Cow bells

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Cow bells
Common pasque flower (Pulsatilla vulgaris)

Common pasque flower ( Pulsatilla vulgaris )

Systematics
Eudicotyledons
Order : Buttercups (Ranunculales)
Family : Buttercup Family (Ranunculaceae)
Subfamily : Ranunculoideae
Tribe : Anemoneae
Genre : Cow bells
Scientific name
Pulsatilla
Mill.

The cowbells or Pasque [actually: Kühchenschellen] ( Pulsatilla ) form a plant genus in the family of the buttercup family (Ranunculaceae). Genetic studies have shown that the species of this genus to actually Anemone ( Anemone ) where they originally by Carolus Linnaeus described could be attributed. Their species all bloom in spring and they are native to Eurasia and North America. The botanical genus name is derived from the Latin pulsare for "ring, strike" and refers to the bell-shaped flowers of many species.

description

Illustration from Curtis's Botanical Magazine , Plate 7858 by Pulsatilla cernua
Ordinary pasque flower, shortly before the feather-tailed fruits ripen

Vegetative characteristics

The pasque flowers are perennial herbaceous plants . They form upright rhizomes as persistence organs. Leaves and stems are usually long, soft, hairy silver-gray. The foliage leaves , which stand together in basal rosettes , have long stalks and one to multiple pinnate or fingered, with pinnate to pinnate leaflets.

Generative characteristics

On the stem of the inflorescence there is a whorl of three leaves, reduced to different degrees and mostly fused together at the base, which form a bell-shaped shell.

The hermaphroditic, radial symmetry flowers stand individually at the end of the stem. The white, pink, violet or red bloom consists of two circles, which are not very different from one another, each of which has three bloom, which are mostly hairy on the outside. The shape of the flower often resembles a bell or a pasque flower. The diminutive form Kühchen has led to the name kitchen clamp. The botanical name also comes from the bell-shaped flower shape (Latin pulsare "to strike", "to ring"). There are many yellow or purple colored, free stamens and, except for Pulsatilla kostyczewii, a number of staminodes (staminodial nectaries ). The numerous, not grown together carpels have only one each ovule . The long stylus are feather-shaped and enlarge until the fruit is ripe.

In a spherical fruit stand there are many, small, spindle-shaped nuts ("achenes"), each of which develops from a free carpel, on which the stylus , greatly elongated and shaggy, forms a feather tail. The fruits of the pasque flowers are feather-tail fliers and dig deep into the ground with sharp points through hygroscopic movements.

Caucasian pasque flower ( Pulsatilla albana )
Alpine anemone ( Pulsatilla alpina subsp. Alpina )
Yellow Alpine pasqueflower ( Pulsatilla alpina subsp. Apiifolia )
The Brocken Anemone ( Pulsatilla alpina subsp. Austriaca ) in the Vosges
Mountain Pasque Flower ( Pulsatilla montana )

ingredients

Like all buttercups, cow puffs contain the very poisonous protoanemonine ( anemonol ), which is converted into the less poisonous anemonine when it dries.

Systematics and distribution

It is a genus from the northern hemisphere . The distribution area extends from Eurasia to North America. Eleven species are found in China.

There are about 33 species in the genus Pasque Flower ( Pulsatilla ) (selection):

