Stolniceni Castle

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Stolniceni Castle
Alternative name Buridava
limes Dacian Limes
section A / X / 74
Limes Alutanus
Dating (occupancy) 2nd to 3rd century
Type Auxiliary fort
unit Vexillationes of the
* Legio I Italica
* Legio V Macedonica
* Legio XI Claudia
* Cohors I Brittonum
* Cohors I Hispanorum
* Cohors II Flavia Bessorum
* Cohors IX Batavorum
Pedites Singulares Britanniciani
size A) unknown
B) 50 m × 60 m = 0.3 ha
Construction Stone fort
State of preservation the actual fort is largely built over in a modern way; the fort's thermal baths have been preserved in the area
place Stolniceni , Vâlcea County
Geographical location 45 ° 2 '2.1 "  N , 24 ° 18' 15.2"  E Coordinates: 45 ° 2 '2.1 "  N , 24 ° 18' 15.2"  E
height 218  m
Previous Castle IIoneștii Govorii
( Pons Aluti )
(southwest, A / X / 73)
Subsequently Sămbotin Castle
( Castra Traiana )
(north, A / X / 75)

Fort Stolniceni (ancient name Buridava ; known in older literature as Fort Boroneasa ) was a Roman auxiliary troop camp in the village of Stolniceni, an area of ​​the present-day district capital Râmnicu Vâlcea of the district Vâlcea , in the Romanian region of Little Wallachia .

Location and sources

Location of the fort in the course of the Roman limits

The ruins of the military bath of Stolniceni can be found in today's settlement on the south-eastern edge of the village in the corridor called "Conacul Boroneasa" . Topographically, the ground monument is located on a raised terrace on the right, western bank of the Olt River . In ancient times the fort was part of the Limes Alutanus . The Romanian archaeologist Grigore George Tocilescu (1850-1909) was the first to equate Boroneasa with Buridava . In 1896 he also reported on the discovery of a brick stamp of Co (ho) rs m (illiaria) B (rittonum) .

The older Dacian fortification Buridava is located about five kilometers as the crow flies north of it in the rising hilly landscape south of the Sărat, a tributary of the Olt. In this area are the largest salt deposits in Wallachia, which were already exploited in the Dacian and Roman times.

The settlement is listed on the Tabula Peutingeriana , the tribe of the eponymous Buri is listed in the Geographike Hyphegesis of Claudius Ptolemy . Buridava is also mentioned in the so-called Hunt's Pridianum , the Papyrus 2851 of the British Museum , in which the deployment of Roman troops in preparation for the Dacian wars is described.

Archaeological evidence

Stolniceni (Roman fort with auxiliary vicus)

Remains of the military bath of Stolniceni (2012)

Fort

The area of ​​the fort, which has not yet been clearly accessible from an archaeological point of view, has not yet been examined. The founding of the Stolniceni complex could have been in the earliest times of the Roman occupation of Dacia (101-107); it seems to have had a certain strategic importance during the Dacian Wars. Vexillations of various legions and auxiliaries were repeatedly used here. Presumably in Hadrianic times, the early camp was replaced by a stone fort 0.3 hectares in size (50 m by 60 m).

Vicus and fort baths

To the north of the fort there was a very extensive, around 300 m wide, around one kilometer long and thus around 30 hectare large auxiliary vicus. The vicus was a civil settlement that can be found at almost every Roman military camp and in which the living quarters of the relatives of soldiers, veterans, artisans, traders, innkeepers, prostitutes and other service providers were located. The fort baths in the center of the vicus could be identified and examined.

troops

From the early days of the garrison, a number of legion and auxiliary departments are documented epigraphically. Accordingly, vexillations of the Legio I Italica , the Legio V Macedonica and the Legio XI Claudia must have been used in Stolniceni, as well as departments of various larger auxiliary groups, such as a Cohors I Brittonum , a Cohors I Hispanorum , the Cohors II Flavia Bessorum and the Cohors IX Batavorum , as well as the Pedites Singulares Britanniciani . The presence of the Singulares, who usually acted as the governor's bodyguard, indicates that the place could have served, at least temporarily, as the headquarters of the Roman troops during the Dacian Wars.

Buridava (Dacian settlement and fortress)

The region was already an important economic and political center in pre-Roman times. The Dacians had built the fortified settlement of Buridava there. The name is Thraco - Getic origin and refers to the root of Buridavenser , whose capital was Buridava.

Ocnele Mari (Dacian and Roman Salt Mines)

The reason for the strategic importance of the square both for the Dacians and later for the Romans was the connection between the rich salt deposits in the Ocnele Mari area and the location on the Olt, which is a traffic artery for shipping the extracted salt down to the Danube and beyond served. The local salt deposits were and are the largest in Wallachia and were therefore of the greatest economic importance in ancient times (probably since the Neolithic) for all tribes and / or peoples who settled there.

Lost property and monument protection

The archaeological finds from Buridava / Stolniceni are in the Muzeul de Istorie a Judetului Valcea (Historical Museum of the Valcea District).

The entire archaeological site and are in particular the castle according to the adopted in 2001 Law no. 422/2001 as historical monuments under protection and are using the LMI Code VL-IsA-09580 in the national list of historic monuments ( Lista Monumentelor istorice ) entered . Responsible is the Ministry of Culture and National Heritage (Ministerul Culturii și Patrimoniului Na ,ional) , in particular the General Directorate for National Cultural Heritage, the Department of Fine Arts and the National Commission for Historical Monuments and other institutions subordinate to the Ministry. Unauthorized excavations and the export of ancient objects are prohibited in Romania.

See also

literature

  • Dumitru Berciu: Buridava dacică . Vol. 1. Editura Academiei Republicii Socialiste România, 1981.
  • Dumitru Berciu, Mariana Iosifaru and M. Diaconescu: Descoperiri și însemnări de la Buridava dacică. Thraco-Dacica 14: 149-156 (1993).
  • Gheorghe Bichir: Cercetarile arheologice de la Stolniceni-Ramnicu Valcea . Buridava, 4 (1982), pp. 43-54, ( digitized version )
  • Nicolae Gudea : The Dacian Limes. Materials on its story. In: Yearbook of the Römisch Germanisches Zentralmuseum Mainz. 44, 2, 1997, pp. 88f., ( Digitized version ).
  • Nicolae Gudea and Mihail Zahariade: Dacia Ripensis. Fortresses on the northern border of the province and their troops . Amsterdam 2016, p. 495, ( digitized version ).
  • Mariana Iosifaru: Situri arheologice din oraşul Ocnele Mari, județul Vâlcea . Buridava, 9 (2011), pp. 82-94, ( digitized version ).
  • Felix Marcu: The Internal Planning of Roman Forts of Dacia . (= Bibliotheca Mvsei Napocensis XXX), Mega Publishing House, Cluj-Napoca 2009, ISBN 978-606-543-058-7 , pp. 237f.
  • Silviu I. Purece: The end of the Roman habitation at Buridava (Stolniceni, Vâlcea County) . Analele Banatului XX (2012), pp. 91-95, ( digitized ).
  • Silviu I. Purece: Roman imperial coins discovered at Buridava (Ocnita, jud. Valcea), located in the Valcea county Museum's collection. Acta Classica Universitatis Scientiarum Debreceniensis 49 (2013), pp. 45–54 ( digitized version ).
  • Silviu I. Purece and Ion Tuțulescu: Descoperiri monetare din posibilul centru administrative roman al exploatării salinifere din zona Ocnelor Mari . Revista Transilvania, 10 (2016), pp. 1-6, ( digitized ).
  • Ovidiu Țentea and Britta Burkhardt: Baths on the Frontiers of Roman Dacia / Băile de pe frontierele Daciei romane . Bucharest 2017, p. 41.
  • Dimitrie Tudor:  BURIDAVA or Boridava (Stolniceni) Rîureni, Vîlcea, Romania . In: Richard Stillwell et al. a. (Ed.): The Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites. Princeton University Press, Princeton NJ 1976, ISBN 0-691-03542-3 .
  • Dimitrie Tudor: Depozitul de vase docke si romane de la Stolniceni . In: Studii și cercetări de istorie veche 18, 1967, 4, pp. 655-660.
  • Cristian Vladescu: Centrele militare romane din sectorul de nord al limesului alutan . Buridava, 4 (1982), pp. 55-65, ( digitized version )

