Reșca castles

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Reșca castles
Alternative name Romula, Malva
limes Dacian Limes
section Limes Alutanus
A / X / 70
Dating (occupancy) 101/102 to 275
Type Vexillation and auxiliary fort
unit Vexillationes of the
* Legio V Macedonica
* Legio VII Claudia
* Legio XI Claudia
* Legio XIII Gemina
* Legio XXII Primigenia
Numerus Syrorum Sagittariorum
Cohors I Flavia Commagenorum
size A) 182 m × 216 m = 3.9 ha
B) 100 m × 100 m = 1.0 ha
C)?
Construction Aa) Wood and earth warehouse
A.b) Stone fort
B)?
C)?
State of preservation invisible soil monuments
place Reșca, Dobrosloveni municipality
Geographical location 24 ° 10 '21.4 "  N , 24 ° 23' 38.9"  E Coordinates: 24 ° 10 '21.4 "  N , 24 ° 23' 38.9"  E
height 85  m
Previous Slăveni Castle
(A / X / 69, south)
Subsequently Acidava
(A / X / 71, north)
Romula / Malva in the course of the Dacian Limites

The castles of Reşca (also known as Romula and Malva in ancient times ) are former Roman auxiliary camps on the territory of the village of Reşca in the municipality of Dobrosloveni , Olt County , in the Romanian region of Little Wallachia . In ancient times they were part of the Limes Alutanus and administratively belonged to the province of Dacia inferior , later to the Dacia Malvensis .

Sources and location

In Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages , the place was listed as Romula on the Tabula Peutingeriana and as Romulas in the Cosmographia of the Geographer of Ravenna .

In ancient times, the fort crews had the task of guarding the river Olt (Roman Alutus ), the Limes road running parallel to the river and a river crossing at this point. In today's settlement image , the soil monuments are on the left bank of the Olt in the center of the modern village of Reşca. Nothing can be seen of the facilities themselves, they were built over on a large scale. The focus of the Roman finds and findings were and are in the corridors Dealul Morii (Mühlenberg) in the southeast, Biserica veche (Old Church) in the north and Cetate (fortress) in the west of the village.

Archaeological evidence

Romula is a complex of at least two forts and a civilian settlement. The entire ensemble was possibly also secured by a double trench system. The complexity of the entire system, its individual components and the stratigraphic relationships over an area of ​​around 70 hectares have so far only been archaeologically clarified to a rudest extent. Many questions still have to be answered.

Fort A

Contrary to its name, Fort A (in the Cetate corridor ) seems to have been the second camp in Reșca. It was probably built in the Hadrianic era and has two phases. The rectangular floor plan is 182 m by 216 m (3.9 ha) in both phases. In its early form, it was a wood-earth store, which was surrounded by a seven meter wide and 1.85 m high wall and a six to seven meter wide and 2.50 m deep ditch. In the second construction phase, the wall was replaced by a 1.95 m thick brick wall.

Fort B

Another fort (Fort B) with a square floor plan of around 100 m by 100 m (= 1 ha) is located in the Biserica Veche corridor . Apart from its layout, not much is known about this camp.

Fort C (?)

A fort with a rectangular floor plan postulated by Gudea in the Dealul Morii corridor has not yet been archaeologically recorded at all, but it cannot be ruled out either.

troops

Especially in the early days of its existence, the fort was frequented by numerous units, until the Numerus Syrorum Sagittariorum (a small special unit of Syrian archers) and possibly the Cohors I Flavia Commagenorum (a 480-man infantry force) emerged as main units. Vexillationes of the Legio V Macedonica , the Legio VII Claudia , the Legio XI Claudia , the Legio XIII Gemina and the Legio XXII Primigenia are also epigraphically attested.

Dacian settlement, Vicus, Municipium, Colonia

The auxiliary vicus stretched in the immediate vicinity of the forts . The vicus was a civil settlement that can be found at almost every Roman military camp and in which the living quarters of the relatives of soldiers, veterans, artisans, traders, innkeepers, prostitutes and other service providers were located.

Today there is broad consensus in Romanian research that the Roman Romula was built on the site of a previous Dacian settlement called Malva . However, this theory has long been controversial. In particular, the historian and archaeologist Constantin Daicoviciu (1898–1973) firmly rejected an identity between Malva and Romula.

However, the vicus of the garrison prospered and was appointed a Municipium under Hadrian (117-138) . When Marcus Aurelius reorganized the Dacian provinces after 168 and established the province of Dacia Malvensis, among other things, he made the town the capital of the new province. Under Septimius Severus (193-211) the city was finally raised to Colonia . Even after the withdrawal of the Roman troops from Dacia, it remained continuously inhabited until the sixth century.