  • Pulsatilla ajanensis Regel et Til.
  • Caucasian Pasque Flower or Yellow Pasque Flower ( Pulsatilla albana (Stev.) Bercht. & J.Presl ), native to: Turkey, Caucasus, Transcaucasus, Iran
  • Alpine Pasque Flower ( Pulsatilla alpina Delarbre ): There are at least three subspecies:
    • Alpine pasque flower ( Pulsatilla alpina Delarbre subsp. Alpina ), native to the mountains of Europe, Caucasus
    • Small Pulsatilla alpina or Brockenanemone ( Pulsatilla alpina subsp. Austriaca Aichele & Schwegler ; Syn .: Pulsatilla alba Rchb. , Pulsatilla alpina subsp. Alba (Rchb) Zämelis & Paegle. ), Europe's mountains
    • Yellow Alpine pasqueflower ( Pulsatilla alpina . Subsp apiifolia Nyman ; Syn .: Pulsatilla alpina . Subsp sulphurea . (DC) Zämelis ), home: Mountains of Europe
  • Pulsatilla ambigua (Turcz. Ex Hayek) Juz. , Home: Western Siberia, Central Asia, Mongolia, China
  • Golden yellow pasque flower ( Pulsatilla aurea (N.Busch) Juz. ), Homeland: meadows, snow valleys and rhododendron bushes in the Caucasus
  • Pulsatilla bungeana C.A.Mey. , Home: Western Siberia, Mongolia
  • Pulsatilla campanella fish. ex Krylov , home: Western Siberia, Central Asia, Northern Mongolia
  • Pulsatilla cernua (Thunb.) Berchtold & Presl , home: Manchuria, Korea, Japan
  • Pulsatilla chinensis (Bunge) rule : It occurs in China, Korea and in Far Eastern Russia.
  • Pulsatilla dahurica (Fisch. Ex DC.) Spreng. : It occurs in China, Korea and Russia.
  • Pulsatilla georgica Rupr ., Origin: Caucasus
  • Big pasque flower ( Pulsatilla grandis Wender .; Is also placed as a subspecies subsp. Grandis (Wender.) Zämelis to Pulsatilla vulgaris ), native to: dry grassland in subcontinental Europe at altitudes of 200 to 1800 meters
  • Haller's Pasque Flower ( Pulsatilla halleri (All.) Willd. ), Home: Alps of Switzerland, Italy and France
  • Korean Pasque Flower ( Pulsatilla koreana (Y.Yabe ex Nakai) T. Mori ), native to: Japan, Korea, China, Amur region
  • Pulsatilla kostyczewii (Korsh.) Juz. : It occurs in Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and western Xinjiang.
  • Pulsatilla millefolium (Hemsl. & EHWilson) Ulbr. : It occurs in Sichuan and northeastern Yunnan.
  • Mountain Pasque Flower ( Pulsatilla montana Rchb. ), Native to: colline to subalpine dry meadows in the southern Alps, the Balkan Peninsula and the Crimea
  • Black anemone ( Pulsatilla nigricans Störck , Syn .: Pulsatilla pratensis subsp. Nigricans (Störck) Zämelis ), home: Europe
  • Pulsatilla occidentalis (S. Watson) Freyn , home: Canada and USA
  • Innsbruck pasque flower ( Pulsatilla oenipontana Dalla Torre & Sarnthein ; is also referred to by some authors as Pulsatilla vulgaris ), home: Austria (Inntal)
  • Pasque Flower ( Pulsatilla patens (L.) Mill. ), Origin: Europe, Asia and North America, with the following subspecies:
    • Yellowish pasque flower ( Pulsatilla patens subsp. Flavescens (Zucc.) Zämelis , Syn .: Pulsatilla flavescens (Zucc.) Juz. ), Native to birch, larch and pine forests, meadows and river valleys in Eastern Europe, Siberia and Mongolia
    • Pulsatilla patens subsp. hirsutissima Zämelis
    • Pulsatilla patens subsp. multifida (Pritz.) Zämelis
    • Pulsatilla patens (L.) Mill. Subsp. patens
  • Meadow Pasque Flower ( Pulsatilla pratensis (L.) Mill. ), Homeland: temperate subcontinental Europe, in sandy and dry grasslands and pine forests, especially on the plains and up to the mountain range, including the subspecies:
    • Pulsatilla pratensis subsp. bohemica Skalický
  • Pasque Flower ( Pulsatilla rubra (Lam.) Delarbre ), it occurs only in France and Spain
  • Slavic pasque flower ( Pulsatilla slavica G. Reuss ; is made from as a subspecies subsp. Slavica (G. Reuss) Zämelis to Pulsatilla haller ), native to: grasslands and pine forests of the Western Carpathians at altitudes of 250 to 1750 meters
  • Steirische Kuhschelle ( Pulsatilla styriaca .. (Injection) Simonk ; subsp as subspecies. Styriaca (injection) Zämelis. To Pulsatilla halleri provided), home: submontane to montane rock lawn and pine forests of eastern Alps (Steiermark)
  • Pulsatilla sukaczevii Juz. : It occurs in China, Mongolia and eastern Siberia.
  • Pulsatilla tatewakii Kudo
  • Pulsatilla taurica Juz.
  • Pulsatilla tenuiloba (Hayek) Juz. : It occurs in China, Mongolia and western Siberia.
  • Pulsatilla turczaninovii Krylov & Serg. , Homeland: Siberia, Amur region, Manchuria, Eastern Mongolia
  • Spring Pasque Flower ( Pulsatilla vernalis (L.) Mill. ), Home: Europe, on poor grassland and in pine forests at altitudes between 200 and 3100 meters
  • Common Pasque Flower ( Pulsatilla vulgaris Mill. ): It thrives in dry grassland and pine forests in Europe at altitudes of 1000 meters.

swell

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Hoot, SB, AA Reznicek, and JD Palmer (1994): Phylogenetic relationships in Anemone (Ranunculaceae) based on morphology and chloroplast DNA. Syst. Bot. 19: 169-200.
  2. ↑ a b c d e f g Wang Wencai, Bruce Bartholomew: Pulsatilla , p. 329 online with the same text as the printed work , In: Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (ed.): Flora of China. Volume 6: Caryophyllaceae through Lardizabalaceae. Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis 2001, ISBN 1-930723-05-9 .
  3. ↑ a b c Walter Erhardt , Erich Götz, Nils Bödeker, Siegmund Seybold: The great pikeperch. Encyclopedia of Plant Names. Volume 2. Types and varieties. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2008, ISBN 978-3-8001-5406-7 .

literature

  • Wang Wencai, Bruce Bartholomew: Pulsatilla , p. 329 online with the same text as the printed work , In: Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (ed.): Flora of China. Volume 6: Caryophyllaceae through Lardizabalaceae. Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis 2001, ISBN 1-930723-05-9 .
  • David Aeschimann, Konrad Lauber, Daniel Martin Moser, Jean-Paul Theurillat: Flora alpina. Volume 1. Lycopodiaceae-Apiaceae. Haupt Verlag, Bern, Stuttgart, Vienna, 2004, ISBN 3-258-06600-0 .
  • Eckehart J. Jäger, Friedrich Ebel, Peter Hanelt, Gerd K. Müller: Excursion flora from Germany. Volume 5. Herbaceous ornamental and useful plants. Spectrum Academic Publishing House. Berlin, Heidelberg 2008. ISBN 978-3-8274-0918-8
  • Dietmar Aichele, Heinz-Werner Schwegler: The taxonomy of the genus Pulsatilla. In: Feddes Repertorium , Volume 60, 1957, pages 1-230.

Web links

Commons : Cowbirds  - album with pictures, videos and audio files
Wiktionary: Kuhschelle  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations