Slăveni Castle

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Slăveni Castle
limes Dacian Limes
section Limes Alutanus
A / X / 69
Dating (occupancy) Aa) 101/106 to 119/120
A.b) 119/120 to 205
B.a) 205 to 244/249
B.b) 244/249 to 249/251
Type Aa) Vexillation
fort and auxiliary fort A.b) Alenklastell
B) Alenkastell
unit Aa) Vexillationes der
* Legio V Macedonica
* Legio XI Claudia (?)
* Legio XIII Gemina
Numerus Surorum
Ala I Claudia Nova Miscellanea (?)
Cohors I Flavia Commagenorum
Cohors I Bracaraugustanorum (?)
A.b + B) Ala I Hispanorum
size Aa) unknown
A.b) 190 m × 169 m = 3.21 ha
B) 198 m × 176.60 m = 3.5 ha
Construction A) Wood and earth warehouse
B) Stone fort
State of preservation Ground monument
place Gostavățu / Olt District
Geographical location 44 ° 4 '54.4 "  N , 24 ° 31' 44.3"  E Coordinates: 44 ° 4 '54.4 "  N , 24 ° 31' 44.3"  E
height 70  m
Previous Fort Tia Mare (?)
(A / X / 68, south)
Fort Islaz-Racoviță
(A / X / 67, south)
Subsequently Reșca castles
(A / X / 70, north)
Slăveni castle in the course of the Dacian limits

The fort Slaveni is a former Roman auxiliary troops camp on the territory of the municipality Gostavăţu , Olt County , in the Romanian region of Oltenia . In ancient times it was part of the Limes Alutanus and administratively belonged to the province of Dacia inferior , later to the Dacia Malvensis .

location

In today's settlement, the former fort and current ground monument is in the center of the community of Gostavățu, in the "Cetate" corridor . The fort area is not built over, which has meant that some damage has been done to the structures in the past through stone robbery and robbery excavations. To the east of the fort area, between it and the Olt river , the auxiliary vicus extended . In ancient times, the fort crew had the task of monitoring the traffic on the river and on the Limes road that ran parallel to it. In addition, it was necessary to control a nearby river crossing into Barbaricum . Within the fort line of the Limes Alutanus, the fort seems to have played a key role.

Research history

The traditional knowledge of a Roman settlement in Slăveni goes back to the 18th century. These are mentions in connection with military geographic surveys of the region. August Treboniu Laurian made the first attempt at a more systematic description in 1845. These were supplemented in 1851 by the observations of Johann DF Neigebaur, the Prussian consul in Bucharest. The first serious excavation was carried out in 1893 under the direction of Grigore Tocilescu and Pamfil Polonic in a short but intense excavation campaign that lasted three weeks and included 50 soldiers as auxiliaries . Systematic research according to modern scientific criteria was carried out between 1962 and 1981 by a scientific collective under the direction of Dumitru Tudor . Many of the students who participated in the excavations at the time later developed into Roman provincial archaeologists .

Archaeological evidence

As part of the archaeological investigations described above, it was possible to differentiate between two different main construction phases and a repair phase within the second construction phase. Furthermore, the auxiliary vicus, the thermal baths , the burial grounds and a pottery workshop could be localized and the course of the Limes road could be examined more closely.

Wood-earth bearings 1 and 2

The earliest wood-earth camp 1 was created during the early occupation period by the troops advancing north and existed for almost two decades beyond that. Archaeological findings from this first phase are hardly available, but we are informed by inscriptions about the troops involved.

After the constitution of the province of Dacia inferior under Hadrian , around the years 119/220, the new wood-earth camp 2 was built, this time as a regular camp of an Ala , which was one of the most important camps in the newly established province. This had a rectangular floor plan of 169 m by 190.4 m, which corresponds to an area of ​​3.21 hectares. With its praetorial front (front) it was oriented to the northeast. It was fenced with a 6 m wide and 1 m high wood and earth wall. On the fortification wall there was a 1.10 m wide patrol path made of bricks that had been laid directly in the ground. Two trenches served as approach obstacles, of which the inner one was 4.80 m wide and 3.50 m deep, while the outer one only reached a width of 4.30 m and a depth of 3.15 m. Both trenches were interrupted in front of the castle gates. The main streets of the camp, the principia and a total of six wooden barracks could be identified from the interior . The agglomeration of numerous troops (see below) in the first construction phase probably led to the unusual size of the camp, which was also retained in the second construction phase.

Stone fort

By means of a building inscription, the construction of the stone fort could be dated to the year 205. The original of the inscription is in the Muzeul Național de Istorie a României (National Museum of Romanian History) in Bucharest . The building inscription reads in capital letters:

[] M [] L SEP [] SEVER [] PE [] AVG
[] AB AD [] PARTH MAX TRIB POT XIII
[] ERAT [] COS III PP ET
[] CAES M [] NT [] NI [] VS PIVS AVG COS II
[] ONTIF MAX [] IIII ALAE I HISPANOR
[] M [] S FECERV [] T

It will be transcribed into the following text:

[I] m [p (erator) Caes (ar)] L (ucius) Sep [t (imius)] Sever [us Pius] Pe [rtinax] Aug (ustus) /
[Ar] ab (icus) Ad [iab ( enicus)] Parth (icus) max (imus) trib (unicia) pot (estate) XIII /
[imp] erat [or XI] co (n) s (ul) III p (ater) p (atriae) et /
[Imp (erator)] Caes (ar) M (arcus) [Aur (elius) A] nt [o] ni [n] us Pius Aug (ustus) co (n) s (ul) II /
[p] ontif (ex) max (imus) [tr (ibunicia) pot (estate) V] IIII alae I Hispanor (um) /
[a funda] m [enti] s (?) feceru [n] t

Then the foundations of the fort were renewed in the year when Septimius Severus (193-211) was in possession of tribunician power for the thirteenth time , emperor for the eleventh time and consul for the third time (= 205).

Floor plan of the stone fort

Compared to the wood-earth warehouse, the fort was expanded a little again and now, with its rectangular floor plan of 198 m by 176.60 m, took up an area of ​​3.5 hectares. It was defended with a 1.40 m thick wall, which was constructed using the technique of Opus incertum . A triple ditch system ran in front of the wall as an obstacle to the approach. The dimensions of the two inner trenches corresponded to those of the wood-earth store. The outer trench was six meters wide and 3.30 meters deep. In contrast to the other two trenches, it was not interrupted in front of the castle gates. The corners of the defensive wall were covered with trapezoidal (4.6 m / 5.0 m / 5.0 m / 6.5 m) corner towers. Oriented towards the older wood-earth camp, the fort was oriented with its praetorial front (front) to the northeast and provided with a total of four gates. Three of the gates had a single passage seven meters wide, the Porta praetoria (main gate) had a double passage, but was only 6.5 m wide. The gates were flanked by gate towers protruding inwards. A tower floor plan of 5.45 m by 6.67 m was determined for the Porta praetoria .

During the time of Philip the Arab (244–249), repairs were carried out, but only the internal structures of the camp were affected. Only a short time later, probably during a Goth invasion in the years 249 to 251, the fort was destroyed and not rebuilt.

Inside, Via praetoria (main warehouse street), Via principalis (large warehouse cross street), Via quintana (rear warehouse cross street) and Via decumana (rear warehouse street ) were located and examined. The Via praetoria was 16.20 m wide and flanked on both sides by 1.50 m deep porticos . Their pavement consisted of a paving of rocks and bricks. The Via principalis was 24.00 m wide and unpaved. The width of the via decumana was 14.20 m, that of the via quintana was 13.00 m; only the first of the two was covered with a paving.

Principia

Ground plan of the principia of the stone fort

The principia (staff building), which is located in the center of the fort, as usual, were erected on a brick foundation almost one meter thick. The Principia measured 43.20 m by 37.40 m and thus took up a floor area of ​​1,615 square meters. This corresponds to a share of 4.6% of the total fort area, which is below average and probably due to the fact that the camp streets in Slăveni were designed to be extraordinarily wide. The entrance was 4.40 m wide and flanked on each side by three rooms which, as a five-meter-deep suite, closed off the building complex on the Via principalis . The entrance opened to a 16.40 m by 28.50 m (= 467.40 m²) inner courtyard, which was lined with porticoes and flanked by four further rooms on the right and left side. An unusually large number of weapons finds indicate that at least some of these rooms were used as armamentaria (armory). A basilica measuring 35.40 m by 9.00 m (= 318.6 m²) followed on the inner courtyard , the rear of which was closed off by an escape from several rooms. In the center of this suite of rooms was the sanctuary with an apse and a cellar for the troop coffers ( aedes or sacellum ). With a base area of ​​10 m by 10 m and an apsidic radius of 5.60 m, it was of considerable size.

Praetorium

Northwest of the Principia , in the latus sinistrum (left half of the fort) was the praetorium (the commandant's house), a brick building measuring 19.50 m by 36.00 m (= 702 square meters). The building structure shows certain similarities with villas of the Mediterranean type. One entered the complex through an elongated corridor, which here assumed the function of a peristyle and the sides of which were each flanked by four rooms. The corridor opened at its end to an atrium that was enclosed by a total of eight other rooms.

Horror

To the west of the Praetorium , between this and the Porta principalis sinistra (left side gate), another large building with the dimensions of 14.00 m by 35.20 m (= 497.00 m2 ) was identified as a horreum (storage building) due to its supporting pillars . Eight supporting pillars in perfect symmetry were identified on each of the two long sides, and three more were located at the rear of the building. Probably because of their greater robustness, field stones were used instead of bricks in the construction of this building.

Crew barracks

The crew barracks could be identified in all four quarters of the camp.

Alleged stables and other buildings

A total of four larger buildings had similar dimensions to the crew barracks. There was one in each corner of the fort, between the Via sagularis and the head structures of the unequivocally identified team barracks. Their escape was oriented at right angles to these, that is, oriented by strigas and not by scamna . These buildings have been referred to as horse stables on various occasions, including by the excavators, an interpretation that is controversial. The lack of a subdivision into individual rooms and the lack of a paved floor, as was used throughout the camp's secure crew barracks, speak in favor of stables. What speaks against stables is, on the one hand, that these buildings were apparently provided with verandas, which would not make sense with stables, and on the other hand, that these buildings, if they were supposed to have been stables, would not have been sufficient to accommodate all the garrison horses. Felix Marcu suspects that there are actually more team barracks and that the horses were housed outside the camp.

Another large building measuring 18 m by 22 m (= 396 square meters) was found between the Principia and the Porta principalis dextra (right side gate). The interior layout has not been fully clarified and there are contradicting interpretations. The building was addressed as a valetudinarium (hospital), fabrica (workshop), another praetorium or another warehouse. However, none of these hypotheses could ultimately be substantiated significantly.

Auxiliary vicus, fort baths, pottery workshop and mithraium

The auxiliarvicus stretched between the military camp and the bank of the Olt for a north-south length of around one kilometer. The vicus was a civil settlement that can be found at almost every Roman military camp and in which the living quarters of the relatives of soldiers, veterans, artisans, traders, innkeepers, prostitutes and other service providers were located.

The thermal baths of the fort were located almost 100 m east of the fort, closer to the Olt, in order to ensure unproblematic sewage disposal. The Balineum was of the ring type and consisted of a total of eight rooms in two suites. The rooms in the eastern suite could not be heated, while the western suite was equipped with a hypocaust system (floor and wall heating). One room on the east side and three rooms on the west side were equipped with apses.

During the excavations in the area of ​​the Auxiliarvicus of Slăveni, many traces and finds were uncovered, which indicated a lively activity of craftsmen who worked iron, lead, bones and other materials. There also seems to have been a glass production facility in the vicus. Most of the traces were left by Töpfer, who operated several production ovens northeast of the thermal baths, directly on the bank of the Olts and because of the potential fire hazard with a certain safety distance from the residential buildings of the settlement, five of which could be located and examined. The well necessary for the production of ceramics and a sewer were also identified. The production spectrum of the ceramic workshop included gray, black and dark red vessels, coarse-grained vessels in the Dacian tradition, vessels decorated with stamped decorations, as well as reliefs, terracotta figures and oil lamps.

As early as 1837, a landslide on the banks of the Olts cleared the ruins, which were examined with the knowledge of the time and identified as Mithraeum (cult site for the worship of the god Mithras ). A timely publication followed in some Romanian magazines. In 1976, Constantin C. Petolescu attempted to reconstruct the findings that were almost 140 years ago at the time.

troops

Especially in the early days of its existence, the fort was frequented by numerous units and sub-units, until the Ala I Hispanorum finally emerged as the main unit. epigraphically are vexillationes the Legio V Macedonica , the Legio XI Claudia and Legio XIII Gemina testified. Furthermore, the Numerus Surorum , the Ala I Claudia Nova Miscellanea , the Cohors I Flavia Commagenorum , possibly the Cohors I Bracaraugustanorum and the Ala I Hispanorum mentioned above.

  • The Ala I Hispanorum appears to have been the ancestral unit of the fort and was stationed there from its inception to its end. It has been documented for around a century and a half by numerous inscriptions, some of which provide detailed insights into the daily life of the troops, their religious customs and individual officers and NCOs.
  • The Vexillatio Legionis V Macedonica is mainly represented by brick stamps, which were found in the foundations of the Severian wall, but also occurred in other fort areas. The mirror-inverted stamp embossings in a rectangular cartridge with rounded corners are relatively careless.
  • A Vexillatio Legionis XI Claudia is not guaranteed. Although had Grigore Tocilescu described such a stamp about 100 years ago, but after a dozen excavations in Slaveni no further inscriptions of this type had been found, Dumitru Tudor tended to the view that Tocilescu could have picked and it actually with a stamp Legio XIII had to do. On the other hand, it does not seem to be ruled out that a stamp of the Legion XI, from which a vexillation in neighboring Romula seems to have been proven, could have reached Slăveni from there.
  • There are carefully crafted stamps from the Vexillatio Legionis XIII Gemina . They are not only found in the immediate vicinity of the fort, but also, secondarily, in the auxiliary vicus. Typical of the Slăveni site is the lack of the Gemina epithet .
  • The Numerus Surorum , a unit of archers from the province of Syria , left behind brick stamps in Slăveni in the form NS and N, partly inversely embossed. A chronological classification is possible insofar as the troop was set up in connection with the occupation of Dacia at the earliest and was permanently assigned to the province of Mauretania Caesariensis under Septimius Severus .
  • The Ala I Claudia Nova Miscellanea was postulated by Dumitru Tudor. According to a more recent suggestion by Constantin C. Petolescu, the present ACL stamp could also be dissolved to Ala I Claudia Gallorum Capitoniana .
  • The Cohors I Flavia Commagenorum is documented by numerous brick stamps in Slăveni. Their inscriptions are also available in Acidava , Ramidava and Romula , without it being entirely clear in which of these Dacian camps they now had their main location.
  • The Cohors I Bracaraugustanorum was postulated by Dumitru Tudor. In fact, the epigraphic evidence, which is only available in the stamp form CIB, allows some room for interpretation and could also be read as Cohors I Batavorum , Cohors I Brittonum or Cohors I Britannica . Stratigraphically, the inscription finds CIB can be assigned to the earliest period of the fort.

Lost property and monument protection

The archaeological finds from Slăveni are stored and presented in the Muzeul Olteniei in Craiova .

The entire archaeological site and are in particular the castle according to the adopted in 2001 Law no. 422/2001 as historical monuments under protection and are using the LMI Code OT-IsA-08533 in the national list of historic monuments ( Lista Monumentelor istorice ) entered . Responsible is the Ministry of Culture and National Heritage (Ministerul Culturii și Patrimoniului Na ,ional) , in particular the General Directorate for National Cultural Heritage, the Department of Fine Arts and the National Commission for Historical Monuments and other institutions subordinate to the Ministry. Unauthorized excavations and the export of ancient objects are prohibited in Romania.

See also

literature

  • Dorel Bondoc: The detachement of Legio V Macedonica from The Roman Fort of Slăveni . In: Lia Maria Voicu (Ed.): Arheologica Mileniului I p. Chr. Cercetări actuale privind istoria şi arheologia migraţiilor . Editura Oscar Print, Bucureşti 2010, ISBN 978-973-668-260-5 , pp. 38–53, ( digitized version ).
  • Dorel Bondoc: Roman amphorae from Slăveni, Olt county, Romania . Arheologia Moldovei, XXXIX (2016), pp. 215–229, ( digitized version ).
  • Nicolae Gudea : The Dacian Limes. Materials on its story. In: Yearbook of the Römisch Germanisches Zentralmuseum Mainz. 44, 2, 1997, pp. 83-85, ( digitized ).
  • Nicolae Gudea: The Lower Moesian Danube Limes and the defense of the Moesian north and west coast of the Black Sea. Limes et Litus Moesiae inferioris (AD 86–275) . In: Yearbook of the Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum Mainz, 52nd year 2005, Verlag des Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseums, Mainz 2006, ISSN  0076-2741 , p. 492.
  • Felix Marcu: The Internal Planning of Roman Forts of Dacia . (= Bibliotheca Mvsei Napocensis XXX), Mega Publishing House, Cluj-Napoca 2009, ISBN 978-606-543-058-7 , pp. 227-237.
  • Gheorghe Popilian: Thermele de la Slăveni. Apulum 9 (1971), pp. 626-641.
  • Ovidiu Țentea and Britta Burkhardt: Baths on the Frontiers of Roman Dacia / Băile de pe frontierele Daciei romane . Bucharest 2017, p. 39.
  • Dumitru Tudor, Gheorghe Popilian, Dorel Bondoc and Nicolae Gudea: Castrul roman de la Slăveni . Editura Mega, Cluj-Napoca 2011, ISBN 978-606-543-198-0 , ( digitized ).

Web links

Commons : Castra of Slăveni  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Route / section / fort number (based on Nicolae Gudea , 1997).
  2. ↑ a b Legio V Macedonica: CIL 03, 14216, 24c .
  3. ↑ a b Legio XI Claudia: IDR-02, 00523 .
  4. ↑ a b Legio XIII Gemina: AE 1966, 00317d .
  5. ↑ a b Numerus Surorum: CIL 03, 08074,28c and CIL 03, 14216,30
  6. ^ A b Ala I Claudia Miscellanea: AE 1966, 00317 and AE 1966, 00317b .
  7. ^ A b Cohors I Flavia Commagenorum: CIL 03, 14216,26 .
  8. ^ A b Cohors I Bracaraugustanorum: AE 1966, 00317c .
  9. ↑ a b Ala I Hispanorum: AE 1974, 00556 , CIL 03, 13800 , CIL 03, 14216,17 , IDR-02, 00500 , AE 1966, 00314 , AE 1944, 00063 , IDR-02, 00526b and IDR-02, 00499 .
  10. ↑ Nicolae Gudea: The Dacian Limes. Materials on its story. In: Yearbook of the Römisch Germanisches Zentralmuseum Mainz. 44, 2, 1997, p. 83, ( digitized version ).
  11. ↑ Dumitru Tudor, Gheorghe Popilian, Dorel Bondoc and Nicolae Gudea: Castrul roman de la Slăveni . Editura Mega, Cluj-Napoca 2011, ISBN 978-606-543-198-0 , ( digitized ), p. 23.
  12. ↑ Laurian in Istriana, magazine istoric pentru Dacia , II (1846), pp. 65–127.
  13. ↑ Johann DF Neigebaur: Dacien after the remains of the class. Antiquity . Kronstadt, 1854, p. 116f.
  14. ↑ Dumitru Tudor, Gheorghe Popilian, Dorel Bondoc and Nicolae Gudea: Castrul roman de la Slăveni . Editura Mega, Cluj-Napoca 2011, ISBN 978-606-543-198-0 , ( digitized version ), p. 10f.
  15. ↑ Dumitru Tudor, Gheorghe Popilian, Dorel Bondoc and Nicolae Gudea: Castrul roman de la Slăveni . Editura Mega, Cluj-Napoca 2011, ISBN 978-606-543-198-0 , ( digitized ).
  16. ↑ Dumitru Tudor, Gheorghe Popilian, Dorel Bondoc and Nicolae Gudea: Castrul roman de la Slăveni . Editura Mega, Cluj-Napoca 2011, ISBN 978-606-543-198-0 , ( digitized ), p. 254.
  17. ↑ Dumitru Tudor, Gheorghe Popilian, Dorel Bondoc and Nicolae Gudea: Castrul roman de la Slăveni . Editura Mega, Cluj-Napoca 2011, ISBN 978-606-543-198-0 , ( digitized ), pp. 254f.
  18. ^ A b Felix Marcu: The Internal Planning of Roman Forts of Dacia . (= Bibliotheca Mvsei Napocensis XXX), Mega Publishing House, Cluj-Napoca 2009, ISBN 978-606-543-058-7 , p. 227.
  19. ↑ Dumitru Tudor, Gheorghe Popilian, Dorel Bondoc and Nicolae Gudea: Castrul roman de la Slăveni . Editura Mega, Cluj-Napoca 2011, ISBN 978-606-543-198-0 , ( digitized ), p. 25.
  20. ↑ CIL 03, 13800
  21. ↑ a b inscription in capital letters and transcription in the Heidelberg Epigraphic Database, accessed on April 7, 2019.
  22. ↑ Nicolae Gudea: The Dacian Limes. Materials on its story. In: Yearbook of the Römisch Germanisches Zentralmuseum Mainz. 44, 2, 1997, p. 84, ( digitized version ).
  23. ↑ Dumitru Tudor, Gheorghe Popilian, Dorel Bondoc and Nicolae Gudea: Castrul roman de la Slăveni . Editura Mega, Cluj-Napoca 2011, ISBN 978-606-543-198-0 , ( digitized version ), pp. 45-47.
  24. ^ Felix Marcu: The Internal Planning of Roman Forts of Dacia . (= Bibliotheca Mvsei Napocensis XXX), Mega Publishing House, Cluj-Napoca 2009, ISBN 978-606-543-058-7 , pp. 227f.
  25. ^ Felix Marcu: The Internal Planning of Roman Forts of Dacia . (= Bibliotheca Mvsei Napocensis XXX), Mega Publishing House, Cluj-Napoca 2009, ISBN 978-606-543-058-7 , pp. 229f.