Lost property and monument protection

The archaeological finds from Reșca are stored and presented in the Muzeul Romanatiului in the city of Caracal and in the Muzeul Județean Olt in Slatina.

All the archaeological sites are protected as historical monuments under Law No. 422/2001, passed in 2001, and are entered in the National List of Historic Monuments ( Lista Monumentelor Istorice ) with the LMI code OT-ImA-08527.02 . Responsible is the Ministry of Culture and National Heritage (Ministerul Culturii și Patrimoniului Na ,ional) , in particular the General Directorate for National Cultural Heritage, the Department of Fine Arts, the National Commission for Historical Monuments and other institutions subordinate to the Ministry. Unauthorized excavations and the export of ancient objects are prohibited in Romania.

See also

literature

  • Nicolae Gudea : The Dacian Limes. Materials on its story. In: Yearbook of the Römisch Germanisches Zentralmuseum Mainz. 44, 2, 1997, pp. 85f. ( Digitized version ).
  • Nicolae Gudea: The Lower Moesian Danube Limes and the defense of the Moesian north and west coast of the Black Sea. Limes et Litus Moesiae inferioris (AD 86–275) . In: Yearbook of the Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum Mainz, 52nd year 2005, Verlag des Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseums, Mainz 2006, ISSN  0076-2741 , p. 493f.
  • Felix Marcu: The Internal Planning of Roman Forts of Dacia . (= Bibliotheca Mvsei Napocensis XXX), Mega Publishing House, Cluj-Napoca 2009, ISBN 978-606-543-058-7 , pp. 224f.
  • Ovidiu Țentea and Britta Burkhardt: Baths on the Frontiers of Roman Dacia / Băile de pe frontierele Daciei romane . Bucharest 2017, p. 61.
  • Corneliu Mărgărit Tătulea: Romula-Malva . Editura Museion, Bucureşti 1994.
  • Dumitru Tudor: Cetatea Romula . Editura Muzeul regional al Olteniei, Craiova 1931.
  • Dumitru Tudor: Oltenia romană . Editura Academiei Republicii Socialiste România, Bucureşti 1978.

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Route / section / fort number (based on Nicolae Gudea, 1997).
  2. ↑ a b Legio V Macedonica: AE 1914, 0012 .
  3. ↑ a b Legio VII Claudia: CIL 03, 08047 , AE 1939, 00028 and IDR-02, 00380 .
  4. ↑ a b Legio XI Claudia: IDR-02, 00381 .
  5. ↑ a b Legio XIII Gemina: CIL 03, 08034 .
  6. ↑ a b Legio XXII Primigenia: AE 1940, 00013 and AE 1940, 00014 .
  7. ↑ a b CIL 03, 08032 and AE 1914, 00120 .
  8. ^ A b John EH Spaul : Cohors². The evidence for and a short history of the auxiliary infantry units of the Imperial Roman Army . British Archaeological Reports 2000, BAR International Series (Book 841), ISBN 978-1-84171-046-4 , p. 403.
  9. ↑ Tab. Peut. VII, 4.
  10. ^ Geographer of Ravenna, Cosmographia IV 7, 18.
  11. ↑ a b c d Nicolae Gudea: The Dacian Limes. Materials on its story. In: Yearbook of the Römisch Germanisches Zentralmuseum Mainz. 44, 2, 1997, pp. 85f., ( Digitized version ).
  12. ↑ According to Gudea there should be three forts (Nicolae Gudea: Der Dakische Limes. Materials for its history. In: Yearbook of the Römisch Germanisches Zentralmuseum Mainz. 44, 2, 1997, p. 85.)
  13. ^ A b c d Felix Marcu: The Internal Planning of Roman Forts of Dacia . (= Bibliotheca Mvsei Napocensis XXX), Mega Publishing House, Cluj-Napoca 2009, ISBN 978-606-543-058-7 , pp. 224f.
  14. ↑ Corneliu Mărgărit Tătulea: Romula-Malva . Editura Museion, Bucureşti 1994.
  15. ↑ CIL 03, 08033
  16. ↑ CIL 03, 08031 , CIL 03, 01588 , AE 1972, 00483 and AE 1957, 00334 .
  17. ↑ Muzeul Romanatiului on the official website of the city of Caracal (Romanian), accessed on December 27, 2019.
  18. ↑ Official website of the Muzeul Județean Olt in Slatina, accessed on December 31, 2019.
  19. ↑ OT-IsA-08527.02 in the official archaeological online database ran.cimec.ro of the Romanian Ministry of Culture (Romanian), accessed on December 27, 2019.
  20. ↑ List of historical monuments on the website of the Ministry of Culture and National Heritage