helwingia ( Helwingia japonica ) is a small shrub with striking inflorescences on the leaf blades and spherical, black fruits from the Helwingiaceae family . The natural range of the species is in Japan and China. It is seldom cultivated.

description

Japanese helwingia ( Helwingia japonica )
Leaves and fruits

The Japanese Helwingia is a 1 to 2 meter high, upright, deciduous shrub with dark brown to blackish gray, smooth bark . Young shoots are green, glabrous, smooth and have showy leaf scars. The leaves are alternate. They have a 1 to 5 stalk, rarely up to 6 centimeters long. The stipules are filamentous and usually have a split tip. The leaf blade is 3.5 to 9 seldom to 18 centimeters long and 2 to 6 seldom up to 8.5 centimeters wide, paper-like, glabrous, ovate, ovate-rounded or obovate-elliptical, rarely elliptical or ovate-lanceolate, long acuminate or seldom tapered, pointed, with a broadly wedge-shaped or more or less rounded base and needle-shaped sawn or needle-shaped notched leaf margin. Five to seven, rarely eight, protruding leaf veins are formed on the underside of the leaf . The underside of the leaf is frosted light green, white-gray or green.

The flowers are dioecious . The inflorescences are umbels which are formed between the first third and half on the main vein of the leaves, rarely on higher parts of the branches. Male umbels consist of three to twelve, rarely up to 18 flowers , female ones from one to three flowers. The flowers are stalked. The petals are light green and 1 to 5 millimeters long. The stylus female flowers is threefold divided to five times. The fruits are black, round to oval, about 4 to 8 millimeters in diameter and almost sessile (stemless). The three to 5 seeds are lobed three to five times. The Japanese Helwingie blooms from April to May, the fruits ripen from August to October.

Occurrence and location requirements

The natural range is in Japan in the southwest of Hokkaidō , on Honshū , Kyushu , Shikoku and the Ryūkyū Islands , on Taiwan and in the Chinese provinces of Gansu , Guizhou , Hubei , Shaanxi , Sichuan , Zhejiang and in the southeast of the Tibet Autonomous Region . The Japanese Helwingie grows in forests and thickets, in valleys, on slopes and along rivers and roads at an altitude of 100 to 3400 meters on fresh to moist, acidic to neutral, sandy-humic or loamy-humic soils in sunny to light-shaded locations. The species loves warmth and is sensitive to frost.

Systematics

The Japanese Helwingia ( Helwingia japonica ) is a species from the genus Helwingia , the only genus in the family Helwingiaceae in the order of the holly-like (Aquifoliales). The species was first scientifically described in 1784 by Carl Peter von Thunberg as Osyris japonica ( Basionym ) . Friedrich Gottlieb Dietrich placed the species in the genus Helwingia in 1817 . The generic name Helwingia was chosen after the German clergyman Georg Andreas Helwing (1666–1748), who described the flora of East Prussia . The specific epithet japonica refers to the distribution area in Japan.

Four varieties can be distinguished:

  • Helwingia japonica var. Hypoleuca Hemsley ex Rehder with ovate, ovoid-rounded or broad-elliptical, 3 long to 11.5 centimeters, and 2 to 6.5 centimeter wide leaf blades, with serrated or grooved edge of the sheet and white gray or green frosted sheet base without warty Blattadern . The fruits grow individually or in pairs in the middle part of the median nerve and retain the three to five-fold lobed stigma . The distribution area are thickets at 1200 to 2800 meters altitude in the Chinese provinces of Guizhou, Hubei, Shaanxi, Sichuan and Yunnan. A synonym of the variety is Helwingia japonica var. Grisea W.P. Fang & Soong .
  • Helwingia japonica var. Japonica with ovate, ovate-rounded or broadly elliptical, 3 to 13 leaf blades, rarely 18 centimeters long and 1.5 to 9 centimeters wide, with a serrated leaf margin and a light green underside without warty leaf veins. The fruits grow in groups of two to five in the middle of the central vein and retain the three to five-fold lobed stigma . The distribution area is at altitudes below 3000 meters in Japan, Taiwan and the Chinese provinces of Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan and Zhejiang. The variety was also described as a separate species under the synonyms Helwingia rusciflora and Helwingia szechuanensis .
  • Helwingia japonica var. Papillosa W.P. Fang & TPSoong with ovate, ovate-rounded or broadly elliptical, 3 to 12 centimeters long and 2 to 6.5 centimeters wide leaf blades, with finely warty leaf veins on the underside of the leaf and serrated leaf margin. The fruits are often single and keep the four to five-fold lobed stigma . The distribution area is along rivers in fir or hemlock forests and in thickets at altitudes of 2100 to 3400 meters in the Chinese provinces of Gansu, Shaanxi and Sichuan.
  • Helwingia japonica var. Zhejiangensis (WPFang & TPSoong) MBDeng & Yo.Zhang with elongated, narrow elliptical or ovoid-elliptical, rarely lanceolate, 5 to 12, rarely to 15 centimeters long and 1.5 to 4, rarely up to 6 centimeters wide, membranous leaf blades with glandular serrated leaf margin. The distribution area is on rivers, in valleys on slopes and along roads at 100 to 2500 meters altitude on Taiwan and in the Chinese province of Zhejiang . The variety has also been described as a separate species, Helwingia zhejiangensis . According to R. Govaerts, this variety is also considered a subspecies: Helwingia japonica subsp. liukiuensis (Hatus.) H.Hara & S.Kuros.

use

The Japanese Helwingia is the only species of the genus that is sometimes cultivated.

proof

literature

  • Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Eds.): Flora of China . Volume 14: Apiaceae through Ericaceae . Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 2005, ISBN 1-930723-41-5 , pp. 227-228 (English).
  • Andreas Roloff , Andreas Bärtels: Flora of the woods. Purpose, properties and use. With a winter key from Bernd Schulz. 3rd, corrected edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2008, ISBN 978-3-8001-5614-6 , p. 330.
  • Jost Fitschen: Woody flora . 12th, revised and expanded edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2007, ISBN 3-494-01422-1 , p. 521 .
  • Helmut Genaust: Etymological dictionary of botanical plant names. 3rd, completely revised and expanded edition. Nikol, Hamburg 2005, ISBN 3-937872-16-7 (reprint from 1996).

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ German name after Roloff et al .: Flora der Gehölze , p. 330
  2. ↑ a b c d Jenny Qiuyun Xiang. David E. Boufford: Helwingia japonica , in the Flora of China , Volume 14, p. 227
  3. ↑ a b c d Roloff et al .: Flora der Gehölze , p. 330
  4. ↑ a b Helwingia japonica. In: Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). United States Department of Agriculture, accessed May 18, 2012 .
  5. ↑ Jenny Qiuyun Xiang. David E. Boufford: Helwingiaceae , in the Flora of China , Volume 14, p. 227
  6. ↑ Osyris japonica. In: Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). United States Department of Agriculture, accessed May 18, 2012 .
  7. ↑ Exactly: Etymological Dictionary of Botanical Plant Names , p. 284
  8. ↑ Lotte Burkhardt: Directory of eponymous plant names . Extended Edition. Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin, Free University Berlin Berlin 2018. [1]
  9. ↑ Exactly: Etymological Dictionary of Botanical Plant Names , p. 313
  10. ↑ Jenny Qiuyun Xiang. David E. Boufford: Helwingia japonica var. Hypoleuca , in the Flora of China , Volume 14, p 228
  11. ↑ Jenny Qiuyun Xiang. David E. Boufford: Helwingia japonica var. Japonica , in the Flora of China , Volume 14, p 228
  12. ↑ Jenny Qiuyun Xiang. David E. Boufford: Helwingia japonica var. Papillosa , in the Flora of China , Volume 14, p. 228
  13. ↑ Jenny Qiuyun Xiang. David E. Boufford: Helwingia japonica var. Zhejiangensis , in the Flora of China , Volume 14, p 228
  14. ↑ Rafaël Govaerts (ed.): Helwingia japonica. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved January 10, 2019.

Web links

Commons : Japanese Helwingia ( Helwingia japonica )  - Collection of images, videos, and audio files