  26. ^ Felix Marcu: The Internal Planning of Roman Forts of Dacia . (= Bibliotheca Mvsei Napocensis XXX), Mega Publishing House, Cluj-Napoca 2009, ISBN 978-606-543-058-7 , p. 230f.
  27. ^ Felix Marcu: The Internal Planning of Roman Forts of Dacia . (= Bibliotheca Mvsei Napocensis XXX), Mega Publishing House, Cluj-Napoca 2009, ISBN 978-606-543-058-7 , pp. 231-233.
  28. ^ Felix Marcu: The Internal Planning of Roman Forts of Dacia . (= Bibliotheca Mvsei Napocensis XXX), Mega Publishing House, Cluj-Napoca 2009, ISBN 978-606-543-058-7 , pp. 233f.
  29. ^ Felix Marcu: The Internal Planning of Roman Forts of Dacia . (= Bibliotheca Mvsei Napocensis XXX), Mega Publishing House, Cluj-Napoca 2009, ISBN 978-606-543-058-7 , pp. 234f.
  30. ^ Felix Marcu: The Internal Planning of Roman Forts of Dacia . (= Bibliotheca Mvsei Napocensis XXX), Mega Publishing House, Cluj-Napoca 2009, ISBN 978-606-543-058-7 , pp. 232f.
  31. ^ Ovidiu Țentea and Britta Burkhardt: Baths on the Frontiers of Roman Dacia / Băile de pe frontierele Daciei romane . Bucharest 2017, p. 39.
  32. ↑ Gheorghe Popilian: L'Atelier de céramique du camp de roamin Slaveni, Oltenia . Studii şi comunicări, 3 (1981) pp. 25-46.
  33. ↑ Constantin C. Petolescu: Le Mithraeum de Slaveni (Dacia Malvensis) . Dacia. Revue d'Archéologie et d'Histoire Ancienne, 20 (1976), pp. 259-263.
  34. ↑ Dumitru Tudor, Gheorghe Popilian, Dorel Bondoc and Nicolae Gudea: Castrul roman de la Slăveni . Editura Mega, Cluj-Napoca 2011, ISBN 978-606-543-198-0 , ( digitized ), pp. 49-62.
  35. ^ Felix Marcu: The Internal Planning of Roman Forts of Dacia . (= Bibliotheca Mvsei Napocensis XXX), Mega Publishing House, Cluj-Napoca 2009, ISBN 978-606-543-058-7 , pp. 235-237.
  36. ↑ Dumitru Tudor, Gheorghe Popilian, Dorel Bondoc and Nicolae Gudea: Castrul roman de la Slăveni . Editura Mega, Cluj-Napoca 2011, ISBN 978-606-543-198-0 , ( digitized version), pp. 63-69.
  37. ↑ Dumitru Tudor, Gheorghe Popilian, Dorel Bondoc and Nicolae Gudea: Castrul roman de la Slăveni . Editura Mega, Cluj-Napoca 2011, ISBN 978-606-543-198-0 , ( digitized ), p. 64f.
  38. ↑ a b Dumitru Tudor, Gheorghe Popilian, Dorel Bondoc and Nicolae Gudea: Castrul roman de la Slăveni . Editura Mega, Cluj-Napoca 2011, ISBN 978-606-543-198-0 , ( digitized ), p. 63.
  39. ↑ IDR-02, 00381 .
  40. ↑ Dumitru Tudor, Gheorghe Popilian, Dorel Bondoc and Nicolae Gudea: Castrul roman de la Slăveni . Editura Mega, Cluj-Napoca 2011, ISBN 978-606-543-198-0 , ( digitized version ), p. 63f.
  41. ↑ Dumitru Tudor, Gheorghe Popilian, Dorel Bondoc and Nicolae Gudea: Castrul roman de la Slăveni . Editura Mega, Cluj-Napoca 2011, ISBN 978-606-543-198-0 , ( digitized version ), p. 66.
  42. ↑ a b Dumitru Tudor, Gheorghe Popilian, Dorel Bondoc and Nicolae Gudea: Castrul roman de la Slăveni . Editura Mega, Cluj-Napoca 2011, ISBN 978-606-543-198-0 , ( digitized ), p. 64.
  43. ↑ Dumitru Tudor, Gheorghe Popilian, Dorel Bondoc and Nicolae Gudea: Castrul roman de la Slăveni . Editura Mega, Cluj-Napoca 2011, ISBN 978-606-543-198-0 , ( digitized ), pp. 65f.
  44. ↑ Muzeul Olteniei , official website of the museum (Romanian, English), accessed on April 7, 2019.
  45. ↑ OT-IsA-08533 in the official archaeological online database ran.cimec.ro of the Romanian Ministry of Culture (Romanian), accessed on April 6, 2019.
  46. ↑ List of historical monuments on the website of the Ministry of Culture and National Heritage