Web links

Commons : Kastell Stolniceni  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files
Commons : Dacian fortress Buridava  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Route / section / fort number (based on Nicolae Gudea , 1997).
  2. ↑ Legio I Italica: AE 1966, 00312a , IDR-02, 00556 , AE 1969/70, 00552aa , AE 1969/70, 00553 and ILD 00151b .
  3. ↑ Legio V Macedonica: AE 1966, 00312b , IDR-02, 00556 , AE 1969/70, 00552aa , AE 1969/70, 00553 , ILD 00151b and CERom-05, 00323b .
  4. ↑ Legio XI Claudia: AE 1966, 00312c , IDR-02, 00556 and AE 1969/70, 00552aa .
  5. ↑ a b Cohors I Brittonum: AE 1967, 00420 and CIL 03, 14216,25 .
  6. ↑ a b Robert Cavenaile: Cohors I Hispanorum equitata et Cohors I Hispanorum veterana . Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, Vol. 18 (1975), pp. 179-191.
  7. ^ A b Cohors II Flavia Bessorum: AE 1969/70, 00554 .
  8. ^ A b Cohors IX Batavorum: IDR-02, 00563 .
  9. ↑ a b Pedites Singulares: IDR-02, 00564 .
  10. ↑ Nicolae Gudea: The Dacian Limes - Materials on its history . In: Yearbook of the Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum Mainz 44, Part 2, 1997 (1998), pp. 1–113; here: p. 88.
  11. ↑ Nicolae Gudea: The Dacian Limes. Materials on its story. In: Yearbook of the Römisch Germanisches Zentralmuseum Mainz. 44, 2, 1997, p. 188, ( digitized version ).
  12. ^ Grigore George Tocilescu : New inscriptions from Romania . In: Archaeological-epigraphic communications from Austria-Hungary 19, Alfred Hölder, Vienna 1896; Pp. 79-111; here: p. 84.
  13. ↑ Tab. Peut. VII, 5.
  14. ↑ Buridava on the Tabula Peutingeriana.
  15. ^ Arthur S. Hunt: Raccolta di Scritti in Onore di Giacomo Lumbroso. Milan 1925, pp. 265-272.
  16. ^ Robert O. Fink: Hunt's Pridianum. British Museum Papyrus 2851 . The Journal of Roman Studies, Vol. 48, No. 1/2 (1958), pp. 102-116.
  17. ↑ a b c d Dimitrie Tudor:  BURIDAVA or Boridava (Stolniceni) Rîureni, Vîlcea, Romania . In: Richard Stillwell et al. a. (Ed.): The Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites. Princeton University Press, Princeton NJ 1976, ISBN 0-691-03542-3 ..
  18. ↑ Nicolae Gudea: The Dacian Limes. Materials on its story. In: Yearbook of the Römisch Germanisches Zentralmuseum Mainz. 44, 2, 1997, pp. 188f., ( Digitized version ).
  19. ^ A b Felix Marcu: The Internal Planning of Roman Forts of Dacia . (= Bibliotheca Mvsei Napocensis XXX), Mega Publishing House, Cluj-Napoca 2009, ISBN 978-606-543-058-7 , pp. 237f.
  20. ^ Ovidiu Țentea and Britta Burkhardt: Baths on the Frontiers of Roman Dacia / Băile de pe frontierele Daciei romane . Bucharest 2017, p. 41.
  21. ^ Based on Marcu (2009) p. 237.
  22. ↑ Michael P. Speidel: Guards of the Roman Armies. An essay on the singulares of the provinces . Antiquitas, Series 1, Treatises on Ancient History, 28, Habelt, Bonn 1978.
  23. ↑ According to ecomagazin.ro , the remaining sodium chloride deposits in Ocnele Mari are estimated at nine billion tons. Romanian, accessed March 25, 2019.
  24. ↑ L. and S. Draganescu: The History of the Evolution of Salt Working Methods in Romania, from Antiquity to the Present . 17th International Mining Congress and Exhibition of Turkey - IMCET2001, ISBN 975-395-417-4 , pp. 627-633, ( digitized version ).
  25. ↑ Silviu I. Purece and Ion Tuţulescu: Descoperiri monetare din posibilul centru administrative romantic al exploatării salinifere din zona Ocnelor Mari . Revista Transilvania, 10 (2016), pp. 1-6, ( digitized ).
  26. ↑ Muzeul de Istorie a Judetului Valcea , official website of the museum on the district museums website (Romanian), accessed on March 26, 2019.
  27. ↑ List of historical monuments on the website of the Ministry of Culture and National Heritage