Julien Pierre Anne Lalande
Julien Pierre Anne Lalande (* 1787 in Le Mans , France , † 1844 in Paris ) was a French naval officer and politician. He was considered one of the main actors in the Orient crisis of 1839/40.
Naval officer
In the post-revolutionary First Empire , Julien Pierre Anne Lalande joined the French Navy at the age of 16 , while his brother Michel Louis Arsène Lalande joined the army. He completed his training under the restored Bourbons , but it was not until the July Monarchy that Lalande received a command as a result of the sponsorship of Admiral Henri de Rigny . In 1830 he took part in the conquest of Algiers and the blockade of Tripoli , and from 1833 he initially commanded a small squadron off the coast of Tunisia and Tripoli . In 1837 it became a permanent "African squadron " with six ships of the line and Lalande became a rear admiral . This superbly equipped and trained squadron was called the "best in the world" even by the British and was considered to be on a par with the British Royal Navy . During the Oriental Crisis, this squadron was initially reinforced by four more ships of the line in 1839, and at the beginning of 1840 it even comprised 20 ships of the line.
Oriental crisis from 1839–1840
In 1839 the Egyptian viceroy Muhammad Ali Pasha defeated the troops of his Ottoman grand lord Mahmud II for the second time . Shortly afterwards the Ottoman sultan died and his successor Abdülmecid I appointed the conservative Grand Vizier Koca Mehmed Hüsrev Pasha to head the Ottoman government. Thereupon Kapudan Pascha (Supreme Admiral) Ahmed Fauzi, who was hostile to Hüsrev Pascha, ran over to Muhammad Ali together with the Ottoman fleet anchored off Constantinople. The Sultan called on the major European powers for help.
Lalande affair
At the head of a French squadron, Rear Admiral Lalande was sent into Ottoman waters or in front of embattled Syria to observe the war opponents and to protect the interests of both France and Egypt in the region. At the same time, it was also a question of neutralizing the influence of Great Britain , which had also sent a squadron, and Russia , which was preparing to send part of its Black Sea fleet . Lalandes flagship was the 110-cannon ship Iéna , named after the Battle of Jena (1806) , and belonged to his squadron. a. also the frigate Belle Poule of the Prince of Joinville . Together, the French and British ships took up position in front of the Dardanelles , but after a conversation with the Kapudan Pasha, Lalande let the Ottoman fleet pass and sail unhindered to Alexandria .
The actual and alleged behavior of Lalandes and his role in the apostasy of the Kapudan Pasha was discussed very differently in the English, German and French press. Whether Lalande had apologized to the Kapudan Pasha in the first place or had been deceived by the Pasha about his true intentions, and whether Lalande had acted on his own responsibility or on behalf of his government, was hotly debated, especially in English and German newspapers of the time, Lalande in this context sometimes referred to as brave, energetic and experienced, sometimes naive and cunning. Apparently under diplomatic pressure from France, Lalande was found innocent by an Ottoman commission of inquiry.
Lalande had identified the British Admiral Stopford as the main opponent
Navy Minister Roussin was seen as a political opponent of the Lalandes course
Lieutenant Jurien de La Gravière was Lalande's adjutant and later became an admiral
The Prince of Joinville, son of the "Citizen King" and ally of Laland
Lalande's plans
Noteworthy are the military plans that Lalande developed. He proposed to his government that, in the event of Russian intervention in favor of the Ottomans, some Ottoman forts on the Dardanelles should be occupied by French marines in order to close the straits to the Russian Black Sea Fleet. At the same time, the slightly outnumbered French squadron should attack the anchored British squadron and capture or sink. Then he wanted to sail to Alexandria, take the combined Ottoman-Egyptian fleet, pass Gibraltar and land 30,000 men in Ireland to fight Great Britain. Lalande vouched for its success. His opponent was the British Vice Admiral Robert Stopford , against whom Lalande had fought off Les Sables-d'Olonne as early as 1809 and who had become commander-in-chief of the British Mediterranean Fleet in 1837 .
Navy Minister Albin Roussin assured the Sultan in Constantinople that France would take part in a joint ultimatum of the five major European powers to Mehmet Ali. In fact, however, Lalande had received instructions not to take part in any military action against Egypt, and France did not participate in the corresponding London treaty . The powers that be allied with the Ottoman Sultan, Great Britain, Russia, Austria and Prussia , had thus isolated France. Lalande was recalled to Toulon and his squadron was taken over by Rear Admiral Gaud-Amable Hugon , but since neither the French Prime Minister Adolphe Thiers nor King Louis-Philippe I had the courage to approve Lalande's plan for war, British and Austrian warships bombed at the end In 1840 Acre and Beirut (and the residence of the French consul there) blocked Alexandria and landed Turkish troops in Lebanon. Muhammad Ali had to surrender Syria and the Ottoman fleet, in return Hüsrev Pasha was replaced. Thiers was also overthrown at the instigation of François Guizot , and Lalande joined Guizot's camp.
MP
Back in France, Lalande was promoted to Vice Admiral in 1841 and appointed Grand Officer of the Legion of Honor . From 1840 to 1842 he was right-wing MP for Morlaix in the French National Assembly in Paris.
Honors
Lalande's body was buried in the Père Lachaise (Div. 46) cemetery in Paris .
Several French admirals (Joinville, Jurien, Fournier) paid tribute to Lalandes in their writings on marine policy and marine history. The French Navy has repeatedly baptized ships in his name.
In Lalande's hometown of Le Mans, a riverside street was named after him; this Quai Amiral Lalande was crossed by the first Le Mans tram since 1897 .
Individual evidence
- ^ Wilhelm Treue: History of the French Navy , page 42. Mittler, Herford 1982
- ↑ a b c chicken
- ↑ a b Ufford, page 66
- ↑ a b Wolf, page 691
- ^ Wolf, page 566
- ↑ Dannheimer, page 34f
swell
- Assemblée nationale - Base de données historique des anciens députés: Julien Pierre Anne LALANDE
- Letitia Wheeler Ufford: The Pasha - how Mehemet Ali defied the West, 1839-1841 , 66 . McFarland 2007
- Herders Conversations-Lexikon , page 771 (France) . 1st edition 1854–1857
- Tobias Dannheimer (Ed.): Kemptner Zeitung for the year 1841 , page 34f
- George Winter: Nürnberger Allgemeine Zeitung , [1] . Nuremberg 1841.
- Huhn (Ed.) Neue Würzburger Zeitung for the year 1840 , [2] . Wuerzburg 1840
- Carl Gerold (Ed.): Journal of the Austrian Lloyd , pages 54, 97, 109 and 112 . Trieste 1840
- Wilhelm Fischer: The year 1839 , page 279 . Mannheim 1840
- Dr. Joseph Heinrich Wolf (Ed.): Bayerische National-Zeitung , pages 495, 502, 566, 596, 606, 614, 679 and 691 . Munich 1839
- Simeon Damjanow : Френската политика на Балканите 1829-1853 , pages 156-161. Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia 1977
See also
| personal data | |
|---|---|
| SURNAME | Lalande, Julien Pierre Anne |
| BRIEF DESCRIPTION | French naval officer and politician |
| DATE OF BIRTH | 1787 |
| PLACE OF BIRTH | Le Mans , France |
| DATE OF DEATH | 1844 |
| Place of death | Paris , France |